In the Ming Dynasty, he was born in Chaisang, Xunyang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi). There is "Tao Yuanming Collection". His great-grandfather Tao Kan was a famous general in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty. He commanded strong troops to guard the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. He was the military commander of eight states and was granted the title of Duke of Changsha. His prestige was high for a while. After his death, he was given posthumously to Da Sima. His grandfather, Tao Mao, became a prefect, and his father also served as an official. After the Tao family became the founder of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, although their status was not as noble as the famous families in the south, they were still a wealthy family in Xunyang. However, Tao Yuanming's family situation gradually declined because his father died when he was young. He began to serve as an official at the age of twenty-nine, serving as a wine minister in Jiangzhou, and soon returned to seclusion. Later, he successively held low-status official positions such as Zhenjun and Jianwei, joining the army, and lived a life of inactivity and officialdom. Tao Yuanming's literary creation has made high achievements in poetry, prose, poetry and other aspects, but it is poetry that has the greatest impact on future generations; among Tao Yuanming's poems, the most representative ones are pastoral poems.
Liu Zongyuan (773--819) was a Tang writer and philosopher. His courtesy name was Zihou, and he was born in Jiezhou, Hedong (now Jiezhou Town, Yuncheng County, Shandong). He was known as Liuhedong in the world. He was born in a family of officials. He was 21 When he was a child, he became a Jinshi and became an official and censor, Li Xing. He and Liu Yuxi joined Wang Shuwen's group, which advocated reform, and served as a member of the Ministry of Rites, Wai Lang. After the failure of the reform, he was demoted to the governor of Shaozhou, and on the way to his appointment, he was demoted to Sima of Yongzhou. He was demoted at the same time. There were seven others, known in history as the "Eight Sima Incident". During his long period of relegation, Liu Zongyuan got close to the people, and his thoughts changed greatly. He later served as the governor of Liuzhou, so later generations also called it Liuzhou. Literature Together with Han Yu, Shang advocated the ancient prose movement, and were both included in the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties", and were also called "Han Liu". His literary proposition is to "pay equal attention to literature and Taoism", emphasizing that the creative attitude must be serious. His creations can be It is divided into four types: biography, essay, landscape travel notes, and fables. Landscape travel notes and fables have the highest literary achievements. His representative travel notes, "Eight Notes of Yongzhou", embody emotions in the scenery and blend the scenes. His fables are short and concise, with far-reaching meanings. "Three Stories" "Jie" is a very influential masterpiece. Liu Zongyuan's achievements in poetry creation are also mainly reflected in the creation of landscape poems. His poems are different from other people's landscape pastoral poems, but express his dissatisfaction with the real society and himself through poetry. An unfortunate sigh. In philosophy, he proposed that heaven and earth, vitality, yin and yang cannot "reward merit and punish misfortune", which attacked the popular thought of karma at the time. However, he compromised on Buddhism and advocated the reconciliation of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. There is "Collection of Mr. Hedong".
Li Bai (701-762), also known as Taibai, also known as Qinglian Jushi, was born in Changlong, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou County, Sichuan) and was a great poet in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was smart and knowledgeable since he was a child, and had a wide range of interests. At the age of 26, he left his relatives and traveled far away, covering half of China. Later, he was recommended by the Taoist Wu Yun and entered Chang'an to worship the Imperial Academy. Within three years, Li Bai began to wander again because he felt the corruption in the government. In his later years, he lived in poverty and wandered, and died in Dangtu (now Anhui). Li Bai's poems (such as "The Road to Shu is Difficult", "Sleepwalking Tianmu Says Farewell", etc.) are vigorous and unrestrained, with natural and bright language, reaching the realm of "hibiscus emerges from clear water, and the natural carvings are removed". His thoughts have both the Confucian spirit of active participation in the world and the Taoist spirit of freedom and unrestrained sentiment, mixed with the idea of ??a knight-errant. There are more than 900 poems by Li Bai in existence, including "The Collection of Li Taibai". In the picture, Li Bai is dressed in white, standing alone by the river, looking at the distant shadow of the lone sail that is gradually disappearing. He is detached and elegant, as if he is preparing a poem.
Du Fu (712-770), courtesy name Zimei, was a native of Gong County, Henan Province and a great poet of the Tang Dynasty. In his early years, he traveled around the world. He once served as a member of the Inspection and Engineering Department, and was known as "Du Gongbu" in his later life. Du Fu suffered many hardships and ups and downs throughout his life, and lived in extreme poverty in his later years. Most of Du Fu's poems reflect the suffering of the lower class people. His poems express personal feelings, often closely combined with current problems, with profound thoughts, broad realm, strong social practical significance, and profound reflection of the characteristics of the times. Later generations are called "History of Poetry". His poems draw inspiration from his predecessors in art and integrate their strengths to form a unique melancholy style. There are more than 1,400 poems by Du Fu in existence today, including "Spring Look", "Northern Expedition", "Beauty's Journey", "Three Officials" ("Tongguan Officials", "Xin'an Officials", "Shihao Officials") and "Three Farewells" ("Farewell to the Married", "Farewell to the Elderly", "Farewell to the Homeless") are the most popular. There is now "Du Gongbu Collection". In the picture, Du Fu is simply dressed, sitting on a Taihu stone, writing and meditating.
The picture highlights the depiction of Du Fu's face, facial wrinkles and eyes. A few wrinkles hide Du Fu's unfortunate experiences; the gloomy eyes reveal a sad and sentimental mood.
Han Yu (768-842), whose courtesy name was Tuizhi, was from Heyang, Henan (now south of Meng County, Henan). Because the county looked after Changli, he called himself "Changli Hanyu", so later generations called him Han Changli. He once served as the Minister of the Ministry of Justice and the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel. He vigorously promoted Confucianism and took it upon himself to inherit the Confucian orthodoxy. Resolutely oppose Buddhism and Taoism, and oppose the separatist rule of vassal towns. In literature, he opposed the parallel writing style of the Six Dynasties and advocated the restoration of the prose tradition of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties. His writing is powerful, thorough in reasoning, strong in logic and full of emotions. He is respected as the first of the "Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". His poems are unique and original. There is currently "Collection of Mr. Changli". In the picture, Han Yu wears his clothes loose and stands upright with his hands folded, showing an upright, solemn and serious image.
Liu Zongyuan (773-819), courtesy name Zihou, was a native of Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi). He was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Liu Zongyuan advocated the ancient prose movement, and his poems and essays are masterpieces that reflect reality. The emergence of allegorical and satirical sketches as an independent literary form is Liu Zongyuan's innovation. Among them, the representative works such as "Three Commandments" are short and concise, with far-reaching meaning, sharp language and severe style. Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes are particularly outstanding, with beautiful and fresh writing style, detailed and vivid descriptions of scenery, and extremely poetic and picturesque. His representative works such as "Eight Records of Yongzhou" had a great influence on later generations. Liu Zongyuan is one of the "Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties", and there is an existing "Liu Hedong Collection". The picture reflects the image of Liu Zongyuan, who was demoted to the south for participating in the reform movement of Wang Shuwen and others, and was writing poems by the stream.
Su Shi (1037-1101), also known as Zizhan and Dongpo Jushi, was a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan). His father Su Xun and his younger brother Su Che are both famous essayists. He was a Jinshi in the second year of Jiayou's reign (1057), Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, and reached the rank of Hanlin bachelor, Zhizhigao, and Minister of Rites. He once wrote a letter to express the disadvantages of Wang Anshi's new law. Later, he was sent to the censor's prison for writing poems to criticize the new law, and was demoted. After his death, he was given the posthumous title Wenzhong. A leader in the literary world in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, a literary giant and one of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. His writing is vertical and horizontal, his poems have broad themes, are fresh and bold, and are good at using exaggeration and metaphor, and have a unique style. He is a bold and unrestrained poet, and is called "Su Xin" together with Xin Qiji. He has "The Complete Works of Dongpo" and "Dongpo Yuefu".
Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) was born in Luling, Jizhou (now Ji'an, Jiangxi). His courtesy name was Uncle Yong, his nickname was Drunkard, and his later nickname was Liuyi Jushi. Song Renzong became a Jinshi in the eighth year of Tiansheng's reign (1030). In the fifth year of Jiayou's reign (1060), he became the Deputy Privy Envoy. The following year, he was appointed as the governor of political affairs. Later, he successively held the posts of Minister of the Ministry of Punishment and Minister of the Ministry of War. In June of the fourth year of Xining (1071), he resigned as the prince's young master and lived in Yingzhou. His posthumous title was Wenzhong.
Ouyang Xiu read a lot of books throughout his life and ranked first in the world with his articles. He was proficient in both literature and history and had profound attainments. He made great contributions to the reform of the literary style of the Song Dynasty and was ranked among the eight masters of ancient prose in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Ouyang Xiu was also very accomplished in history, compiling "Historical Records of the Five Dynasties" ("New History of the Five Dynasties"), and working with Song Qi and others to compile "Book of Tang" ("New Book of Tang"). Ouyang Xiu's calligraphy is also famous in the world. His calligraphy was deeply influenced by Yan Zhenqing. Zhu Xi said: "Ouyang Gong's calligraphy is like the person he is. He looks graceful on the outside, but strong on the inside.". This master of prose was also a pioneer in the study of epigraphy and stone collection. He edited and organized thousands of volumes of epigraphic manuscripts, and wrote more than 400 chapters in ten volumes of "Collection of Ancient Records", referred to as "Collection of Ancient Records". Among them, there are more than 20 bronze inscriptions and postscripts, and most of the others are stone inscriptions. This is the earliest surviving epigraphy work.
Sima Guang (1019-1086), courtesy name Junshi, was born in Sushui Township, Xia County, Shaanxi Province (now part of Shanxi). He was known as Mr. Sushui in the world. He was a Jinshi in the first year of Baoyuan (1038) of Songrenzong. Song Dynasty In the last years of Renzong's reign, he was appointed as the official of Tianzhang Pavilion and served as a lecturer in the Imperial College of Admonition. Later, because he opposed Wang Anshi's reform, he came to Yongxing Army (today's Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province) in the third year of Xining (1070). The next year, he retreated to Luoyang and spent 15 years there. Shi edited "Zi Zhi Tong Jian". In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Zhe Zong came to the throne. Empress Dowager Gao took charge of the government and summoned him to the capital to preside over state affairs. The following year, he was appointed as Shangshu Zuopushe and concurrently as a minister. Wang Anshi's new laws were abolished and the old system was restored. He died of illness eight months after becoming prime minister. He was posthumously named Wen Guogong and given the posthumous title of Wenzheng. He was a famous historian in the Northern Song Dynasty. He edited "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", a chronological general history, starting from the 23rd year of King Weilie of Zhou Dynasty (403 BC). , down to the sixth year of Xiande of Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou Dynasty (959), the whole book has 294 four volumes, and there are also 30 volumes each of "Catalog" and "Kaoyi". It is based on various official histories, unofficial histories, biographies, anthologies, and genealogy. There are more than 200 kinds of records, etc., which have been processed and cut by the author. The language of the book is concise and clear, and the narrative is clear and rigorous. Some chapters have high literary value, such as "The Battle of Chibi", "The Battle of Feishui", etc. There are "Sima" "Wenzheng Gongji".
Lu You (1125-1210), with the courtesy name Wuguan and the nickname Fangweng, was a native of Shanyin in the Southern Song Dynasty. He was able to write poetry at the age of 12, and he wrote a lot of works throughout his life, including "Jiannan Poetry Manuscript", "Weinan Collected Works" and dozens of other works. Lu You has many literary talents, especially his achievements in poetry. He said that he had "thousands of poems in sixty years", and more than 9,300 poems still exist today. Many of these poems express the heroic spirit of fighting against the Jin Dynasty and the hatred of enemies and traitors. The style is majestic and unrestrained, melancholy and tragic, and is filled with strong patriotic passion. They have made outstanding achievements in ideology and art, and they have achieved great achievements during their lifetime. Known as "Little Li Bai", he not only became the leader of poetry in the Southern Song Dynasty, but also enjoyed a high status in the history of Chinese literature and was a great patriotic poet in our country.
Yuan Mei (1716-1797), a poet and poetry critic in the Qing Dynasty. His courtesy name was Zicai, his nickname was Jianzhai, and in his later years he was named Cangshan Jushi. He was a native of Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Yuan Mei was one of the representative poets during the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods. Together with Zhao Yi and Jiang Shiquan, he was known as the "Three Great Masters of Qianlong". In the fourth year of Qianlong's reign (Fangya 739), he was awarded the title of "Jinshi" by the Hanlin Academy. In the seventh year of Qianlong's reign, he was transferred to serve as an official. He once served as county magistrate of Jiangning, Shangyuan and other places. He had a good political reputation and was highly appreciated by Governor Yin Jishan. When his father died at the age of thirty-three, he resigned and adopted his mother. He purchased the Sui family's abandoned garden in Jiangning (Nanjing), renamed it Suiyuan, built a house and settled there, and was known as Mr. Suiyuan in the world. Since then, he has lived a leisurely life here for nearly 50 years, engaged in writing poems, compiling poems and talking about discovering talents, and rewarding the underachievers, which was the order of the poetry world at that time. Yuan Mei participated in the imperial examination at the age of 24. The test question was "Fu De Yin Feng Xiang Yu Ke". There is a wonderful line in the poem "When doubts come to the forbidden courtyard, people seem to be separated by the Tianhe River". However, the CEOs thought that "the words are not solemn." "Sun Shan will be placed there." Fortunately, the governor at the time, Yin Jishan, stepped forward and was saved from failure.
The poems and essays include the volume of "Ogura Sanfang Collection". Poetry theory: "Suiyuan Poetry Talk" in 16 volumes, "Supplement" in 10 volumes, "Zi Buyu" in 24 volumes and its sequel in 10 volumes. There are more than 30 kinds of rulers, Shuobu and so on. The representative prose work "Essay on Sacrifice to Sisters" is sad and sincere and has been circulated for a long time. Classical prose commentators mention it together with "Essay on Sacrifice to Twelve Langs" written by Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty.
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