For a long time, when people talk about Chinese history, they all refer to the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. From a political and economic point of view, there is no doubt that it is unattainable even from the perspective of prose and poetry. But when it comes to the extension of the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, people always feel like "troubled times". However, from a spiritual and cultural perspective, this period should also be regarded as a peak in history. With the complementary spirit of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, the scholar-officials In other words, the style of the Wei and Jin Dynasties fundamentally laid the foundation of the personality of Chinese intellectuals, and directly opened up the culture of the Tang Dynasty, and its influence was profound.
The term Wei and Jin style was first seen in Mr. Lu Xun's 1927 speech "The Relationship between Wei and Jin Style and Articles, Medicine and Wine". The so-called Wei and Jin style mainly refers to the straightforward, unrestrained, unrestrained, and arrogant behavioral style of the literati and celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. From the "Three Cao" to the "Seven Sons of Jian'an", from He Yan and Wang Bi to the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove" and Wang Dao, Xie An and Tao Yuanming, etc., their speech and behavior all showed a clear and elegant demeanor of celebrities, which became the leader of the time. A kind of personality expression and aesthetic ideal of gentry ideology. Liu Yiqing's "Shishuoxinyu" of the Southern Dynasties concentrated on recording the anecdotes and social customs of celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties about drinking, taking medicine, talking and advocating nature. Through the vivid and freehand brushwork, people can understand what the celebrities' demeanor in the Wei and Jin Dynasties was.
Dai An Dao (Dai Kui) came, and immediately took a boat to brave the snow. After a night of sailing, he arrived in front of Dai An Dao's house and immediately turned around and returned. How many people in the world can imitate that kind of frankness and unrestrainedness? Not to mention that today it is rare to see even letters. Wouldn’t it be enough to just make a video? Don't waste yourself delaying a good night's sleep.
? And if we can't even appreciate the sentiment of "going out in pleasure and returning after all the pleasure is exhausted", then we can't even understand the "taking advantage of violence" temperament of the celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Ruan Ji was unwilling to discuss marriage with the powerful Sima family, and he was drunk for two consecutive months, which finally made Sima Zhao give up his plan to propose marriage. In the eyes of many people, Ji Kang seemed to lack the sobriety and wisdom to avoid disasters, but he was more arrogant than Ruan Ji. As Cao Cao's great-grandson-in-law, Ji Kang was "not Tang Wu but weak Zhou Li", and "became more famous than taught." "Of course", he went to open a blacksmith shop outside Luoyang City, and he worked for people without charging money. If someone offered him wine or food as a reward, he would happily accept it instead of drinking to his heart's content. One day, Zhong Hui (son of the great calligrapher Zhong Yao), who was deeply favored by the imperial court, came to visit with a group of people. Ji Kang and Xiang Xiu were hammering and blowing the bellows on their own, as if there was no one around. Zhong Hui could only "hear what they heard." Come here, see what you see and leave.” Shan Juyuan (Shan Tao) recommended Ji Kang as Shangshu Libulang. He categorically wrote the "Book of Severance of Diplomacy with the Three Juyuan", let alone becoming an official. It was this letter that when he was later arrested on behalf of his friend Lu An, the jealous Zhong Hui took the opportunity to slander him and asked Sima Zhao to kill Ji Kang. "Guangling San" has since become a "famous book". The distant silence of "The Theory of Joy without Sorrow".
Because of this kind of social unrest and frequent changes in political power, especially the solidification of classes under the "Nine-Rank Zhongzheng System" of "no poor family in the upper class and no aristocratic family in the lower class" and the sinister social and political environment dominated by clans, this has led to The intellectuals and celebrities with active thoughts can only talk about mysteries, drink wine and take medicine, and indulge in the mountains and rivers. After the unruly and outspoken Kong Rong was killed by Cao Cao, Zhengshi celebrities turned to talking about Lao and Zhuang's philosophy that did not involve current affairs. He Yan then improved Zhang Zhongjing's "Five Stone Powder" for treating typhoid fever. He took the lead in taking the medicine and walking around, wearing loose clothes and walking quickly to distribute the medicine. It was similar to being excited and swaying after "taking medicine" - he should be regarded as a " The founder of “drug taking”! The more you eat, the more energetic you will be, and the more energetic you will be, the better you can talk, but in the end you will inevitably be killed. The "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove" "often gather under the bamboo forest and enjoy themselves as much as they want." They drink, sing, and talk about the Three Mysteries ("The Book of Changes", "Laozi", and "Zhuangzi"), and they also have the charm of seclusion in the mountains and forests. Even so, among the seven sages, those who obey it will prosper, and those who go against it will perish. Therefore, Wang Fuzhi said, "Kong Rong's death left his morale demoralized, and Ji Kang's death left the Qing Dynasty demoralized."
However, the style of the Wei and Jin Dynasties has been derogated every time in the past dynasties. One is that excessive drinking leads to drunkenness and dreams of death.
Liu Ling often indulged in drunkenness, carried coffins, drank heavily, and even ran around naked in the house. He was ridiculed by others, but he retorted: I use the heaven and the earth as my house and my house as my trousers, why do you "come into my clothes?" "Bi Zhuo" held a crab claw in one hand and a wine glass in the other, and spent his whole life floating in the wine pool. "Talking on the lice" has become a fashion. Ruan Xian once had a gathering with his tribe. They used large urns to hold wine instead of cups. When they were sitting around drinking, many pigs came and drank directly (in the urns), and everyone started drinking with the pigs. However, in order to enrich the public treasury and private property, Zu Ti often asked his subordinates to carry out public robberies, and "the people involved were tolerated and ignored." The third one is advocating nothingness and talking nonsense will harm the country. Wang Yan of the Western Jin Dynasty, as the spiritual leader of the so-called "Four Friends" and "Bada", "had some uneasiness in his principles and principles, so he immediately changed his name to 'Ophelia in the Mouth'". He had no political talent or integrity, and was "filled with obstacles" by Shi Le. When he was killed, he sighed: "Although I am not as good as the ancients, if I were not my ancestors and was vain, I would not be able to reach the world today." From this, it can be seen that these celebrities after He Yan, Wang Bi and the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest". Their sense of urgency, sense of social responsibility, and depth of thought are both similar in appearance but also miraculous.
In fact, the focus and crux of the criticism of the Wei and Jin Dynasties is "talking that harms the country". As for drinking and extravagant behavior, they can only be regarded as "minor matters". The theory of "pure talk harming the country" originated from Fu Xuan's "Ju Qing Yuan Shu" written by Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, criticism of Wang Yan slowly turned into negation of the entire talk, and the same is true for Mr. Chen Yinke in modern times. Objectively speaking, the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty was not due to the "emptiness of the ancestors" as Wang Yan said, but "to the failure of talents." Le Guang, who was also the leader of the Qingtan clan with Wang Yan, showed great political talent and governance ability when he was the Yin of Henan; Wang Dao and Wang Dun in the Eastern Jin Dynasty even created a situation of "king and horse, ruling the world". It can be seen that there is no necessarily direct logical relationship between talking and harming the country. At that time, the real talkative celebrities were in fact worldly and pragmatic under the appearance of being arrogant, arrogant and uncooperative. Mr. Lu Xun believed that they were just using this to oppose the false ethics of the Sima family to maintain their rule. Mr. Li Zehou also said that Tao Yuanming's aloofness, calmness and harmony, and Ruan Ji's unfounded worry and anger, generosity and willfulness, express the style of the Wei and Jin Dynasties in a profound way. Therefore, the elegant gathering of chatting, drinking and writing not only created a calligraphy benchmark that influenced later generations of literati, but also became the social ideal design of the "Peach Blossom Spring" by Tao Yuanming, who "picked chrysanthemums under the eastern fence and leisurely saw the Nanshan Mountain". It has reached the extreme of Wei and Jin style!
Looking at it today, under the scientific practice and seeking truth from facts, we really should do more "talking" or call it retreat. Learn modern scientific concepts carefully, carefully analyze long-term development ideas, humbly talk about the rights and wrongs of work, and move from pragmatism to pragmatism to avoid falling into the quagmire of "seeing the child and attacking the child" without knowing what to do, or even acting indiscriminately. As for demeanor, you must first cultivate your humanistic spirit and character. Otherwise, no matter how much you talk about it, you will never become a famous person, no matter how drunk you are, you will not be able to get drunk at Lanting, and you will not be famous even if you hang yourself up!