The History of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou in Jin Dynasty mainly records the biographical national history of Wei, Shu and Wu, and records in detail the history of 60 years from the first year (220) to the first year of Emperor Tai Kang of Jin Dynasty (280). Sixty-five volumes of reflection, thirty volumes of Shu Wei, fifteen volumes of Shu Shu, twenty volumes of Wu Shu and sixty-five volumes of * * *. Chen Shou was a courtier of the Jin Dynasty, who succeeded Wei and won the world, so the history of the Three Kingdoms respected Wei as orthodox. The reflection is a biography of Cao Cao, while Shu Shu and Wu Shu regard Liu Bei as the biography of the former master and Sun Quan as the biography of the military master, all of which are just undisciplined biographies.
The History of the Three Kingdoms ranks first in the twenty-fourth history of ancient China, and ranks as the top four with Historical Records (Sima Qian), Hanshu (Ban Gu) and Houhanshu (Ye Fan and Sima Biao).
The History of the Three Kingdoms is not only a historical masterpiece, but also a literary masterpiece. On the basis of respecting historical facts, Chen Shou painted portraits of the Three Kingdoms for us in concise and beautiful language. The characters are very vivid.
[Edit this paragraph] Author introduction
Chen Shou (233-297) was born in Han An, Brazil (now Nanchong, Sichuan) in the Western Jin Dynasty. He is not very studious, so he is very interested in the cause of history, and has in-depth research on historical books such as Shangshu, Chunqiu, Shiji and Hanshu. Qiao Zhou, a scholar studying in the same county, was appointed as a court official of Shu Han. At that time, eunuch Huang Hao was authoritarian, and his ministers followed suit. Chen Shou was repeatedly dismissed because he refused to give in to Huang Hao. After entering Jin, he served as a writer, scholar and suggestion. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Dongwu, ending the separatist regime. Chen shou was forty-eight years old and began to write the reflection.
Before Chen Shou wrote the History of the Three Kingdoms, there were already some historical works about Wei and Wu, such as (? -266) Shu Wei, Yu Qian's Wei Lue, Zhao Wei's Wu Shu, etc. Shu Wei and Wu Shu in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are mainly written according to these historical books. The regime of Shu did not set up historians, and there was no special person responsible for collecting materials and compiling the history of Shu. Shu Shu's materials were collected and edited by Chen Shou.
Chen Shou's writing time is close to the Three Kingdoms, and there are not many achievements for others to learn from. In addition, as a private writer, he has no access to a large number of documents and archives. After reading the History of the Three Kingdoms, you will find that Chen Shou has the difficulty of lacking historical materials and the content is not sufficient. Chen Shou had no chronicle and knew the laws and regulations of the Three Kingdoms period, so he had to turn to the Book of Jin. Chen Shou also wrote Lu Bu Biography, Ancient Country Records and other books, and edited Zhuge Liang Collection. It's a pity that these books were lost later.
[Edit this paragraph] The original text of the Three Kingdoms
Volume I Collection of Righteousness in Shu Wei Medical Center
Volume II Shuwei II Wendy Ji II
Volume III Wei Shu Sanming Di Ji San
Volume Four Shuwei Four Three Less Episode Four
Volume 5 Shuwei Five Empresses Biography Fifth
Volume 6 Liu Liu Yuan Biography 6
Volume 7 Shu Wei Lu abandoned Zhang Bumiao Zang Hongchuan the seventh
Volume 8 82 Biography of Gong Si Volume 8
Volume 9 Wei Shujiu Zhu Xiahou Cao Chuan Ninth
Volume 10 Shuwei Volume 10 Yu Xun Xun You Jia Xu Biography 10
Volume eleven Tian Guan Chuan eleven
Volume 12 Shuwei 12 Cui Maoxu He Xingbao Sima Chuan 12
Volume thirteen, thirteen bells, biography of Wang Xinlang, thirteen
Volume XIV Shuwei 14 Liu Jiangchuan, Dong Liu, Guo Cheng 14
Volume 15 Shu Wei 15 Liu Sima Zhang Liangwen Family Biography 15
Volume 16 Shu Wei Volume 16 Su Du Zheng Cang Biography 16
Volume seventeen Shu Wei seventeen Happy Zhang Xuchuan seventeen
Volume 18 Volume 18 Li Zangwenlv Xu Dianjuan Volume 2 Volume 18
Volume 19 Volume 19 Ren Volume 19 Xiao Wang Biography
Volume 20 Volume 20 Biography of the Prince of Wu Volume 20
Volume 2 1 Shu Wei 2 1 Wang Weier Liu Fuchuan 2 1
Volume 22 22 Huan 2 Chen Luchuan 22
Volume XXIII Shu Wei XXIII and Yang Chang Du Zhaopei Biography XXIII
Volume 24 Volume 24 Han Cuigao Sun Wangzhuan 24
Volume 25 Shu Wei 25 Xin Pi Yang Gaofu Tang Long biography 25
Volume 26 Shu Wei 26 Maeda Guo Chuan 26
Volume 27 Shu Wei 27 Xu Hu 2 Wang Chuan 27
Volume 28 Volume 28 Wang Wuqiu Zhuge Deng Zhong Biography Volume 28
Volume 29 Shuwei Volume 29 Ji Fang Volume 29 Sichuan
Volume 30 Shuwei Volume 30 Wu Wanxian's humble biography of Dongyi 30
No.31Volume Shushu Liu Yi Ermu Biography No.1
Volume 32 Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu
Volume 33 Shu Shu Shu San Hou Zhuzhuan III
Volume 34 Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu Shu
Volume 35 Shu Shu Shu Wu Zhuge Liang Chuan Wu
Volume 36 Shu Shu Liu Shu Zhang Guan Macelo Wong Zhao Chuan Sixth
Volume 37 Shu Shu Banner Pang Tong Law and Politics Banner
Volume 38 Shu Shu Ba Xu Mi Sun Jianyi Qinchuan Eighth
Volume 39 Shu Shu Old Dong Liu Ma Chendong recorded the ninth biography
Volume 40 Shu Peng Liao Wei Yang Chuan Tenth
Volume 4 1 Shushu Shu Xi Huo Wang Fei spread to JASON ZHANG 11th.
Volume 42 Shu Zhou Du came to Joe, er.
Volume 43 Shu Huang Ma San
Volume 44 Book 14 Jiangshu 14 Weichuan
Volume 45 Shu 15 Deng Yangchuan 15
Volume 46, grandson, break the road and seek the inverse. Pass it first
Volume 47 Wu Shuer Wu Zhuan Zhu II
Volume 48 "Wu Shu San San Si Zhu Chuan San"
Volume 49 Wu Shusi Lu You Tai Shi Ci Shi Xie Biography 4
Volume 50 Biography of Wu concubines Part 5
Volume 51 Liu Clan Biography Volume 6
Volume 52 Wu Shu Zhang Qi Gu Zhuge Bu Chuanqi
Volume 53 Wu Shuba Zhang Yancheng Xue Kan Biography Volume 8
Volume 54 Wu Shujiu Zhou Su Chuanjiu
Volume 55 History Han Jiang Zhou Gan Pan Dingchuan Tenth
Volume 56 Biography of Zhu Ran and Zhu Huan
Volume 57 Wu Shu 12 Yu Lu Luo Zhanglu Wu Zhuchuan 12
Volume 58 Wu Shu 13 Lu Xun Biography 13
Volume 59 Wu Shu 14 Biography of Wu Zhu Woods 14
Volume 60 Wu Shu 15 He Zhou Quanlu Li Zhongchuan 15
Volume 6 1 16 Pan 16 Kaichuan
Volume 62 Seventeen of Wu Shu is the seventeenth part of Biography of Yi Hu.
Volume 63 18 Wu 18 Dachuan
Volume 64 History Nine Zhuge Teng Two Suns Puyang Nine
Volume 65 20 Wang 20 Wei Huachuan
(The specific content is in/love3guo/blog/category/%c8% FD% B9% FA% D6% BE, and the number of words in Baidu Encyclopedia is too limited, not advertising, only for learning).
[Edit this paragraph] Features and queries of the Three Kingdoms.
The History of the Three Kingdoms was well received at that time because of its good narrative, concise writing and proper tailoring. Xiahou Zhan, who was writing Shu Wei with Chen Shou at the same time, saw the History of the Three Kingdoms, and thought it unnecessary to write a new history, so he ruined his work. Later generations even admired it, believing that Chen Shu, the only one in the history books that recorded the history of the Three Kingdoms, could be compared with Historical Records and Hanshu. Therefore, the chronicles of the Three Kingdoms of other schools have been lost in obscurity one after another, and only the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms has survived to this day. Liu Xie, a person from the Southern Dynasties, said in the article Wen Xin Diao Long Historical Biography: "Wei Sanjie, who passed on history to each other, belongs to Wei Lue and Jiang Biaoyu, and either dares to resist difficulties or is sparse. Only Chen Shou's "History of the Three Kingdoms" is outstanding in literary quality, and Xun (Xu) and Zhang (Hua) are more moving and consolidated than (Sima), which is not a hollow reputation. " In other words, those similar history books are not extreme and lack of basis; It's just that the style of writing is sparse and irrelevant. Only Chen Shou's works have achieved the unity of content and written expression.
Chen Shou, after all, was a minister of Jin, who succeeded Wei and won the world. Therefore, The History of the Three Kingdoms respects Cao Wei as orthodox. In Shu Wei, Cao Cao wrote a biography, while Shu Shu and Wu Shu just passed it on without discipline. Liu Bei is called a great master, and Sun Quan is called a great master. This is an example of compiling history books to serve politics, and it is also a feature of the History of the Three Kingdoms.
Although Chen Shou respected Wei as orthodox in name, in fact he wrote a Book of Wei Shuwu, which truthfully recorded the tripartite confrontation between the three countries, showing that they were independent, not subordinate to each other and had equal status. As far as the recording method is concerned, Biography of the First Master and Biography of Wu are also the same as chronology, but they are not called chronology. This way of dealing with Chen Shou was in line with the actual situation at that time, showing his outstanding knowledge and originality. Generally speaking, the history of the Three Kingdoms is relatively simple, which may be related to the quantity of historical materials. Chen Shou, a native of the Three Kingdoms, was thirty-one when Shu died. The History of the Three Kingdoms edited by him belonged to modern history at that time, and many things he personally experienced, heard and saw were quite true, so it was speculated that he had the conditions to collect historical materials. However, because of the recent years, many historical materials have not been made public; At the same time, due to the lingering grievances, it is difficult to be fair, which also brings certain difficulties to the selection of materials and the revision of history.
Comparing the three books of Wei, Shu and Wu, there are only fifteen volumes, which is simpler than Wei and Wu. This is probably the reason why Wei and Wu have more historical materials than Shu. When Chen Shou wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms, Wei had it and Wu had it, which provided great convenience for Chen Shou to collect historical materials. However, there are neither historians nor ready-made historical books to learn from in Shu and Han dynasties, so it is very difficult to collect historical materials. Chen Shou worked hard and even paid attention to searching for some fragmentary articles. Shu Shu only got fifteen volumes. The deeds of many important figures in Shu Shu are recorded very briefly, which shows that the historical materials of Shu Han are quite lacking. In addition, for political reasons, Chen Shou may have abandoned some materials, such as some disgraceful things involving Sima Yi, which is inconvenient to write and has to be abandoned.
The history of the three kingdoms is carefully selected. There are as many as 20 imperial edicts in Pei Songzhi's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms. In the History of the Three Kingdoms and Emperor Wendi, Chen Shou wrote this great event in only one book with the word 173. For the death of Sun Ce, I abandoned the false birth legends in Search of Ji Shen and other books, only remembering that Sun Ce was killed by Xu Gong's assassin. All these reflect his attitude of careful revision and careful selection of historical facts.
The reflection is concise and clean. It often writes vivid characters with concise pen and ink. The Biography of the Ancestors records that Cao Cao and Liu Bei talked about heroes. When Cao Cao said, "Today, heroes in the world only behave like kings. At the beginning of the book, when there were not enough disciples, the record of "eating first, losing the dagger and chopsticks" made Liu Bei's mood of keeping a low profile stand out from the paper.
Cao Cao heard that Liu Bei occupied Jingzhou, which was recorded in the Biography of Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Monroe. He wrote a book and put pen to paper, which vividly set off Liu Bei's position in Cao Cao's mind and the situation at that time. The elegance of celebrities, the strategy of counselors and the ferocity of military commanders in the book are mostly vivid.
In this book, Chen Shou shows the author's interest. He said that Liu Bei was a hero, Cao Cao was an outstanding figure, Sun Ce and Sun Quan were heroes, Zhuge Liang, Zhou Yu and Lu Su were wizards, Pang Tong was, Cheng Yu, Guo Jia and Dong Zhao were wizards, Dong He and Liu Ba were scholars, He Shen and Chang Lin were beauties, Xu Miao and Hu Zhi were celebrities, RoyceWong and Fu Qin were intellectuals, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei.
The History of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou, like the first three histories, is also a private history book. After Fan Qi's death, Shang said in the above table: "Chen Shou wrote The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, in which there are many exhortations, which are conducive to weathering. Although the elegance is not the same, the quality is straight and I am willing to record it. " It can be seen that the History of the Three Kingdoms was well received by people at that time after it was written. Chen Shou's narrative is short, the three books are rarely repeated, and the notes are informative. He is also very cautious in the selection of materials, which is valued by historians of past dynasties. Historians regard Historical Records, History of Han Dynasty, History of Later Han Dynasty and History of the Three Kingdoms as the first four histories, and regard them as biographical historical masterpieces.
Chen Shou can also conceal the truth in his narrative without losing records, and promote beauty without concealing shortcomings. In the era when Chen Shou lived, all kinds of political relations were complicated, and historical issues and practical issues were intertwined. Chen Shou tried to reflect the historical truth in a tortuous way. The History of the Three Kingdoms is somewhat secretive about the relationship between the Han and Wei Dynasties, but the wording is slight and true, and some real situations are revealed elsewhere. For example, in the first year of Jian 'an (193), Emperor Xian of Han moved the capital to Xuchang, because Cao Cao wanted to be the emperor. Chen Shou doesn't need to write clearly Cao Cao's political intentions here, which is taboo. But when it comes to moving the capital, it is not called the son of heaven, but it is said that Dong Zhao and others advised Mao Shi, which is a complaint. In addition, he also revealed the real situation at that time in Biography of Yu Xun, Biography of Dong Zhao, Biography of Zhou Yu, Biography of Lu Su and Biography of Monroe. Although Chen Shou cherished the feelings of the old country for Shu Han, he did not conceal the faults of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, but wrote down the personal hatred of Liu Bei for killing Changyu and Zhuge Liang for misusing Ma Su. This is also a manifestation of good historical talents.
The Biography of Chen Shou in the Book of Jin written by Fang and others in the Tang Dynasty, while acknowledging that Chen Shou is "a good narrator with a good history", thinks that Chen Shou was expressed in the book out of personal grievances. It is said that "Ding Yi and Ding Kun are famous ministers of Wei, and their longevity refers to their son's saying: You can find a kilometer to meet and make a good biography for respecting the public. Ding didn't cooperate with him, but he didn't make a biography. Records of Ma Su joining the army were condemned by Zhuge Liang. Records also sat beside the quilt, Zhuge Zhan suicide. Life is the spread of light, which means that the light will be a little longer, and no one can meet the enemy; It is an exaggeration to say that only words and deeds are examples. There are few discussants. "
Only a few historians, such as Liu Qiu in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and Liu Zhiji in the Tang Dynasty, believe this historical material about Chen Shou's secret in the Book of Jin, but most historians think it is untrue and false. Pan Mei, a Qing Dynasty scholar, pointed out in Textual Research on the History of the Three Kingdoms: "Ding Yi and Ding Kui, the officials just stabbed and raped Huang Menfu, but they didn't have the power to destroy the front and meet the challenge, and they didn't have the effect of capturing the temple inside. In the hands of Wang Chen, the party shook their heirs and angered their flesh and blood. If they fail, they will be punished and have committed the crime of Wei, so they can't make a biography. " "Book of Jin" said that Suomi wanted to make a biography, which is the most ignorant statement. Zhao Yi also pointed out in the Notes on the Twenty-two Histories: The Book of Jin said that "Shoufu joined the army for Ma Su, was slandered by Zhuge Liang, and was killed, so Shoufu was named Legend of Light, which means that Shoufu will be slightly inferior. This is really ignorance. You don't have to be good at fighting where the light can't reach. Guan Shou revised Zhuge Ji, indicating that science and education are strict, rewards and punishments must be believed, no evil is not punished, and no good is not shown. As for officials, rape is not allowed, and people are motivated. Today, the people of Liang and Yi, although some are the sons of Gan Tang and Zheng, are beyond reproach. Post-evaluation of The Legend of Light: Light is rule, sincerity, justice, goodness without reward, evil without fiber without degeneration. Finally, those who are afraid and love in the national territory, although the criminal law is severe and there is no evil resentment, but they exhort with their hearts. Its praise for the hole can be said to be unique. "Thus, Chen Shouzhi's derogatory remarks in the Book of Jin are really untrue and unreliable.
"Si Kuquan Shu San Guo Zhi Summary" once said some fair words: "As far as truth is concerned, (Chen) has been wrong all his life; As far as potential is concerned, it is easy for the emperor to cut his teeth, but it is difficult to live long. By the time Gai chiseled his teeth, Jin had crossed the south, similar to Shu, striving for orthodoxy for the partial, which was beneficial to contemporary theorists; Shou is a minister, who inherited the unity of Wei, and the pseudo Wei is the pseudo Jin. Can be used in the contemporary era! Song Taizu usurped power near Wei, the Northern Han and Southern Tang Dynasties also approached Shu, and Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty avoided Wei. After Emperor Gaozong, the left side of Anjiang was close to Shu, while the Wei land in the Central Plains was in Jin. So Confucianism rose in the Southern Song Dynasty and became the emperor of Shu. This is all about the world, it can't be a rope. " The orthodox debate since the Eastern Jin Dynasty seems to have a realistic purpose and an intention to serve the contemporary regime. People who know the world and world history are very important, and there is no eternal standard.
Another drawback of Chen Shou being criticized by later generations is that there are many songs and pens in the book. Liu Zhiji said in "Shu Pian of Shi Tongzhi" that "Yi, after the beginning of the first century, Cao and Ma fought, or set up camp, saw Qu Wuhou, or attacked Yuntai, and was injured, Chen Shou and speechless." People criticized Chen Shou and Wang Yin because they kept silent about the scandals of the ruling figures Cao Cao and Sima Yi when compiling history. In Shu Wei's Reflection, I really didn't see the content of Liu Zhiji's theory. In this regard, A Qing Zhao Yi wrote in Volume 6 of Notes on the Twenty-two Histories that "the reflection of the Three Kingdoms is more protective":
"Spring and Autumn Annals" was written in Heyang. He didn't say it was called by the Hou of Jin Dynasty, but thought that the son of heaven had already started the method of hiding people's eyes and ears, but it was only taboo for the venerable. As for the child's father, the book is correct, and so on, Zhao Dun, and so on, refused to borrow a word, so they are sincere and just. Because Chen Shouzuo's "Wei Benji" was repeatedly observed, when the two dynasties changed hands, he acceded to the throne to seal the country, gave the sword shoes, added nine tin, meditated and made some calligraphy. Later, I took the books of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen as a formula and thought that the method of making history should be like this. However, some people are not safe to go back to protect themselves.
When reviewing the phenomenon of "back protection" since Spring and Autumn Annals, Zhao Yi thought that Chen Shou had not done well in this respect. So Zhao Yi gave some examples. For example, after Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty abdicated, Wei called him the goat male, and after his death, posthumous title became the goat male. Chen Shou went to Wang Cao to usurp the throne of the Han Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor, sealing the mountains and honoring the public. In Wei Ji, he is only known as Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. Similarly, he often abdicated as Chen Liuwang, and only chased Yuan Di after his death, but Chen Shou also concealed it. Sima Shi abolished Cao Fang, the king of Qi, and Wei Lue recorded: "(Sima Shi) sent Guo Yizhi to the palace to play chess with the emperor in the rear, and said,' The general wants to abolish your majesty.' The queen mother was unhappy when the emperor got up. Zhi said, "The general has made up his mind, and the queen mother should follow it." The queen mother said,' I want to see the general.' Zhi said, "How can a general see evil?" The queen mother paid a seal to slow it down. "Is abolished the king of qi, all out of the idea of sima shi, the queen mother just know. Shu Wei by Chen Shou "reversed the life of the Queen Mother, saying that the King of Qi was heartless and unfilial, so that it should be abolished. It falsely accused the King of Qi of getting too close to the Sima family of the Party. "and so on.
The most serious piece of music is The Murder of a Noble Country Duke. According to the records of Hanshu Chunqiu, Wei Chunqiu, Tales of the World and Biography of the End of Wei Dynasty, Cao Mao, a noble township official, was unwilling to see hegemony and despotism. "He sent an armored soldier to Lingyuntai to kiss Si Mazhao. Si Mazhao asked Jia Chong to refuse, but the government soldiers still dared not move. Jia Chong immediately asked Cheng Zu and Ji Cheng to say, "Today you have been saved and resurrected." Ji Cheng made a mistake and the blade fell off his back. "And Chen Shou's" Shu Wei "stipulates that" a noble township public pawn, twenty years old ",can no longer see the traces of being killed. The Queen Mother's life was reversed, saying that the noble rural public should be punished and buried with Shu Ren's gift. Zhao Zhao said, "The soldiers who died in public made a request to me, that is, I told my soldiers not to harm them. Ji Cheng, Cheng Zu's brother, rode through the ranks of soldiers and hurt the public. He died. I didn't need to collect money or pay Ding Wei to complete his crime. " ..... In this way, Zhao Yi sighed: "That's it, and there is no biography about it. This is especially true. However, this is still an official in Jin, and I dare not avoid it. Why bother when Cao Wei leaves the DPRK? " Zhao Yi's criticism is sharp and profound, and there are many examples, such as Cao Cao's killing of innocent people when he levied Tao Qian. He wrote that the battle between Cao Wei and Shu was "aimed at avoiding defeat and boasting victory as appropriate". Finally, Zhao Yi thinks that Chen Shou not only involves the discipline of the ruling rulers, but also is a taboo in biographies. Zhao Yi was puzzled by this protective musical pen: "Why should history be the way?" ? It turns out that the history of the country where life is suppressed has always been taboo and not written, so it is still old and not revised. "
Chen Shouxiu's writing style and protection do exist. Obviously, he was a way to avoid disaster in the process of regime alternation between Cao Wei and Western Jin Dynasty. As a history book of feudal times, he must protect those in power, which is an insurmountable potential rule and a taboo for those who are respected. Even Zhao Yi sure Dong Hu and heather can't stand scrutiny. The so-called "Zhao Dun regicide" (Zuo Zhuan Gong Xuan Two Years) is also a conclusion that black and white are reversed and right and wrong are confused. The reason for their argument is that Zhao Dun's "righteous words, don't cross the line, don't count thieves" failed to do his duty as a courtier.
Zhao Yi also made a historical textual research on Chen Shou's Qubi, pointing out: "Gaishou's calligraphy was written in Jin Dynasty, so it was protected in many places in Wei and Jin Dynasties." And Wei Chenghan, Jin Chengwei, one also. If you want to protect Jin, you must first protect Wei ... Of course, it is also possible that Chen Shou's Wei and Jin materials were originally recorded in this way. Chen Shou did not make any changes and did not dare to tamper with them. Because of Chen's specific historical environment, it is understandable that historians pay more attention to the realistic background of regime change.
Undoubtedly, compiling history is a principle that historians must abide by, that is, truth and beauty are not enough for training. It should be noted that Chen Shou's narrative is accurate and credible except for sensitive issues and those in power in Wei and Jin Dynasties. There is no need to deny Chen Shou's writing style, nor can we doubt the historical value of the History of the Three Kingdoms. Qian Daxin said: "However, I care about the credibility of the narrative. Guy Chen Shi started writing, but after a long time, speaking of Gong Yi, what he saw and heard on earth would be accurate. The introduction of the three kingdoms between Han and Jin dynasties lasted for a hundred years. Those who violate these two histories often rely on this book is correct ... I like history, so I pushed this book out, feeling too fan (Ye) and Ouyang (Xiu). " (Preface to Debate on the Three Kingdoms)
The History of the Three Kingdoms also has some shortcomings, which must be paid attention to. In narration, apart from contradictions in some biographies, its biggest shortcoming is that it pays more attention to Cao Wei and Sima Shi, which has been criticized by historians in past dynasties. In addition, the book only has history and biography, and there is no ambition and table, which is a great shortcoming. After the Three Kingdoms was written, the narrative was too brief. When Emperor Wendi of the Southern Dynasties came, Pei Songzhi, a famous historian, made notes for him and added a lot of materials.