This school of poetry has no clear literary ideas, but they often learn from each other by singing their pastoral poems, forming a light and natural genre feature of learning from Zhang Jiuling while learning from Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun. Through a large number of detailed descriptions of the natural landscape, the work embodies the artistic conception of blending the scenery with me, and explores and develops colorful natural beauty.
Poetry takes landscape pastoral poetry as the description object, which originated from Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun at the turn of Jin and Song Dynasties in the Northern Dynasties. Tao's poems praised the countryside and thanked the landscape, all of which had outstanding achievements and had a great influence on later poetry creation. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Tang Dynasty, due to political unification, the government rewarded production and the productivity developed rapidly. For decades, the social economy has been prosperous, and the situation of "the rule of Guan Zhen" has emerged, which has created leisurely material living conditions for some intellectuals to enjoy the pastoral scenery. With the accumulation of social material wealth, people's thoughts become active, and many intellectuals have a strong heart to contribute to the country. They travel around the world, have extensive exchanges and visit places of interest and rivers in the motherland. As a result, poems describing landscapes and pastoral areas also flourished. Poets praise the magnificence of the motherland's mountains and rivers, express their lofty aspirations, and describe the beauty of leisure and tranquility in pastoral areas to show social peace and stability. Because the Tang Dynasty paid more attention to fame, some intellectuals who had direct difficulties in seeking official positions often went from seclusion to official career, taking the so-called "shortcut to the south". In seclusion, they often climb mountains near the water to express their pride and enjoy the scenery in the park. Coupled with the prevalence of Buddhism and Taoism in the early Tang Dynasty, literati either lived in seclusion in mountains and rivers, or traveled around the mountains to seek immortality to visit Taoism, so they had more opportunities to get in touch with nature. As a result, a large number of pastoral poems were produced in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, forming a school of pastoral poems with great influence. Representative poets include Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, as well as Chu Guangxi, Chang Jian, Zuyong and Pei Di.
First, the emergence and characteristics of pastoral poetry school
1. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the society was stable, the national strength was strong, and the social politics, economy and culture were prosperous in an all-round way. The rich material life of the scholar-officials provided conditions for roaming and enjoying the mountains and rivers. The popularity of Buddhism and Taoism in society, Taoism's pursuit of advocating nature and returning to simplicity, and the pure and clear realm of Buddhism and Zen provide a cultural and aesthetic psychological foundation for poetry. The recluse feelings of literati are also closely related to the formation of pastoral poems, but at this moment, they are not recluse for the sake of recluse, but have formed a cultural mentality of yearning for nature, pursuing detachment and independence, and advocating natural aesthetic taste. In addition, the creation of landscape pastoral poetry and landscape pastoral poetry since the Jin and Song Dynasties has undoubtedly provided artistic reference.
2. The pastoral school is represented by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei, as well as Chu Guangxi, Chang Jian, Zuyong, Qi and others. They inherited the creative traditions of pastoral poetry and landscape poetry of Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao since Jin and Song Dynasties, and formed a school of poetry with the same theme and similar artistic style. Their poems depict natural landscapes and rural scenery, show the interest of returning to simplicity, loving and nurturing, and express the leisure of seclusion. Their poetic style is fresh and natural, and their artistic conception is far away. They write landscapes vividly, which improves the artistic skills of expressing natural scenery in poetry and is a wonderful flower in the garden of Tang poetry art.
Specific style: fresh, lofty, broad and colorful.
Landscape pastoral school mainly describes natural landscapes such as mountains and rivers, praises rural life, and takes rural scenery and the labor of farmers, herdsmen and fishermen as the theme. The poet takes natural landscapes or rural natural scenery and rural life as the object of chanting, and throws delicate brushstrokes into quiet mountains and leisurely fields to create a rural life, thus expressing his dissatisfaction with reality and yearning for a quiet and peaceful life. Landscape pastoral poetry belongs to the category of landscape poetry. The main feature of this kind of poetry is that "all scenery words are emotional words", that is, the natural scenery written by the author is integrated into the author's subjective feelings, or the scenery is used to express feelings, or the scene is blended.
Second, Wang Wei
1. Wang Wei is a representative writer of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is versatile and proficient in painting, calligraphy and music. In his early years, Wang Wei aspired to fame and fortune, and wrote many poems with heroic style, open realm and lofty sentiments, most of which were poems with the theme of frontier ranger, such as Youth Travel, Old Man Travel, Dragon Head Song, Frontier Ambassador and so on. However, in the history of Tang poetry, it is the pastoral poetry that lays its position and best marks its artistic achievements. The main content of his poems is to reflect pastoral seclusion and describe natural landscape. For example, Farmer Weishui, Autumn Night in the Deep Mountain, Zhongnanshan, Bird's Singing Stream, Chai Lu, Zhuliguan, Wu Xinyi, etc. Or write about the quiet and leisurely life in the countryside, or write about the quiet and beautiful natural scenery.
2. The artistic features of Wang Wei's pastoral poems;
(1) Wang Wei's pastoral poetry is a highly unified poem and painting. Su Shi once commented: "There are fascinating paintings in poetry and poems in paintings." (Dongpo Zhi Lin) He is good at discovering and capturing the image characteristics and state of natural scenery, composing and selecting colors with the painter's painting skills, blending the poet's unique emotional experience and aesthetic feeling of nature and spiritual realm into the scenery, and creating an elegant and beautiful artistic realm.
(2) Some of Wang Wei's pastoral poems directly penetrate into the artistic realm of meditation and emptiness, which is the artistic embodiment of Zen and Zen interest in the poetic realm.
(3) Wang Wei's pastoral poems have both the natural artistic realm of Tao Yuanming's poems and the meticulous carving of Xie Lingyun's poems. The language is fresh and lively, clean and concise, which is the perfect combination of simplicity and elegance. And language has a strong artistic expression.
Second, Meng Haoran
1. Meng Haoran is a representative writer of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and he is also the first poet who wrote a large number of pastoral poems in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his poems are landscape poems, or he writes about the scenery he saw in various places during his travels, or about the natural scenery of his hometown. Among them, lonely feelings are often mixed with frustration, and homesickness is integrated into the entertainment of the scenery. Such as Sleeping at Jiande, A Gift from Dongting Lake to Prime Minister Zhang, Homesickness on the River, etc. His pastoral poems mainly show the elegant feelings of seclusion and leisure. Such as "Passing the Old Village" and "Wandering and Thinking Back to Wang Baiyun".
2. The artistic features of Meng Haoran's pastoral poems;
(1) The style of Meng Haoran's pastoral poems is mostly peaceful and diluted, fresh and natural, not yet carved, but also extraordinary and refined. Shen Deqian commented: "Montessori is better than others. He has no intention of finding a job every time, which is beyond the secular and unexpected. " Wen Yiduo said, "It's too light to read poetry. It's really Meng Haoran's poem." His pastoral poems are simple and natural, simple and pure, full of life breath, such as the simple life of farmers and the rural natural scenery in light pen and ink, which are deeply influenced by Tao Yuanming's poetic style. However, some of Meng Haoran's landscape poems are vigorous and broad, such as Dongting Lake to Prime Minister Zhang.
(2) Meng Haoran's poems are light and rich in flavor, just as Shen Deqian said: "Xiangyang's poems get the Tao from quietness, so the language is light and the taste is not light." His poems are good at using plain language, integrating personal subjective feelings and emotional implications, creating Qingyuan's artistic realm, which contains rich poetic meaning.
Masterpiece:
Drinking (5)
Tao Yuanming
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots.
Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice.
Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely.
The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.
That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.
Guiyuan Tianju (1)
Tao Yuanming
Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature.
I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years.
Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past.
I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields.
The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages.
Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital.
The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village.
Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster.
There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely.
Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today.
Guogurenzhuang
meng haoran
This old friend prepared a delicious meal and invited me to his hospitable farm. Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city.
Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops. Please come here to see chrysanthemums when the ninth festival comes.
An autumn night in the mountains
Wang Wei
The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night.
The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks.
The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe.
Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
Zhong Nanshan
Wang Wei
The majestic Tian Yishan is close to Chang 'an, and the mountains continue to extend to the sea.
The white clouds merged behind, and the blue mist melted into the mountains and disappeared.
The central mountain peaks separate the southwest, and the valleys are also different.
Want to find a house to live in the mountains, is it convenient for the water guide to ask the woodcutter?