Question 2: When did China start to have regular script? In all kinds of calligraphy gardens in Qin and Han Dynasties, the art of regular script (called official script at that time, that is, assisting seal script to write faster) was directly bred. According to its laws, the development history of regular script in China can be divided into four periods: the embryonic period of regular script-Qin and Han dynasties, the development period of regular script-Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the prosperity period of regular script-Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, and the regular script period-Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Song Xuanhe's Book Score: "In the early Han Dynasty, Wang Cizhong began to use official script as regular script." The regular script here actually refers to the eight-part essay created by Wang Cizhong, not the so-called regular script today. He added: "On the tomb of Confucius, a regular script tree planted by Zi Gongzhi has straight and unyielding branches." The strokes of regular script are concise and refreshing, and must be like the branches of regular script trees.
Question 3: When did regular script first appear? The earliest regular script writer was Zhong You in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In his works handed down from generation to generation, there are still some brushstrokes of official script. Regular script experienced many changes in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and was basically finalized after Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the script is finalized, it is quite exquisite and rigorous in strokes and structure, such as the works of Ou Yangxun, a famous calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty.
Question 4: How did regular script appear? lesser/small seal character
"Turn" is originally a combination of small turn and big turn. Because it is customary to call Wen Zhuan Da Zhuan, later generations often call him "Wen Zhuan". Xiao Zhuan, also known as Qin Zhuan, is a font that was omitted from Da Zhuan. It originated in the Qin State at the end of the Warring States Period and prevailed in the Qin Dynasty and the early Western Han Dynasty. During the Warring States period, countries were separated, and their characters were not uniform and their fonts were quite complicated. So Qin Shihuang unified the world's characters with Qin's characters, abolished all kinds of forms different from Qin's characters in the six-country characters, and omitted and deleted the original characters of Qin. At the same time, he absorbed some simplified and popular fonts in folk characters and standardized them, thus forming a new font-Xiao Zhuan.
China characters developed to the stage of Xiao Zhuan, and gradually began to finalize the outline, strokes and structure. The pictographic meaning is weakened, which makes the characters more symbolic and reduces the confusion and difficulty of writing and human reading. This is also the product of the first large-scale use of administrative means to standardize writing in the history of China. The Qin Dynasty unified the national characters with the sorted seal script, which not only basically eliminated the phenomenon of different lines of characters in different places, but also greatly changed the situation of different fonts in ancient Chinese, and played an important role in the development history of China characters. In addition to Xiao Zhuan, it also includes Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, collectively referred to as Chinese characters; The development of ancient philology had a great influence on the study of ancient history, philosophy, economy, law, culture, science and technology in China.
official script
Although the seal script is a relatively neat rectangle and its structure is composed of even and round lines, it is quite inconvenient to write and the font is more complicated. Due to various shortcomings, a new type of font appeared quickly among the people, which used square folds to write the dignified, neat, round and curved lines of Xiao Zhuan. It is said that this font was very popular among lower-level officials, craftsmen and slaves at that time, so it was called "official script". In the Han Dynasty, official script replaced Xiao Zhuan as the main font, and the development history of China characters broke away from the ancient writing stage and entered the official script stage. After the Han Dynasty, Xiao Zhuan became an ancient font mainly used for carving seals and bronze inscriptions. The formation of official script changed the characters following the shape of objects into simplified Chinese characters composed of straight strokes, which greatly improved the writing speed. China script changed from seal script to official script, which is called "official script change". The official script reform is an important turning point in the development of China characters, ending the stage of ancient Chinese characters and making China characters enter a more stereotyped stage. After the official script was changed to official script, the characters are close to the existing characters and easier to identify than the ancient characters.
cursive script
Cursive script is a scribbled and fast font. Cursive script is a simple font used to assist official script, which is mainly used for drafting manuscripts and communication. During the formation of cursive script, government assistants and historians often need to use drafting documents, which affects the circulation of cursive script. After entering the Eastern Han Dynasty, after the processing of literati and calligraphers, cursive script has a more regular and rigorous shape, which can be used in some official occasions, called "Cao Zhang", which has a little taste of official script and retains the strokes and brushwork of official script. Because cursive script is too simple and easy to be confused with each other, it cannot replace official script as the main font. After the appearance of regular script, cursive script developed further on the basis of regular script. Not only strokes can be linked, but also strokes can be linked up and down. Some features of Lishu strokes have also disappeared, forming another cursive script called "Today Grass".
semi-cursive/running script/hand (in Chinese calligraphy)
Running script is a font between regular script and cursive script, which is neither neat nor bold. If regular script is like a person sitting and cursive running, then running script is a person walking, because running script is more casual and faster than regular script, and unlike cursive script, it is the most popular among people. Running script probably began to be popular among the people from the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is known as the "sage of calligraphy" and has created a large number of running script works, which have long been loved by people. Running script has no strict writing rules. If it is written regularly and close to regular script, it is called true line or regular script. A little indulgence, cursive writing with strong flavor is called cursive writing, which is faster than regular script and not as difficult to distinguish people as cursive writing, so it has high practical value.
regular script
From the perspective of font structure, regular script is similar to official script, but it changes the writing method of official script strokes, from flat official script to basic square regular script, which is called "square character". Regular script is also called official script and original script, which shows that regular script is a regular script for people to learn and use. The earliest regular script calligrapher was Zhong You in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and there are still some remnants in his handed down works ...
Question 5: When did cursive script and regular script appear? Regular script is a kind of Chinese font, that is, the commonly used handwritten orthographic Chinese characters, which evolved from official script. Also known as block letters. Regular script is also called official script, or real book. Its characteristics are: square shape, straight strokes, can be used as a model, hence the name. Began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are Cao Zhang, Cao Jin and Crazy Grass. There are rules to follow in the changes of strokes, such as the urgent chapter of the Three Kingdoms Wu in Songjiang Edition. Today's grass is eclectic and fluent, and its representative works include Wang Xizhi's "The First Moon" and Jin Dynasty's "Getting Time". Mad grass appeared in the Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhang Xu and Huai Su, and its brushwork was wild and uninhibited, which became an artistic creation completely divorced from practicality. From then on, cursive script was only the works of calligraphers imitating Cao Zhang, Cao Jin and Kuangcao.
Find what you want ~
Question 6: Regular script is produced in Han Li. When did the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties prevail?
The embryonic period of regular script ―― Han Dynasty
Development Period of Regular Script ―― Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
The heyday of regular script ―― Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties
Regular script remains mature ―― Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing.
Question 7: When did the official script appear? Official script, also called Han Li, is a common solemn font in Chinese characters. Its writing effect is slightly wide and flat, and its horizontal length is straight and short, and it is rectangular, paying attention to "silkworm head and goose tail" and "twists and turns". Lishu originated in the Qin Dynasty, formed by Cheng Miao, and reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Calligraphy is known as "Han Li Tang Kai".
Question 8: When did the running script, regular script and cursive script appear respectively? Running script originated from the legend of the late Eastern Han Dynasty. There is no clear answer. Cursive script first appeared in the Western Han Dynasty.
Question 9: When did calligraphy come into being? At present, most of them started from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and some started from ancient symbols, but the symbols are not Chinese characters.
1. Oracle Bone Inscriptions has two engraving methods: single knife and heavy knife. Oracle Bone Inscriptions wrote with a knife instead of a pen. Direct description was a book, that is, writing. Others think that this kind of Oracle Bone Inscriptions was written first and then engraved. Oracle Bone Inscriptions carved with a heavy knife, from the physical point of view, is undoubtedly written first and then engraved, which is similar to the time when Jin wrote first and then engraved on the stone, including the writing process, and also similar to the later inscriptions, the first book Dan. In a word, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is made up of "words". Single-knife lettering is similar to writing, and it is written before heavy-knife lettering (of course, there may be processing and modification). That is to say, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is not only "written", but also has the same writing quality and charm as the later calligraphy. In fact, Oracle Bone Inscriptions has all the basic elements of calligraphy.
2. As far as we know, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is mainly a relic of the Shang Dynasty. At that time, it was still a bronze inscription, and there were even more ink in the world. That is to say, there was a writing brush, which was widely used for writing.
3. The most important material condition for the establishment of calligraphy is writing brush, followed by ink. These two things have existed since Oracle Bone Inscriptions's time. But the "ink" at that time was sometimes vermilion, and the work was called Zhu Shu ink mark.
4. In the era of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, there should be no paper. Where there is ink, there is inkstone. But as mentioned above, these things are secondary to pen and ink.
What I said above is rather sketchy, which can generally explain the problem. For reference only.