Lesson 1 Ancient Residents of the Motherland
Culture represents the concept of making a fire with material tools, and social organizations organize production activities.
Yuanmou people collected and hunted stone tools with fire about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago.
Beijingers kept the characteristics of apes for about 700,000-200,000 years and made stone tools. He used fire to preserve primitive social gatherings and hunting.
In the past 18000 years, cavemen basically made stone tools, polished, made holes, made fires, collected, hunted and fished.
1, the earliest known human in China is Yuanmou.
2. The fundamental difference between humans and animals is making tools.
The history of our country can be traced back to 6.5438+700,000 years ago.
Lesson 2 primitive farming life
Time before the original residential area, production tools, houses, animal husbandry and handicrafts
Hemudu residents in the Yangtze River valley have been grinding stone tools for about 7000 years.
Residents in Banpo of the Yellow River Basin have been grinding stone tools, bones, arrows and semi-cave pig and dog textile painted pottery for about five or six thousand years.
1. It was Banpo residents who planted millet earlier in China.
2. It was Hemudu residents who planted rice earlier in China.
3. The embryonic form of early Chinese characters originated from Banpo painted pottery.
4. The original inhabitants of Hemudu cultivated land and planted rice; The primitive inhabitants of Banpo used stone knives to harvest crops, and the main food crop was millet.
Lesson 3 China's ancestors
Yanhuang Tribal Alliance → Huaxia Nationality → Han Nationality → Chinese Nation
Huangdi-→ the ancestor of mankind
1, the primitive society of China ended in Yu period.
2. The slave society in China began in the 20th century BC.
3. The system of democratic election of leaders in tribal alliances is called abdication system. Yao Shun was the first person to implement this system, and Yu chose Shun as his successor. The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the beginning of slavery.
Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
1. Yangcheng is the capital of Xia, which is the ruling center of Xia, in the western part of Henan and the southwestern part of Shanxi.
2. The state institutions in Xia Dynasty were tools for slave owners to oppress civilians and slaves.
The tyrant of this dynasty conquered this country.
Xia Dynasty Xia Jie Xia Jie
Shang Dynasty
Western Zhou Zhou Zhou Zhou Liwang Wang You
4. Why did the Western Zhou Dynasty implement the enfeoffment system? What is the content of the enfeoffment system? What role did it play?
5. The Shang Dynasty moved the capital several times, until the Shang King Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin, and the rule was stabilized. Later, it was also called Shang Dynasty as Yin Dynasty.
6. About BC 1600, the Tang Dynasty was defeated and the summer was destroyed. BC 1046, Shang and Zhou Dynasties fought at Konoha. After the demise of Shang Dynasty, the King of Wu established the Zhou Dynasty with pickaxe as its capital, also known as Haojing, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.
Lesson 5 Brilliant Bronze Civilization
1, Xia, Shang and Western Zhou dynasties are societies dominated by agriculture. At that time, agriculture was famous for seed selection, fertilization and pest control.
2. During the same period of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, a unique bronze culture prevailed in Chengdu Plain in southwest China, which is the world-famous "Sanxingdui" culture.
3. In ancient China, rice, millet, millet, wheat and beans were called five grains.
Bronze casting in this period
Bronzes appeared in the late primitive society.
The types of bronzes in Xia Dynasty gradually increased.
Bronzes in Shang Dynasty were produced on a large scale, with many varieties and exquisite craftsmanship.
There are many kinds of bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which are widely used for sacrifice.
Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
In BC 1 year and 770 BC, Zhou Ping and Dong Wang moved to Luoyi, which was called "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
2. Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister, actively reformed internal affairs and developed production; At the same time, reform the military system and form a powerful army that respects the king and rejects foreign countries.
3. In the middle of 7th century BC, Qi Huangong became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
4. In the late 7th century BC, Chu Jin fought in Chengpu, and the Jin army won. Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains. Later, Chu Zhuangwang became the overlord of the Central Plains.
5. The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period are Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han from southeast to northwest.
6. In 260 BC, the decisive battle between Qin and Zhao was the battle of Changping.
Lesson 7 the era of great change
Iron farm tools: appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and became popular in the Warring States Period.
Niu Geng: It was used at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period at the latest, and was popularized during the Warring States Period.
1. The Warring States Period was the period when the feudal system in China was established.
2. A revolution in the history of agricultural development in China refers to Niu Geng.
During the Warring States Period, Dujiangyan built by Li Bing for Qin was a world-famous flood control and irrigation project.
4. After Dujiangyan was completed, it was Chengdu Plain that won the reputation of "Land of Abundance".
5. During the Warring States Period, Qin developed into the most prosperous feudal country after the Warring States Period through Shang Yang's reform.
6. Why did countries carry out the political reform movement during the Warring States Period?
What is the content and historical function of Shang Yang's political reform? The contents are as follows: ① The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free trading. (2) those who reward ploughing and produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee; According to the size of military service, the title of Tian Zhai was granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished. (3) establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern. After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin's economy developed, and its army's combat effectiveness increased constantly, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period.
Lesson 8 Cultural Prosperity in China (1)
1, China has a written history, starting from the Shang Dynasty.
2. The words carved by merchants on tortoise bones or animal bones are called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions".
3. The words carved on the bronzes of Shang and Zhou Dynasties are called "inscriptions" or "inscriptions". In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, some people arranged the characters into Da Zhuan.
Today's lunar calendar, also known as "summer calendar", is said to have originated in Xia Dynasty.
Bian Que was a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He can treat diseases with acupuncture, massage and decoction. He summarized four methods of diagnosing diseases, which have been adopted by Chinese medicine.
6. Qu Yuan's masterpiece Li Sao, Li: Encountering Sao: Sorrow.
7. "Bell and drum music" prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, among which the whole set of bells was the most precious.
8. The Book of Songs records that there was a solar eclipse on September 6th, 776 BC, which was the first time in Chinese history that there was an exact date.
Lesson 9 The Rise of China Culture (2)
Comment on the theme of works in naming period
1. The Analects of Confucius at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period put forward the theory of "benevolence" and advocated "loving others" and "governing the country by virtue". The Analects of Confucius was compiled by Confucius disciples.
2. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, everything in Laozi's Tao Te Ching is antagonistic, and the opposing sides can transform each other. It was compiled by Taoism during the Warring States Period.
3. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Mozi's "universal love" and "non-attack" opposed bullying the small with the big and bullying the weak with the strong, and supported the just war.
Mencius opposed all wars in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. "Benevolent government" governs the country, regardless of taxes and protects the environment.
5. At the end of the Warring States Period, Han Fei advocated reform, opposed empty talk about benevolence and righteousness, and advocated the rule of law.
6. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Sun Wu's The Art of War knew himself and knew himself.
Lesson 10 "The King of Qin Sweeps Liuhe"
1. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, destroyed the six countries successively, and established the first unified and centralized feudal country in China history-Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital.
In order to consolidate his rule, Qin Shihuang created centralization of feudal autocracy.
2. Unified currency, weights and measures and writing.
3. Burn books to bury Confucianism
4. Build the Great Wall in the north to resist the Huns.
5. Dig Lingqu in the south and develop southern Xinjiang.
6. After the reunification of Qin, the county system was implemented locally.
7. Qin Changcheng starts from Lintao in the west and reaches Liaodong in the east.
8. The Qin Dynasty has a vast territory, stretching to the East China Sea, west to Longxi, north to the Great Wall and south to the South China Sea.
9. The time when Qin unified the six countries was 22 1 year BC.
Lesson 11 "If you can't cut the Tao, you must punish Qin"
1, Qin dynasty: 1, heavy corvee, tyranny 2, exorbitant taxes 3, cruel criminal law 4, even more cruel in Qin Ershi.
2. Causes: (1), Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising. In 209 BC, osawa Township triggered a peasant uprising. In the Chen Jianli regime, Chen Sheng was king.
The uprising failed.
(2) Xiang Yu won the Battle of Julu (the first 207)
3. When the Qin Dynasty perished, Liu Bang was the leader of the peasant army who formally accepted the surrender of the rulers of the Qin Dynasty.
4. In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu.
Lesson 12 the unified Han dynasty
1. During the Wenjing period, we paid attention to "educating the people with morality" and the country became rich and strong. In history, this period is called "the rule of cultural scene".
2. Dong Xuan, an honest official who dared to enforce the law in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was praised as a "forced order" by the emperor.
3. The first prosperous period in the history of China feudal society appeared in the Western Han Dynasty.
The capital of the Western Han Dynasty is in Chang 'an, and the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty is in Luoyang.
5. In order to consolidate centralization, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and regarded Confucianism as the orthodox thought of feudal rule. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also vigorously promoted Confucian education and set up imperial academy in Chang 'an.
Lesson 13 Economic Development in the Han Dynasty
1. The Yellow River was thoroughly governed during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty.
2. During the reign of Emperor Han Ming, Wang Jing governed the Yellow River.
3. The return of local coinage rights to the central government began with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
4. "Water drain" is a blast furnace ironmaking tool.
5. Du Fu, the magistrate of Nanyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented water drainage and used hydraulic blast to smelt iron.
Lesson 14 The Rise of Huns and Their Peace War with the Han Dynasty
1, the outstanding leader of the Huns, modu chanyu, unified Mongolian grassland for the first time.
2. In BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Huns.
After the heavy blow of Mobei campaign, Xiongnu was unable to fight against the Western Han Dynasty.
4. During the Han and Yuan Dynasties, Wang Zhaojun married Uhaanyehe, which promoted Sino-Hungarian friendship.
5. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, he began to counterattack Xiongnu and seize Hetao and Hexi Corridor.
Lesson 15 Hantong Western Regions and the Silk Road
1. During the Western Han Dynasty, people called Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu today, that is, today's Xinjiang region and beyond, the Western Regions.
2. In BC 138, Zhang Qian made his first mission to the Western Regions.
3. In BC 1 19, Zhang Qian made his second mission to the Western Regions.
In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions.
5. The Roman Empire in Europe was called "Daqin" by China.
Lesson 16 Prosperous Qin and Han Cultures (1)
At present, the earliest paper known in the world appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty.
2. Cai Lun was an important historical figure who improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
3. Nine Chapters of Arithmetic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
4. Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases comprehensively expounded the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine.
The seismograph made by Zhang Heng is considered as the earliest seismic instrument in the world.
6. Before papermaking was invented, ancient Egyptians wrote on papyrus, while ancient Europeans wrote on parchment.
7. Hua Tuo first wrote Ma Fei San in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The main work "Wuqinxi".
Lesson 17 Prosperous Qin and Han Cultures (2)
1. The three major religions in the world refer to Christianity, Buddhism and Islam.
2. Buddhism originated in ancient India, and was introduced to the Central Plains of China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty (65438 BC+the end of the 20th century) (Buddhism was gradually introduced to China along the Silk Road after Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions). (206 BC-AD 25)
3. Taoism is the indigenous religion in China. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism rose among the people, and one of its founders was Zhang Ling (the Taoist revered him as Zhang Tianshi). Taoism respects Laozi as the leader and calls him "the old gentleman on the throne".
Sima Qian was a great historian in ancient China. He lived in the era of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty.
5. Historical Records records the historical events from Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, and is the first biographical general history of China.
The artistic level of sculpture in Qin and Han Dynasties was very high, and its outstanding representative poems shocked the world together with the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang.
Lesson 18 Three Kingdoms' Dingli
1. The battle that laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north was the battle of Guandu. In 200 AD, Yuan Shao took up hundreds of troops, and the main force matched Guandu where Cao Jun was located. Cao Cao has only 30,000 to 40,000 people. Cao Cao burned the grain and grass in Yuan Jun and defeated Yuan Jun.
2. In 2008, Cao Cao led more than 200,000 troops south to unify the north and south. Sun Liu and his 50,000 troops confronted Cao Jun in Chibi area along the Yangtze River. Zhou Yu commanded the allied forces to burn Chibi and defeat Cao Jun.
In 3.220, Cao Pi abolished the Han emperor and proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Wei and Luoyang as its capital, ending at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called Shu in history. In 222, Sun Quan became king, with the title of Wu, and later established Jianye as its capital. Form a situation in which the three countries are divided.
4. Zhuge Liang, Prime Minister of Shu, was a famous politician in ancient China, known as "Wolong".
In 5.230, Sun Quan sent general Wei Wen and others to lead more than 10,000 troops across the Taiwan Province Strait to Yizhou.
Lesson 19 Development of Jiangnan Area
1 and in 266, Sima Yan, the grandson of Sima Yi, seized power and established the Jin Dynasty, known in history as the "Western Jin Dynasty". In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu.
2. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, northern minorities such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jieertie, Di and Qiang have moved in one after another. In 3 16, an inward-moving Xiongnu army wiped out the Western Jin Dynasty.
3. In the second year of the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty (365,438+07), Si Marui rebuilt the Jin Dynasty, known as the "Eastern Jin Dynasty" in history, with Jiankang as its capital (Jianye was rebuilt in 282, Jiankang in 365,438+03, and now Nanjing).
In the late 4th and 4th centuries, the Miao people established the pre-Qin regime, and Fu Jian, the former king of Qin, took Wang Meng, a Han Chinese, as prime minister and unified the Yellow River basin.
5. The Battle of Feishui is another battle in the history of our country. In 383, Fu Jian tried to wipe out the Eastern Jin Dynasty with more than 800,000 troops. The 80,000-strong army in the Eastern Jin Dynasty faces Qin Jun across the sea. The Eastern Jin asked Qin Jun to retreat a little, so that the Jin army could cross the river and fight against it. Fu Jian wanted to attack 8 jin j when crossing the river and agreed to retreat. Unexpectedly, there are many Han Chinese in Qin Jun. They don't want to work for Qin, so they run away. Fu Jian was "nervous" and Qin Jun was "jittery". Jin Jun took the opportunity to attack and defeated the former Qin Dynasty. The Battle of Feishui ended the rule of the former Qin Dynasty, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was temporarily stable in the south and its economy developed rapidly.
In 6.420, General Liu Yu became emperor himself, with the title of "Song", ending the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Since then, the South has experienced four dynasties, namely Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, collectively known as the "Southern Dynasties".
Lesson 20 Great Integration of Northern Nationalities
1 year, in the late 4th century, a branch of Xianbei nationality in northeast China became strong and established the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 439, the Yellow River Basin was unified. At that time, people of all ethnic groups lived together for a long time, production and life influenced each other, and national integration has become a trend.
2. After the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) was its capital. After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, Luoyang quickly developed into a spectacular city.
After Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang, he made further reforms. The main measures include: ① using Chinese in the imperial court and prohibiting Xianbei language; ② Officials and their families must wear Hanfu; (3) change the surname of Xianbei nationality to Han nationality, and change the surname of royal family from Tuoba to Yuan; ④ Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles; ⑤ Adopt the official system and laws of Han nationality; ⑥ Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly. These measures have promoted national integration.
Lesson 2 1 Culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (1)
1, Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties was a famous mathematician and astronomer in ancient China. He used and developed the "secant circle method" created by predecessors, and determined the values of pi between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927 for the first time in the world. This achievement is nearly a thousand years ahead of the world.
2. Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties was a famous agronomist in the history of China. He lived in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Eastern Wei Dynasty and was the magistrate of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. The Book of Qi Yao Min, written by him, is the first complete agricultural scientific work in China and occupies an important position in the world agricultural history. The Book of Qi Yaomin summarizes the long-term accumulated production experience of the northern people and introduces the production techniques and methods of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery.
3. Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient China. The Notes on Water Classics written by him is a comprehensive geographical monograph with water system as the key link, which introduces mountains, rivers, towns, topography, customs and historical sites in detail.
Lesson 22 Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Culture (2)
1. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy gradually became an art. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the font of calligraphy changed from seal script and official script to regular script, and cursive script and running script gradually became popular. Wang Xizhi was a master of calligraphy in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His handwriting was either beautiful and fresh, or "floating like a cloud, agile and shocking the dragon". His masterpiece Preface to Lanting is known as "the best running script in the world". Wang Xizhi was called "the sage of books" by later generations.
2. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the art of painting developed greatly, and Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was the most prominent. Representative works include A History of Women and A Picture of Luoshen.
3. In order to promote Buddhism, the rulers of the Northern Dynasties dug grottoes and carved Buddha statues. Yungang Grottoes near Pingcheng, Datong, Shanxi and Longmen Grottoes near Luoyang, Henan are two famous grottoes.
4. Paper, ink, pen and inkstone are traditional Four Treasures of the Study in China.