Su Dongpo, as a hermit, was a brilliant Su Shi. Although he ranked second in high school at the age of 20, his career path was full of hardships and bitterness, and he finally had to leave the capital and live in seclusion in several small places in the south. Su Shi here is dressed in cloth, wearing a hat, clogs on his feet and holding bamboo joints. Obviously, he is a hermit in Dongpo. This portrait of Dongpo was painted by the painter Sun.
Don't be crazy about singing poetry.
In April of the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi arrived in Huzhou. Shortly after his arrival, a disaster fell from the sky. In July, Yushi Yushitai (formerly Wutai) sent someone to arrest Su Shi and escorted him to Bianjing on charges of satirizing the court with poems. At that time, Su Shi was working, and two fierce soldiers rushed into the hall, grabbed Su Shi's sleeve and said, "The empire summoned me." Su Shi was shocked and said, "I have sinned against the imperial court, and I must be put to death today." If you die, please let me say goodbye to my family first. "Su Shi's wife sent her husband to the door, sobbing, pulling him and refusing to let go. Su Shi turned back and grinned, "Can't you write a poem for me like Yang Pu's wife?" His wife couldn't help laughing, and Su Shi was able to get away. It turns out that this is an interesting story that Su Shi often tells his wife at home. Yang Pu, a hermit during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong, was forced to go to Beijing to see the coachman. Zhenzong asked him, "Did anyone give a poem when Qing left?" Yang Pu said: "Only the minister's wife wrote a song:' Don't be too lazy to drink a glass of wine, and don't be infatuated with reciting poems. Now that you are arrested in the general's office, you will ruin your old scalp this time. ""what a Dongpo, this time also joking.
Su Shi was taken to Bianjing to be imprisoned, and the trial immediately proceeded. Evidence of guilt is a collection of poems carved by others for Su Shi, and Shen Kuo, the author of Meng Qian Bi Tan, was the first to take this collection of poems as evidence of guilt. Scholars despise each other and then hurt each other. They are never soft. Of course, Su Shi is not without a handle. With his literary talent, he often satirizes state affairs and denounces the new law in his poems. These poems have been circulated for some time and have a great influence. The presiding judge either has a personal grudge against Su Shi or wants to make an example of him because of his different political views. They made some sarcastic remarks about the new law in Su Shi's poems, exaggerating their dissatisfaction with religious sects and forcing Su Shi to admit treason. In Su Shi's poem "Yong Ming", there is "no song from the root to the grave, only the dragon is known." Someone provoked in front of the religion: "Your Majesty's flying dragon is in the sky, but Su Shi thought it was not a confidant, but he wanted to stab the dragon in the ground. Isn't that rebellion? " Fortunately, Zongshen understood it and replied, "How can the poet's words be understood like this? What does it matter to me that he sings cypress? "
But I'm crazy about wine glasses.
The future is sinister, and life and death are uncertain. Su Shi used to be quite pessimistic. On the way to Bianjing, he tried to jump into the river and commit suicide. After he went to prison, he buried a lot of elixirs in the soil, ready to commit suicide once he learned that he would be executed. Su Shi made an appointment with his son to take food and meat to the prison every day. If he hears that he will be sentenced to death, he will remove food and meat and send fish instead. His son sends him meat and vegetables every day. One day, there was not much food at home. His son went to the suburbs to buy vegetables and asked his relatives to deliver them for him, but he forgot to pay attention not to send fish. Relatives just deliver fish. Su Shi saw the fish and thought it was over this time. He wrote two desperate poems and asked the jailer to give them to his brother Su Zhe. He knew that the jailer was afraid to deliver letters for prisoners without authorization, and he was bound to report the matter. Sure enough, Zongshen was moved by this poem. Su Shi is famous all over the world, and even members of the royal family in the palace like to read his poems. When Empress Injong was seriously ill, Zongshen intended to pardon her grandmother's illness. Empress Injong said, "There is no need to forgive the malice of the world. Let Su Shi go alone." She also said to Zongshen: "In the past, Renzong was a moral person. After he returned to the palace, he said happily that I got two Taiping prime ministers for my descendants today. He's talking about the Sue brothers. Now you want to kill Su Shi? " Empress Injong shed tears as she spoke, and Zongshen also accompanied her to tears.
Some people who sympathized with Su Shi also stood up for him. Prime Minister Wu Chong once asked Zongshen, "What does the emperor think of Cao Cao?" Zong Shen said, "What is Cao Cao?" Wu Chong said, "Your Majesty takes Yao Shun as an example and certainly looks down on Cao Cao. Cao Cao is very suspicious, but he can tolerate a madman like Mi Fei. Can't your majesty tolerate Su Shi? " Zong Shen was very moved and said, "I was just about to let him go." After more than five months of trial, Su Shi was finally accused of "mocking political affairs". Although Su Shi was unwilling, he survived. He had to write a review to admit his mistake, and was later demoted to Huangzhou. When he got out of prison, the jailer returned the hidden poems to him. Su Shi was too moved to read. But after a long time, I am proud of the good poems in prison, and I can't help but write a poem: "I am as confused as a dream about the wine glass, and I try my pen like a god." But on second thought, I still can't help but have a lingering fear and scold myself: "It's really a bad habit of literati." God died before he was forty, and the ruling empress dowager abolished the new law. In the past eight years, anti-reformists once came to power. Cai Zhen, the leader of the political reform, was demoted to Anzhou (now Anlu, Hubei). When he was depressed, he also wrote some complaining poems, which were quickly reported. Factions opposed to reform rose to attack to rectify the opposition. Su Shi has been there before, so please don't pursue Cai Que any more, but the anti-reformists were eager for revenge and refused to listen to him. In the end, Cai Que got a similar experience to Su Shi, and Su Shi was also excluded. Party struggles intensified until the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. Changes of Su Shi's Poetic Style before and after Wutai Poetry Case 1079 In July, Su Shi took office in Huzhou, was convicted and imprisoned for Wutai Poetry Case, and was exiled to Huangzhou in January of the following year. Before the poem case happened, Su Shi had served as a judge in Hangzhou in 107 1 and had outstanding achievements. Generally speaking, his poetry works are free and easy in the desert, but in content, they mostly point to official life to express political pride. After the poetry case, although there were times when I was a bachelor of official Hanlin, there were few bold and unrestrained embarrassment in my works, but more and more people turned to the understanding of nature and life. As for living in Danzhou, Huizhou in his later years, his indifferent and broad-minded state of mind is even more obvious. As soon as he inherited the style of Huangzhou's works, he converged all his life, and I moved things freely to achieve a suddenly quiet environment. Taking Wutai Poetry Case as the boundary, Su Shi's poetry works have both inheritance and obvious differences in creation. Behind the "going home" complex throughout, we can see that the poet's brush strokes gradually turned to the helplessness of middle age and the broadmindedness of old age-getting older, maturing and becoming dull. First of all, in terms of subject matter, the previous works mainly reflect Su Shi's "specific political worries", while the later works mainly focus on "broad life worries". Su Dongpo, in his own words, his attitude towards life has always been hatred of evil. When it comes to evil, he means "spit it out like a fly in Taiwan Province." In Hangzhou, in a poem dedicated to Wenzhong Kong, he showed contempt for the powerful officialdom: "I am an elk, but I am afraid I am not superior." Not only that, he groaned for the prisoners in the prison and swallowed for the elderly who had no clothes or food. When he wrote rural pastoral poetry, the title was "Wu Zhong Tian Tan": "Sweating shirtless, the price is as low as chaff. Selling cattle to pay taxes and demolishing houses is not as superficial as going hungry next year "; He also wrote about farmers' food when he sang "Spring is everywhere in the mountains". The bamboo shoots eaten by farmers are not salty, just because "there is no salt in March", pointing to the monopoly of the court; He wrote that the recruited people dug canals to pick up salt boats, and his brushwork was sharper: "People are like ducks and pigs, throwing mud and splashing water"; He accused the court of being poor and weak, and he longed for "the king of Yao and Shun" and one day "bow like a full moon, look at the northwest and shoot Sirius". He asked, "When will Feng Tang be sent to the clouds?" He is frivolous: "Who is afraid? A misty rain is a lifetime! " However, "the world is a big dream. Life is cool in autumn. " Dongpo's flowing works triggered Wutai poetry case. After the dream, Huangzhou's relegated life made him "ironic and cruel, sharp in writing style, nervous and angry, all of which have disappeared and replaced by a brilliant warmth, kindness, tolerance and harmony." Very sweet and mature, very thorough and deep. " When playing chess, he realized: "If you play, you will win or lose, and if you play, there will be nothing." . Between the secluded forests and mountains, he was suddenly enlightened: "Qian Shan plays the flute at night, and the road is dark and beautiful. I wonder if people are changing the world, and wine has no home. " He is no longer obsessed with "struggling with the ambition of the time" but "Zhou Zhen died from then on, and Jiang Hai sent the rest of his life." Therefore, when Su Shi roamed Chibi, he was faced with "the breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains" and lamented that "everything between heaven and earth has its own master, and it is understood by the world." He floated to independence and just wanted to be a lonely flood: "I refuse to live if I collect all the cold branches, and the lonely sandbar is cold." Secondly, culturally, Confucianism was advocated in the early stage and Taoism in the later stage. In the early stage, I was eager to achieve success on the road of being an official. Even if he has the heart to "go home", he will "return to heaven and earth like a boat" and "return home after success" He has a sense of social responsibility advocated by Confucianism, and he is deeply concerned about the sufferings of the people: "Autumn crops are not full of eyes, and wheat seeds are scarce. I am always ashamed of the people of this country, and I have a thorn in my skin. Life is 5,000 volumes, and there is no word to save hunger "; He is eager to show his greatness on the battlefield. "Why not frost his temples slightly?" When will Feng Tang be sent to the clouds? "Especially in Xuzhou, Michigan, his spirit of joining the WTO has always been very strong. In his political essays, Su Shi repeatedly expounded the thought of "Heaven is healthy and gentlemen strive for self-improvement" in the Book of Changes, hoping that "the son of heaven will strive for strength one day" and actively reform and shout for reform. Later, especially after being demoted twice, he advocated Taoist culture more and returned to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of religion. He realized that he and the court dignitaries were "not family". "The so-called' fame and fortune' that people are pursuing is already' a crane bone frosted and disheartened' to him. He can only bury himself in hard work and has no great ambition of' looking at the northwest and killing wolves'." The poor ape jumped into the forest and the horse was exhausted. "For Su Dongpo, who has experienced the ups and downs of his official life, he expressed the truest sigh from the bottom of his heart." How clear is life when you are worried about a southeast snow? Inspired by Buddhism's "normal mind is the Tao", he lived a real peasant life in Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou, and enjoyed it. When the Queen Mother allowed him to live by the Taihu Lake, he was overjoyed: "I sent the west wind in my dream for ten years, and this trip is really for Weng." Finally, he can travel on the boat. He is "wandering in vain". "After a long drought, Su Dongpo was as happy and satisfied as a farmer. He wrote a poem: "it rains three feet, naturally unintentional and unpredictable." I'll forget it and go to bed. I will lie down and listen to the people on the wall. Rotten scholars have worked hard for a hundred years, and farming is not pitied by the public. It will be regarded as a thousand steps across the northwest mountain spring. Everyone knows that I have no money. "Third, in style, the previous works are magnificent and unrestrained, just like a flood bursting its banks and rushing thousands of miles; Later works are ethereal and meaningful, simple and light as deep willows, and the flowers in Pak Lei are far away. As far as ci is concerned, there are not many works that really belong to the bold style. According to Mr. Zhu Jinghua's statistics, similar works accounted for about one-tenth of all Su Mian's ci works, and most of them were concentrated in Xuzhou, Mizhou, which was the mainstream of creation at that time: "There are thousands of words in writing and ten thousand volumes in your chest, which makes you Yao and Shun. What's so hard about that? "Why don't you hide by my side and watch at leisure when you are rational? He was in good health, but died at the age of 10, and he was sharp-edged before the war; A song "Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou" can never be sung leisurely by "seventeen or eighteen women with red fangs", but must be sung by "a strong man in Dongzhou standing up and playing flute and drum for the festival", which is quite spectacular. "Although these works are not dominant in quantity, they do reflect Su Shi's positive attitude towards being an official at that time. Some of the later works have both the style of local customs and the charm of hospitality. For example, it is almost all-encompassing, colorful and lyrical, remembering the scenery, nostalgic feelings, giving gifts away, pastoral scenery and talking about Zen. This part accounts for about nine times out of ten of Su Shi's whole poems. Although there is also a big sigh that "the world is like a dream, a bottle is still on the moon", it is more of a small regret that "the flower wine stand has come and gone, and a little bit of bitterness has blossomed". He fled his official career and began to wait and see nature: "The forest is broken, the mangosteen is hidden, and cicadas are singing in the small pond. "He is increasingly finding it difficult to bear his inner pain with words:" It is difficult to whisper in front of people "; He integrated nature and human beings: "spring scenery is divided into three parts, dust is divided into two parts, and running water is divided into one part." In detail, it seems that it is not Huayang, but a little bit of tears. "In the meantime, there was a great smell of Zhuangzi that turned into a butterfly, and I forgot everything. At this point, he expelled all dissatisfaction with reality and politics, hysterical rants, and criticisms that criticized the shortcomings of the times. Its subject matter is more and more extensive, and its style is more and more plain and far-reaching.