& lt The mysterious tower is written by _ _ Liu Gongquan.
The four major grottoes in China are Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes and Maijishan Grottoes.
In history, Jingdezhen _ _ _ _ _ is known as the capital of porcelain, and Yixing _ _ _ is known as the capital of pottery.
Italian sculpture works
< Impression of Sunrise > The author is Monet.
< guernica > is written by Picasso.
On the artistic characteristics of Chinese painting
The characteristics of China's art can be summarized as two points:
1. Understand life completely.
2, bold and skilled craftsman processing.
Only by observing and understanding nature repeatedly and reaching the realm of "having a whole horse in mind" can ancient painters draw good works. Flower-and-bird painters say "bamboo in the chest", landscape painters say "gully in the chest" and "everything in the chest". Legend has it that once upon a time, there was an emperor who asked someone to draw a horse. The painter said it would take at least three years, but the emperor didn't draw it. The painter said it would take at least two years, and he didn't draw it either. The painter said at least one year, not less, and the emperor agreed to go in person at the end of the year. The painter drew a horse on the spot. The emperor was very angry and thought it was cheating the king. The painter took the emperor to another room, where he painted horses everywhere in the room. Hao Jing described in Taihang Mountain that "every thousands of books is as true as it is", and "truth" is a natural law, which can only be created by understanding it. "God" is a comprehensive understanding of things. Insist on observation and description, and the burden will be lighter when the artist realizes that "the whole horse is in the chest". Unfamiliarity with image is a heavy burden on society, so we still need to focus on observing its natural form and cannot pay attention to and express its "spirit". The most demanding realm of Chinese painting is "Hua". A real artist can only express his feelings with all his energy if he has solved all his life and skills and mastered his mind. Life is the source, raw material and starting point of art, and life is the mother soil of art, but life is not art, life is like ore, and art is like steel. Life can't be art without processing, and processing needs tempering. Artists try their best to show their lives. The artistic processing method of Chinese painting is often called "craftsman", Du Fu said "you concentrate all your existence on a piece of silk", Qi Baishi has a seal, and "Lao Qi Fa" is the processing method. People with lofty ideals call it "ingenious craftsman", which is a good word. The first aspect of an artist is "cutting". It is not good to treat him equally. A person who wants to accurately reproduce nature can never finish painting a tree in his life. Naturalism is passive, realism is active, and Chinese paintings dare to cut boldly, which is not important at all, even reduced to "0".
"Counting white is black", China traditional art attaches great importance to black and white. Blank stands for "more", "enough" and "satisfied". Blank can give people endless feelings and implicature, so that the viewer can enrich it with imagination. "There is no win at this time, and the rhythm is endless. Cutting is related to material selection, and China usually chooses the best part. China's art is both implicit and exaggerated. Powerful, unforgettable and imaginative. Exaggeration is a true, vivid and powerful expression of the object. Exaggeration is a satisfactory expression of people's feelings, including great authenticity, showing the poet's feelings, and exaggeration is a strong expression of people's feelings. Three feet three feet away from the sky, how can the water of the Yellow River move out of the sky? Exaggeration is the expression of hatred, the foundation of art, and the result of a deep understanding of the object. Art is not about painting everything, removing the unnecessary and showing what you need, which includes cutting and exaggeration. It is not easy to be a good painter. First, we should organize the handling. Composition is a major feature of Chinese painting. Not limited by time and space. The world of Chinese painting is very big. It includes not only vision, but also perception, which should include what you see, know and think. Craftsmen mainly focus on cutting, exaggeration and organization, and should also include pen and ink. What we know is the sum of what we see now and what we saw in the past. This is exactly the meaning of "looking for a strange peak". What is known includes indirect experience, including the experience of tradition and predecessors. What I think is the direct understanding between comprehension paragraphs. Chairman Mao's "Qinyuanchun" describes the snow scene, "thousands of miles are frozen, and snow drifts in Wan Li", including his past experiences. China pays attention to "implication" in his art, and "How the water of the Yellow River moves into the sea and never returns" is full of charm. Everything he sees seems to be in front of his eyes. In terms of artistic concept, China's art tends to be freehand brushwork and vivid, while western art focuses on modeling and sketching.
Artists in China believe that art is a reflection of life, subjectively reflecting the painter's intention, and objectively expressing the gods of objects. This is China's vivid freehand brushwork theory, such as Gu Kaizhi's vivid theory, Zhang Yanyuan's vivid charm theory and so on. The ancients said that "things are attached to feelings" to express scenery, flowers and birds. This is not a simple representation, but it is important to describe people's feelings. The flower-and-bird paintings in China are different from those in foreign countries. It seems that there are dead specimens of life and human feelings abroad. When Chinese painting reaches a certain level, their thoughts will fly and they will reach a state of spiritual freedom. They have seen all the traditions, and naturally they have seen them all. When painting, they don't have to look at anything. The blank paper faces the sky, with mountains and rivers in their chests and smoke clouds at the bottom of their pens. Artists in China like to watch Seeing and Recording outdoors, so that they know it by heart, and then "brush it off", advocating "writing the spirit with form", "not liking it", "forgetting the image with pride", "meaning too much" and "beauty lies between similarity and dissimilarity". In modeling, Chinese painting emphasizes lines and decorative flavor. Painters in China advocate "painting and calligraphy are interlinked", pay attention to "painting with books", and pay attention to the changes of line thickness, rigidity, discontinuity and lightness. In the use of color, Chinese painting advocates color matching, does not require a concrete and absolutely true description of the object, nor does it pay attention to the change of the light of the object in time, which intentionally increases the distance between color and objective reality. Sometimes ink replaces color, and there is a kind of "ink painting" that only uses ink.
In the arrangement of composition, China's art requires "creating the environment" and advocates "the subject of mind and the obedience of form", that is, the unity of man and nature, the transformation of things and me, the forgetting of things, the wandering between god and things, and the use of things for me. You can use paper with a ruler to represent the rivers in Wan Li, you can also draw the mountains and rivers in Wan Ren, you can draw a panoramic view, you can also draw a small corner scene, you can draw a whole tree, you can also draw branches, you can choose at will, and you are extremely free. Chinese painting pays attention to "counting white as black", artistic space and "painting everywhere".
Two famous calligraphers in Tang Dynasty and one of their representative works.
Ou Yangxun 1
Ou Yangxun was born in Linxiang, Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan). The world says that Ouyang leads many people.
Yu Shinan said that he "can get what he wants without choosing a pen and paper". Besides, he can write a good official script. In the fifth year of Zhenguan, the tablet of Xuzhou Cishifang was his official script. His calligraphy, with official script as the most. Investigate its use of pens, which are round and powerful, steep and dangerous. "If the grass scares the snake, the cloud will send electricity." Staring like King Kong, Lux punches. "Among them, strokes such as vertical hooks are still official strokes. The inscription he wrote on the Buddhist stupa of Huadu Temple, the inscription on the grandfather Wen Yanbo and the inscription on Huangfu's birthday are called "the first regular script in the Tang Dynasty". His regular script has a very serious procedure, both in pen and structure, which is most convenient for beginners. Ouyang 36' s knot writing method, which was circulated by later generations, is a knot writing method summarized from his regular script. His regular script "Zhang Hansi Sticking Bass" is long and vigorous. Ink handed down from generation to generation is especially precious. Ou Yangxun's son Ouyang Tong has a family of calligraphers. Both father and son are book celebrities, and they are called "Ouyang". Xiao Ouyang's "Taoist Monument" has a stronger sense of propriety, but it is too revealing and implicit.
His main works are:
Huadu Temple Monument:
The full name is "stupa Ming, the great monk of Huadu Temple". Tang Li Bai wrote books and medicines. The monument was erected in the fifth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (AD 63 1 year), with 35 lines of regular script and 33 characters of running script. The original stone has been lost for a long time. This piece has strong pen power and compact structure. Jiuchenggong was written a year earlier, so the style is very similar, but it is more cautious than lengthening. Yuan Zhao Mengfu commented: "Among those who can write Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang rate is the best, and" Da Ming Yi Zen Master "is also the best." Weng Fanggang, a epigraphist in the Qing Dynasty, spoke highly of the calligraphy of this tablet, and thought it was better than the inscription of Jiuchenggong Liquan. Although there are too many praises, it can be said that the calligraphy of this monument is really unique.
Inscription of Liquan in Jiucheng Palace:
The inscription of liquan in Jiucheng Palace was written by Wei Zhi and Ou Yangxun. It is recorded that Emperor Taizong discovered spring water during his summer vacation in Jiucheng Palace. This monument was erected in the sixth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (AD 632). Regular script has 24 lines and 49 words. This monument is square with a stroke of a pen, and you can also see it in the square. The arrangement of calligraphy and painting is compact and symmetrical, and the shelves are open and steady. Chen Ming Jiru once commented: "This post is as deep as a mountain, thin and cold, but full of air, which can make the king bend his knees. It is impossible for him to control it." The graphite engraving of Zhao Han in Ming Dynasty called this tablet "the first official book".
Yu Gonggong tablet:
The full name is "Tang Gu Te Jin Shangshu right servant shooting official document public monument", also known as "Wen Yanbo monument". Written by Cen Wenben and written by Ou Yangxun, it was established in October of the 11th year of Tang Zhenguan (AD 637). There are 36 lines of regular script, 77 words of running script, and the inscription is in seal script. 16 words: "Tang was specially sent to the right servant of Shangshu to shoot at the monument of the father-in-law and the father-in-law." Zhao Minghan's "Graphite Engraving" commented: "This tablet is better than Huangfu and Jiucheng, but the calligraphy is neat and not under the two tablets." And sighed: "The letter is over eighty years old, and the writing is so exquisite." It is true that Ou Yangxun's book "Yugong Gongbei" has reached the artistic height, and the calligraphy of the sub-tablet has also broken away from the characteristics of "European style" in Jiuchenggong and Huadu Temple, and it tends to be natural and smooth. At this time, Ou Yangxun has been able to write regular script freely.
Zhang Hansi's post:
Also known as Ying Ji Iron, Ou Yangxun's book. Regular script, no money. Paper book, 25.2 cm long and 33 cm wide. There is a thin line of gold on the back paper: "Tang Taizi's rate makes the book more impressive." The brushwork is steep, sharp and long-driven, and the wisdom and courage also avoid the front. Ji Lin wanted to send an envoy to ask for a book, and when he heard it, he sighed, "Asking for a book has spread far and wide. In his later years, he was vigorous in writing and had the wind of law enforcement. It is not a hollow reputation that the lonely peak rises and is cut on all sides. "The style of this post is basically the same as Ou Yangxun's regular script, and they all win by risks. The center of gravity of the word is on the left, and it is pressed to the right with a thousand strange pens of fate, so that the structure of each word forms a rebellious trend, and then the right force is used to turn the tide. It can be described as "seeking stability in danger is endless fun." Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty commented: "The situation is wonderful, more than enough." It is very eye-catching. This discount is kept in the Palace Museum in Beijing.
Huangfu birthday tablet:
The full name is "Dr. Sui Zuo Guanglu's Comment on the Ming Huangfuyun Monument", also known as "Huangfuyun Monument". Written by Don Yu Zhining, written by Ou Yangxun. This stone tablet is now in Xi city, Shaanxi province, and there is no written date. Regular script has 28 lines and 59 words. Inscription seal script "Sui Zhu Guo Hongyi Gong Ming Huangfujun Monument" is twelve characters. "The Joy of Moline" said that this monument was built in the Sui Dynasty and was written by Ou Yangxun in his early years. This monument was divided into two parts in the Ming Dynasty.
"Huangfushengchen Monument" is tightly restrained with a pen, firm and unyielding. The emphasis of stippling is brush and engraving, which is the unique brushwork feature of the thin and vigorous calligraphy style of Weibei and Sui monuments in the early Tang Dynasty. Yang Shiqi said: "The book search is vigorous and the statutes are strict. Commentators say that Yu (south of the city) gets the legacy of gold, while Europe () gets the strictness of gold. Isn't it easy to see Huangfu's birthday tablet, full of turmoil? Isn't it the so-called person who doesn't overstep the rules? " Weng Fanggang said, "Because the tablet was made by Li, it was just right because of the danger. This is the best way to learn Tang Kai and the first step to learn it. " "
This monument was polished with a pen. Although this is Ou Yangxun's early work, it already has the basic characteristics of "European style", that is, strictness and danger. Wang Mingshizhen said: "The inscription on Huangfu House is more dangerous than other stickers. It is the origin of Yijia Lantai (Ouyang Tong). " Bin Yang said in "Spoon Couples' Pen": "There is nothing more rigorous than Zen Master Yong, nothing more beautiful than Yong, nothing more dangerous and particularly difficult than Huangfu's birthday tablet, so this Huangfu tablet is so expensive."
Dream drink sticker:
Ou Yangxun is famous for his regular script, but his running script is also excellent, among which Meng Diantie is the best. The full name of "Dream Diantie" is "Zhong Ni Dream Diantie", with 78 characters, no money, but orderly circulation. Guo Tianxi said in the postscript: "This is a bold and dangerous calendar, as dense as an armory halberd, and it has turned back and won the atmosphere of two kings. It is also the first book of the world trip to Europe. "
2. Yu Shinan (558-638 AD)
Bo Shi was born in Yuyao, Yuezhou (now Zhejiang). From the official to the secretary supervisor, it was named Yongxing County, so it was called "Yu Yongxing" in the world. 8/kloc-died at the age of 0/,and was named the history of the Ministry of Rites.
Yu Shinan learned calligraphy from Sun Zhiyong, the seventh son of the famous calligrapher Wang Xizhi, and was handed down by him personally, which made him a "two kings" and a wise brushwork. Yu Shinan was quiet, lustless, strong-willed, and upright in his comments, which won the esteem of Emperor Taizong. His calligraphy is round and vigorous, soft outside and firm inside. Critics believe that nepotism is fluttering, but the body is in step, which is a crime.
Yu Shinan's handed down books are as follows.
Confucius Temple Monument:
Write for Yu Shinan. The original monument was erected in the early years of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty. Regular script 35 lines, 64 words per line. The seal script is engraved with the words "Confucius Temple Monument". The inscription records for five years, and the descendants of Confucius XXIII were saints, and the Confucius Temple was built. Yu Shinan wrote it at the age of 69. The calligraphy brush of this monument is handsome and round, and its shape is slightly long and narrow, which is particularly beautiful. Horizontal and vertical, the brushwork is stretched, which is a peaceful and elegant image.
Epitaph of Princess Runa:
This post has no money and was handed down as a book by Yu Shinan. Some people think it is an old copy. Paper, running script 18 lines, ***222 words. The calligraphy of this post is moist and beautiful, and its pen is similar to that of Mi Fei in Song Dynasty, so it is called Milin. Wang Shizhen's evaluation of this book in the Ming Dynasty is: "Xiao is scattered and empty, with a romantic attitude and far-reaching implications." Li Ming Dongyang also said this post: "The pen is round and vivid, and Gofa exists alone." The so-called "style" is a unique brushwork that Yu Shinan realized when he studied the calligraphy of "Two Kings". According to legend, when you write the word "Yan" in the calligraphy of the right army, let Heather make it and show it to you. Wei Zhi said that only "Gofa" is vivid in the holy book. It can be seen that Yu Shinan's calligraphy attainments are profound. The first few lines of Princess Runan's epitaph are indeed consistent with Yu Shinan's regular script style, with a subtle and deep demeanor, which is awe-inspiring. Unfortunately, the second half is a waste, and it is not unreasonable to suspect that it is forged. This discount is kept in Shanghai Museum.
3. Chu Suiliang (AD 596-658 or 659)
The word Dengshan was born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). The official to the right servant shot Henan Gong, known as Chu Henan in the world.
Calligraphy studies include Wang Xizhi and Yu Shinan. The book review in the Tang Dynasty said that his words were: "Words are gold, deeds are jade, rules are Wen Ya, and beauty is more." His preface to the Wild Goose Pagoda has its own method. In this monument, he integrates depression, Europe and France, and the waves are natural. From the perspective of verve, I chased the king directly, but when I wrote words with a pen, the mellow and thin place was Chu Fa.
Its main representatives are:
Ni Kuanzan:
Ni Kuanzan's ink was passed down as Chu Suiliang's book (some people think it is Ou Yangxun's book), but the authenticity is still inconclusive. However, this book is quite ignorant. Regular script 50 lines, ***340 words. Song Zhao Meng Jian commented on this post: "Yi Rong Wanchang is a book in southern Henan in his later years." Yang Shiqi commented on "Ming Yun": "The commentator thinks that if you talk about money and do wealth, then Wen Ya will be beautiful and diverse." Zhan Jingfeng said: "Dry but not moist, want to descend to heaven." This post was originally written in Taiwan Province Province.