Guqin is the earliest stringed instrument of Han nationality and a treasure of China culture. It is cherished by the world for its long history, rich literature, rich connotation and far-reaching influence. The physical objects unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Hubei Province date back more than 2,400 years. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, guqin products have been handed down from generation to generation. From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 100 kinds of music and 3000 musical instruments. There are also a large number of documents about pianists, piano theory, piano system and piano art, and the rich remains are outstanding among Chinese musical instruments. In ancient times, Qin, chess, books and paintings were called the four arts, which were used to summarize the traditional culture of the Chinese nation. Many famous performers have emerged throughout the ages. They are historical and cultural celebrities, handed down from generation to generation. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, guqin was also introduced to East Asian countries, and was absorbed and passed down by the traditional cultures of these countries. In modern times, with the footprints of China people all over the world, it became a symbol of oriental culture in the eyes of westerners.
In the long historical stage of ancient China society, "Qinqi Calligraphy and Painting" has always been regarded as the only way for literati to cultivate their self-cultivation. Guqin ranks first in music, chess, calligraphy and painting with its clear, harmonious, light and elegant musical character, which embodies the uninhibited and extraordinary attitude of literati towards life. "Qin, love also; Offenders are prohibited. " Playing the flute and playing the piano, reciting poems and painting, climbing high and traveling far, and singing wine songs have become a vivid portrayal of literati life. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius loved playing the piano. Whether giving lectures in Xingtan or being trapped by Cai Chen, the sound of playing string songs is endless. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the story of Boya and the story of "Finding a bosom friend in' Mountain' and' Water'" have become a widely circulated story. Ji Kang in Wei and Jin Dynasties gave Guqin the highest evaluation of "among all musical instruments, Qin De is the best", and finally took playing Guangling San on the execution ground as the swan song of life. Liu Yuxi, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, outlined a picture for us in his famous book "Humble Room Inscription": "You can tune the pipa and read the Golden Classics. The indifferent realm of "no confusing ears, no complicated work" 1In August, 977, a gold-plated record was placed on the Voyager 2 spacecraft launched by the United States, and representative art of human beings was selected from all over the world, including the seven-minute guqin music "Running Water" played by Guan Pinghu, a famous guqin master, representing China music. This ancient song was once played by Boya, a famous pianist in the Spring and Autumn Period, and became a bosom friend with Zhong Ziqi. Now, its mission is to explore the celestial body "human beings" outside the earth and seek new "bosom friends" in the vast universe.
The sound of guqin is very unique, and most people can feel the quietness and remoteness of guqin when listening to music. "Silence" can be said to be the biggest feature of the piano sound, and it is also called "the voice of the ancient times" and "the voice of heaven and earth". Guqin has three sounds, all of which are very quiet. The scattered sound is loose and far-reaching, which reminds people of ancient times; Its overtone seems natural, and it has a feeling of being cold as a fairy; According to the sound, it is very rich, and the rhyme under the fingers is subtle and long. When it is like human language, it can speak, and when it is like people's mood, it is ethereal and changeable. The overtones are like the sky, the sounds are like people, and the scattered sounds are like the ground, which is called the three tones of heaven and earth. Therefore, guqin, with one instrument and three tones, can embody human feelings and reach the principle of heaven, earth and universe. In the three alternating and endless tones of Guqin music, all thoughts such as mountains and rivers, pine wind, water clouds, insects, birds, complicated human feelings and religious philosophy are expressed as much as possible. The Song Dynasty's History of the Qin said: "In the past, saints played the Qin, and the voices of heaven and earth cared about it." When Ji Kang wrote Fu Qin in the Jin Dynasty, he said, "Among all the musical instruments, Qin De is the best." That is to say, among all kinds of musical instruments, guqin is the best, with the best moral character, and it is the most suitable tool for a gentleman's cultivation. The sound of the piano is relaxed and broad, which can make people calm down, feel peace and calm, and experience inner peace and joy; Qin Le's cleanliness and delicacy can arouse people's minds, vent their feelings, turn grievances into gas and sublimate the artistic conception of the mind. In the final analysis, it is to cultivate the gentleman's moral character of "harmony" and to achieve the purpose of "music education" with the harmony in the lyre (Fu Qin). After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism were integrated into the guqin, especially the Taoist ideas of "Laughing loudly" (Laozi) and "Being happy without being happy" (Zhuangzi), which were best reflected on the lyre. The melodious and ethereal sound of the piano makes people enter the artistic conception of "silent music" beyond the sound from touching the piano to listening to it, and experience the realm of "music" and "extreme silence"; Zhuangzi called this realm of emptiness and tranquility that is connected with everything in the world "Tianle", and "pushing emptiness and tranquility into the world and connecting with everything is called Tianle" (Zhuangzi? Heaven is a spiritual realm of harmony between man and nature, silence and joy, and transcending sound experience. The experience called "emptiness" in Buddhism is a kind of "no self".
According to documents, in the pre-Qin period, guqin was used in folk music, such as sacrificial ceremonies, court meetings and ceremonies. It was once loved by Shengxing people and used to express feelings. On this point, we can confirm it from the collection of folk poems and songs at that time, The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs? Nan Zhou? Guan Luo: "My Fair Lady, male prostitute"; The Book of Songs? Xiaoya? Luming Literature: "Yo Yo Luming Literature, Wilderness Flat. I have guests, beating gongs and drums "; The Book of Songs? Xiaoya? Long beach: "A good wife is like a drum harp"; The Book of Songs? Xiaoya? Drum bell: "Drum bell Qin Qin, drum harp drum"; The Book of Songs? Xiaoya? Putian: "Qin, Qin beat drums to rule Tianzu"; The Book of Songs? Hurricane? "Prescription": "Chair painting paulownia, piano and mulberry cutting"; The Book of Songs? Zheng Feng? Female cock crows: "The harps are in the imperial palace, so they are all quiet"; This shows that at least in the Spring and Autumn Period, Guqin was a very popular musical instrument among the people and was deeply loved by the ancients. Guqin was widely recognized in ancient times. Three of the "four classic novels" are clearly described. Ancient poems, history books, novels, operas, paintings, antique porcelain ... Guqin exists in large numbers, and historical facts, literature and works of art all come from real life. What a broad social foundation is needed to cause this phenomenon. So guqin was once quite popular in ancient China, at least among the literati. It is precisely because of this that the Guqin art with a history of thousands of years has finally passed down to today.
The four famous harps of Guqin, Bell: Bell is a famous harp in Zhou Dynasty. The sound of this piano is as loud as a clock and a horn, and it is deafening. It is said that Boya, an outstanding pianist in ancient times, once played the "trumpet" piano. Later, "Zhong" came to Qi Henggong's hand. Qi Henggong is a wise monarch of Qi State, and he is familiar with his temperament. At that time, he collected many famous pianos, but he especially cherished this "bell" piano. Once he asked his men to sing on the horn for fun, and he rang the horn bell to respond. The horn sounded, the song was sad, and the "horn sounded" played a sad melody, which moved the waiters on both sides to tears.
Around the beam: Today, people say that the reverberation around the beam will last for three days. Its language comes from a story in Liezi: During the Zhou Dynasty, Han E, a famous Korean female singer, went to Qi State. When she passed by Yong Men, she was penniless and had no food, so she had to sing and beg. Her sad song whirled in the air like a lonely goose singing. Three days after Han E left, his singing still lingered on the roof, which was unforgettable. The name of the piano is "around the beam", which shows that the timbre of this piano is characterized by lingering sound around the beam. It is said that "Around the Beam" is a gift from a man named Huayuan to Chu Zhuangwang, and the date of its production is unknown. Since the detour, Chu Zhuangwang has been playing the piano all day, intoxicated with music. On one occasion, Chu Zhuangwang didn't go to court for seven days in a row, leaving all the state affairs behind. Princess Fan Ji was very anxious and advised Chu Zhuangwang to say, "King, you are too addicted to music! In the past, Xia Jie loved to satirize "sister happiness", which led to a fatal disaster; Zhou Wang listened to decadent music by mistake and lost his country. Now the king loves the "ring beam" piano so much that he is not in the DPRK for seven days. Is he willing to lose his country and life? " Chu Zhuangwang smell speech lost in thought. He couldn't resist the temptation of "ring beam", so he had to reluctantly give up what he loved and ordered someone to play the piano with iron wishful thinking, and the piano was broken into several pieces. Since then, the famous piano "Around the Beam" envied by thousands of people has never sounded again.
Green; Luqi is a piano played by Sima Xiangru, a famous scholar in Han Dynasty. Sima Xiangru originally came from a poor family with only four walls, but his poems are very famous. Liang Wang asked him as a gift, and Xiang Ru wrote a poem "Jade Fu" as a gift. This poem has gorgeous words and extraordinary charm. Liang Wang was so happy that he returned his collection of "Green Chess" pianos. Luqi is a famous piano handed down from ancient times, and there is an inscription on it that says "Tongzi combines essence", that is, Mu Tong and Zimu combine essence. If you get "green", you will get a treasure. His superb piano skills and the wonderful timbre of "Luqi" made the piano "Luqi" famous for a while. Later, "Luqi" became another name for Guqin. Once, Sima Xiangru went to visit his friend, Wang Sun, a very rich and outstanding man, and held a banquet for him. When the wine is hot, everyone says, "I heard that you play Green Seven very well. Please play a song to satisfy our ears. " Xiang Ru has long heard that Wen Jun, the daughter of Zhuo Wangsun, is brilliant and proficient in piano, and she admires him very much. Sima Xiangru pursued her by playing the piano piece Phoenix Begging for Phoenix. After listening to the piano, Wen Jun understood the meaning of music, and he couldn't help blushing and longing. She fell in love with a talented person, and in order to pay for the "bosom friend encounter", she ran like a mansion at night and made a good marriage. Since then, chasing after Qin has become an eternal story.
Jiao Wei: Jiao Wei is a piano by Cai Yong, a famous writer and musician in the Eastern Han Dynasty. When Cai Yong was "wandering in the rivers and seas, traveling far away to the Fifth National Congress", he rescued a section of buttonwood with abnormal sound, which was not burned in the fire. He made a lyre according to the length and shape of wood, and the sound was really extraordinary. Because there are still burnt marks at the end of the piano, it was named "burnt end". "copulation" is famous for its sweet timbre and unique production method. At the end of the Han Dynasty, after Cai Yong was killed, the "copulating" piano was still well preserved in the Royal Library. More than 300 years later, when Emperor Qi Ming was in power, he ordered people to take out the "mating" piano that had been stored for many years and play it for Wang Cuoxiong in order to appreciate the piano skills of the master of guqin Wang Cuoxiong. Wang Zhongxiong played for five days in a row, improvising "Hate Song" for Ming Di. Wang Fengnian, a native of Kunshan in the Ming Dynasty, still collects the "mating" piano made in Cai Yong.
Guqin Style Fuxi Style: Fuxi is the ancestor of mankind worshipped by the Chinese nation, ranking first in Huang San. Many inventions in China's ancient culture were mostly related to him. It is said that Qin was invented by Fuxi. There are records in Qin Shu and Difu that Fuxi cut tung into a piano and Xixi once made a piano. Fuxi-style piano is round, simple in shape, with the neck and waist bent in a half-moon shape and wide in timbre.
Banana leaf style: The shape of the piano is like a banana leaf, which is said to have been created by Liu Bowen, a Fujian native. The Kubinashi of the piano has palms and petioles, and the bottom of the piano is like the stem of a banana leaf. Exquisite and beautiful shape, mellow and elegant voice. Banana leaf style is the most difficult piano to make, and it is generally difficult to achieve the ideal effect, but if we go beyond its difficulties, it will be the piano with the most perfect sound and various indicators, which is very wonderful.
Shi Feng Style: Piano is characterized by bending directly from the head or from the Moon Mountain, with two bends on the top and two bends on the bottom. The style is simple and smooth. One of Qianlong's favorite pianos before his death was called "Song Shijian I", which was in Shi Feng style. For this reason, Grandpa Gan Long also carved a poem of his own on the back of the piano: "The ancient move made the Longmen piano, but Zhu Xian broke the thunderbolt for a long time. Andrew Boya sympathized with his hand and wrote a landscape for Yu Yi. Be a long Baoyu and reward him. "
Sunset style: the strange shape of clouds can bring infinite reverie. The poem "Ascending to the City" says: "The sunset breaks at the beginning, and the waves return late." The ancient literati were suddenly inspired by the rich changes of the sunset glow, and used this as a reference to create a piano shape. The striking modeling feature of sunset style is the symmetrical wavy curve on both sides of the piano. Charlotte is one of the famous pianos in ancient times. There is a cloud in Guo Xian's "Ghost Cave" in the Han Dynasty: "Hold the phoenix to control the flute and caress the charlotte."
Zhongni Style: Zhongni Style, also known as Confucius Style, is said to have been created by Confucius, a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. Confucius studied the piano from Xiangzi, and then developed the piano style and planned the system with his own ideals. Later, he called the piano style pioneered by Confucius "Zhong Ni Feng", which was folded at the waist, with simple shape and elegant and pure voice.
Shennong style: "Shennong" is a mythical figure in Yangshao culture period in the Yellow River valley. Legend has it that fire is king, so it is called Emperor Yan. Because the flame symbolizes the mysterious and lofty sun, it is also called the sun god. The upper part is bent from the shoulder position and directly connected with the piano head; The lower part is roughly bent at the foot of the swallow, which is very simple and convenient. It is the most popular and popular style among modern piano players.
Liezi Style: Liezi Style is a variant of Zhong Ni Style, and the shoulder of the piano is between the second emblem and the third emblem in an oblique shape. The waistline is between eight and ten signs. Exposed fish fillets. Wang Luqin's famous "neutralization" in Ming Dynasty was Liezi style. The exact form: According to legend, it was created by Zhu Youkun, the seventh son of Ming Xianzong. Zheng Heqin, made by Zhu Youkun, is called "Heng" and later generations also call it "Heng". Head, neck, shoulders, waist, etc. The exact piano is comprehensive, with a straight line and no change. If this style is dubbed "Su Qin", it will be more appropriate. Because of its simple and elegant shape, it is also very popular among piano players.
Guqin mingqu
1. Mountain Flowing Water: According to legend, Yu Boya, a pianist in the pre-Qin period, played the piano in a barren field, but Zhong Ziqi, a woodcutter, could understand that this was a description of "lofty ambition in the mountains" and "majestic ambition in flowing water". Boya was surprised and said, "Well, my son's heart is with me." After the death of chef hippo, Boya lost his bosom friend and broke his strings, so there was a song of flowing water in the mountains. The song "Mountains and Rivers" was recorded on a gold record and launched into space on August 22, 1977/kloc-0, to preach the wisdom and civilization of the Chinese nation to the advanced creatures in the universe and planets.
2. Guangling San: According to Cao Qin, Nie Zheng's father was killed during the Warring States Period for casting a sword for korean king. Determined to avenge his father, Nie Zheng went to the mountains to learn piano for ten years. He became a stuntman and became famous in Korea. Wang Han called him to the palace to play, and Nie Zheng finally realized his long-cherished wish to assassinate Wang Han and died disfigured himself. According to this story, later generations composed it into piano music, which was impassioned and magnificent, and was one of the famous guqin music.
3. Wild Goose in Pingsha: This song of Ming Dynasty is called Wild Goose in Pingsha. The melody is melodious and smooth, describing the scene where geese hover in the sky and then land through the swaying geese. For Qu Qing's understanding, there is a description of autumn scenery, which means "clear autumn is sparse and geese fly". There are "take advantage of the autumn sky, calm and smooth, the clouds are Cheng Wanli, the sky is soaring, and write the heart of Yi Shi with the ambition of a swan"; There is also a "sense of belonging to the item to attach importance to it, the state of going up and down, the image of the item and then gathering, the god of surprise and recovery" from Hongyan. "When falling, the sand is flat and the water is far away, and the heart is idle. Friends and couples have no guesses, and men and women have narratives. " It's not as cold as a goose. At present, most of them are seven paragraphs, the main melody and musical image are roughly the same, and the melody is ups and downs, continuous and beautiful; The timbre is quiet and beautiful, but there is movement in silence.
4. The fisherman's question and answer: Music expresses contempt for those who pursue fame and fortune through the pleasure of the fisherman enjoying himself among the green mountains and green waters. The music adopts the way of dialogue between fishermen and firewood workers, with the rising tone indicating questions and the falling tone indicating answers. The melody is elegant and unique, which shows the leisure of the fisherman. Just as "Qin Xue Jin Chu" has a profound meaning, the towering mountains, the ocean of water, the tintin cut by an axe and the beauty of singing are looming through the fingers. The question-and-answer session is reminiscent of mountains and forests.
5. "Three Lane of Plum Blossom": The overtone tune in this song is repeated three times in different emblem positions, so it is called "Three Lane". According to legend, he wrote the flute "Three Lane of Plum Blossoms", which was later changed to a piano piece. Music praises the tenacious character of plum blossom in the wind without fear of frost and snow with noble sentiments. 1972, Wang Jianzhong adapted it for the piano with the theme of Yongmei in Mao Zedong.
6. Chun Xue: According to legend, it was written by Liu of the State of Jin or Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period. Snow is clean and beautiful. With fresh and smooth melody and lively and brisk rhythm, it vividly shows the scene of early spring when winter goes and spring comes, the earth recovers, everything is thriving and full of vitality.
7. Eighteen beats of Hu Jia: There are versions of Shaanxi Opera such as Big Hu Jia, Little Hu Jia and Eighteen beats of Hu Jia. Although the tunes are different, they all reflect the extremely contradictory and painful feelings that Cai Wenji missed his hometown and could not bear to be separated. Music euphemistically mourns and tears the liver and intestines.