General situation of Shigu Academy
After nearly ten repairs, Shigu Academy has kept its original appearance as much as possible. Now Shigu Academy is mainly composed of Yubei Pavilion, Wuhou Temple, Li Zhongjie Temple, Daguanlou, Hejiang Pavilion and Zhuling Cave. Entering Shigu Academy, passing through the gate and walking through the promenade, Yubei Pavilion comes into view. A couplet is engraved on the pillar of the pavilion: "Tadpoles are connected into points, and heaven and earth spread great texts." This couplet was inscribed by Shi Mu, a famous modern calligrapher in China. In the center of Yubei Pavilion, there is a Yubei made of tadpoles. "Yubei" was carved in Gouloufeng, Hengshan Mountain, Nanyue, and was written by the Eastern Han Dynasty. It has been recorded repeatedly since then. The Yubei Pavilion in Shigushan, Hengyang, was built in the ninth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (158 1) and is located in the south of Shigushan. Yang Shen Shi Yu tablet in Ming Dynasty was also placed here. Passing through the pavilion in northern Henan, I came to the second gate of Shigu Academy and saw the couplet of seal script "On the famous Buddha; Shigushan has a deep relationship with Taoist culture. Later, the Shigu Academy was established with the "Four Books and Five Classics" as the orthodox teaching material. This couplet is a true portrayal of Shigu Academy. Through the second door, I saw two ancestral temples, Wuhou Temple on the right and Li Zhongjie's public temple on the left. Wuhou Temple and Li Zhongjie's Gong Temple have little connection with Shigu Academy, but because the deeds of these two heroes all happened on Shigu Mountain, they moved to Shigu Academy. Yuelu Academy was founded in the early years of Northern Song Dynasty. In the sixth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (973), Zhu Dong took Shangshu as the secretariat of Tanzhou. In view of the numerous temples under Huang Bao Cave in Yuelu Mountain in Changsha and the quiet environment, he accepted Liu Ao's suggestion and founded Yuelu Academy on the basis of the original monastery. The newly established college is divided into five lecture halls and fifty-two dormitories, in which the lecture hall is the place where teachers give lectures and the lent hall is the place where students usually study and stay. The pattern of Yuelu Academy has a lecture hall in the middle and a series of houses in the east and west, which has been passed down to this day. There are 5 lecture halls and 52 study rooms. In the second year of Song Taizong Xianping (999), Li Yun was appointed as the secretariat of Tanzhou. On the one hand, he continued to expand the scale of the academy, adding libraries and "auditorium" (also known as "Confucius Hall"), and "sculpting ten philosophers and painting seventy-two sages"; On the one hand, actively strive for the court's support for Yuelu's learning, so as to promote the greater development of the academy. In the fourth year of Xianping (100 1), the imperial court presented books to Yuelu Academy for the first time, including Confucian classics such as Shuowen Jiezi, Yijing, Shiji, Jade and Tang Yun. At that time, the official number of college students was more than 60, which laid the basic pattern of the college. Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu has been in office for five years (10 12). After Zhou Shi, a scholar, took charge of Yuelu Academy as the head of the mountain, the academy developed rapidly, and the enrollment increased to 100. Zhou Shi himself was summoned and encouraged by Song Zhenzong. , given the name "Yuelu Academy", so "the academy is famous all over the world, the drums are endless, and the hall is not simple". By the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuelu Academy reached its peak.
Huxiang school
Zhang Wei, a famous Neo-Confucianism scholar, presided over Yuelu Academy. His guiding ideology of running a school is to oppose the study of benefiting the people through the imperial examination and to cultivate talents who preach, teach and solve doubts. In teaching, the principles of "step by step", "learning and thinking", "integration of knowledge and practice" and "careful thinking and careful selection" are put forward. In academic research, it emphasizes "preaching", "seeking benevolence" and "following fate". A number of outstanding students such as Wu Lie, Zhao Fang, You Jiuyan and Chen Qi have been trained, and most scholars of Huxiang School have also studied in Yuelu Academy. For a time, a large number of scholars came to the academy to study science, and some even "hate not graduating from Hunan." At that time, Yuelu Academy became a famous base for spreading science in China. In the seventh year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 180), after the death of Zhang Mushi, Zhu and Zhen also showed great enthusiasm for opening Yuelu Academy and spreading Neo-Confucianism. Zhu also presented the Bailudong Academy Regulations to Yuelu Academy. Zhu Zeng came here twice to give lectures. At that time, there were thousands of students, which made Yuelu Academy have the reputation of "Xiaoxiang Bamboo Thinking" and was called the place where Confucius gave lectures in his hometown. From the Yuan and Ming Dynasties to the early Qing Dynasty, Yuelu Academy was burned down twice because of the war. Although it was rebuilt and repaired later, it did not return to its original appearance. Early Qing dynasty. The college was banned. After Kangxi, due to the recognition of Neo-Confucianism, the academy policy was relaxed. In the 26th year of Kangxi (1687), the tablet of Xueda Tiandao, an imperial book, was sent to Yuelu Mountain along with the lecture notes on the Thirteen Classics, the Twenty-first History and Confucian Classics. In the ninth year of Qianlong (1744), the tablet of Daonan Zhengmai was sent to Yuelu Mountain, and Yuelu Academy was revived. After the revival, the Foot Academy gradually evolved from a private academy to a government-run academy, except for the repeated expansion of the hostel. With the rise of textual research in Ganjia, Yuelu Academy is often presided over by a famous sinologist who is engaged in the study of Confucian classics, and the research content has also changed from Neo-Confucianism to textual research of Confucian classics, especially during his stay in Wang Wenqing main academy. Since then, director Ren Shan of Luodian has "only studied classics to inspire and seduce backwardness". During the Daoguang period, Governor Wu Rongguang added a "Xiangshui School Classroom" in Yuelu Academy, focusing on Sinology. The last head of Yuelu Academy was Wang Xianqian, a famous Confucian scholar in Hunan in the late Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Yuelu Academy gathered a generation of learned and respected masters, and trained famous Hunan scholars such as Wang Fuzhi, Tao Shu, Wei Yuan, Zuo, Hu Linyi, Zeng Guofan, Li, Tang, Shen Zhou and Yang Changji.
Millennium college
In the 29th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1903), Yuelu Academy, which lasted for nearly a thousand years, was officially changed to higher education in Hunan. Later, it was changed to Hunan Normal University and Hunan Institute of Technology, and 1926 was officially named Hunan University. After thousands of years, there are endless string songs, so it is known as the "Millennium University". Since its establishment, Yuelu Academy has been famous for running schools and spreading academic culture. There are four characters "Yuelu Academy" on the gate of the Academy, and the couplets on both sides are "Only Chu Youcai, Xing Yu Si". In the middle of the lecture hall, there is a plaque with the words "loyalty, filial piety, sincerity and festival" hanging in the middle of the lecture hall, which is 1.6 m high and 1.2 m wide. There are "neat and serious" stone carvings written by Ouyang Zhenghuan in the Qing Dynasty in the left and right corridors. Zhang Cun's Yuelu Academy is being published on the screen of the lecture hall. Lushan Academy covers an area of 2 1 1,000 square meters. Most of the existing buildings are relics of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The main buildings are the first gate, the second gate, the lecture hall, the semi-self-study hall, the teaching hall, Baiquanxuan, the Imperial Bookstore and the Confucian Temple. It is divided into three parts: lecture hall, book collection and memorial service. All the parts are interconnected and integrated, which completely shows the magnificent momentum of ancient architecture in China.
[Edit this paragraph] Songyang Academy in Dengfeng, Henan Province
Brief introduction of college
Songyang Academy, located at the southern foot of Songshan Mountain, 2.5 kilometers north of Dengfeng City, Henan Province, is backed by Ji Junfeng and faces Shuangxi River. Because it is located in the sun of Songshan Mountain, it is named Songyang Academy. Founded in the eighth year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 484), it is called Songyang Temple. In the Tang Dynasty, it was changed to Songyang Temple, and in the Five Dynasties it was changed to Taishi Academy. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, founders of Neo-Confucianism "Luoxue" in Song Dynasty, both gave lectures at Songyang Academy, and since then Songyang Academy has become one of the birthplaces of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Academy was destroyed by soldiers, and was rebuilt by Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. Songyang Academy has been supplemented and repaired many times from generation to generation, and its scale has gradually formed and its layout has become increasingly strict. The organizational system of the academy is simple, elegant and generous.
Academy academic system
The academic system of Songyang Academy has a long history in China. It began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that the academy system was abolished. Teaching features: Songyang Academy occupies an important page in the history of education development in China. After nearly a thousand years of balanced development, he has accumulated rich teaching experience. Its main features are: 1. Academy is not only an educational and teaching institution, but also an academic research institution, which combines education, teaching and academic research. 2. The lecture system prevails in the academy, allowing different schools and viewpoints to give lectures and arguments. 3. The teaching of the academy is "open door", with no classes and no geographical restrictions. 4. The college pays attention to students' personal reading and research, attaches great importance to cultivating students' self-study ability, and adopts the theory of asking questions. Focus on inspiring students' thinking ability. 5. College teachers and students have a harmonious relationship and deep feelings. The famous teachers in the academy not only educate students with profound knowledge and accomplishment, but also infect students with noble ethics.
Celebrities come forth in large numbers
Songyang Academy is a pearl in the history of education in Zhongzhou and an ancient institution of higher learning in China. In the early Song Dynasty, the country was peaceful and the style of writing was everywhere. After the Five Dynasties rebellion, Confucian scholars all like to find a secluded place in the mountains to get together and give lectures. Dengfeng is the place where Yao, Shun, Yu and Duke Zhou once lived. According to records, 24 people, including Fan Zhongyan, Sima Guang, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu, Li Gang and Fan Chunren, gave lectures in Songyang Academy successively, and volumes 9 to 2 1 of Zi Jian, Sima Guang's masterpiece, were completed in Songyang Academy and Chongfu Palace. Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao are called "Cheng Er". They have been giving lectures at Songyang College for more than 65,438+00 years. They are affable and approachable to students, and their lectures are fresh, easy to understand, and persuasive. Both the students who come for nothing and the students who come back in reality have benefited a lot and feel like a spring breeze. In the year of Xin Mao, Kangxi, the whole province selected juren in Kaifeng, and the admission quota was less than one county. Only Dengfeng won five. The famous Confucian JD.COM is here in Songyang Academy. Later, he was a scholar and nine counsellors. It is precisely because of the unique teaching conditions that Songyang Academy gained a great reputation, and students from all directions jostled shoulder to shoulder, becoming one of the most influential academies in the Northern Song Dynasty.
College treasure
General Han Feng and Bai Feng in the hospital are called "rare treasures". There are three ancient cypresses in Songyang Academy, which were sealed in the sixth year of Western Han Dynasty (BC 1 10). When Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, toured Song Yue, he saw cypress trees towering and lush, so he was named "General", "Second General" and "Third General". General Paco12m, 5.4m thick. The tree leans, its crown is thick and generous, just like a big umbrella covering the clear sky. The second General Paco is18.2m high and12.54m thick. Although its bark is mottled and aging, it is full of vitality and its branches are tall and straight. There is a north-south hole in the lower part of the trunk, like a doorway, which can accommodate five or six people. Two huge branches are bent like wings, stretching from side to side, shaped like an eagle spreading its wings and a golden rooster wanting to fly. Whenever the mountain wind blows, the branches and leaves shake like a ring, and the sound of silk and bamboo still exists. Three generals were destroyed at the end of the Ming Dynasty. The age of General Cedar has always been a mysterious topic. The tree has a history of more than 2,000 years since it was sealed. Mr. Zhao Puchu left a poem of praise: "There are cypresses in Songyang, and there are 3,000 years on earth." Appraised by forestry experts, Jiangjun cypress is a primitive cypress with a tree age of 4,500 years, which is the oldest and largest existing cypress in China. Careful tourists will find a strange phenomenon. General cypress is much bigger than general cypress. Why is it named "second"? Here is a "preconceived" legend, which is touching. I don't know how many literati attracted to splash ink and sing poems in praise, which left inspiration for people. The majestic general cypress adds a sense of historical vicissitudes and strong appeal to Songyang Academy. The Datang monument outside the gate is known as the "King of Songshan Monument". The full name "Song Yangguan Ji Shengde Shengbei" was engraved in the third year of Tang Tianbao (AD 744). The monument is 9.02m high, 2.04m wide and1.05m thick. This monument is magnificent and beautifully carved. The whole inscription 1078 words. The content mainly describes that Sun Taichong, a Taoist priest of Song Yang, was alchemist in Li Longji, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. Li wrote and Pei Jiong sealed the eight-part essay. It is a representative work of official script in Tang Dynasty, with correct posture, moderate rigidity and elegant hairstyle. Monuments in the Tang Dynasty weighed more than 80 tons, and the monument cap alone weighed 10 tons. In ancient times, how did people put such a heavy hat on it? For thousands of years, all visitors to Songyang Academy have to ask this question. In the folk, the legendary story of "Zhili Tang Monument" attracted thousands of people and became one of the important contents of appreciating Tang Monument. Songyang Academy is famous for Neo-Confucianism in the history of our country, with profound cultural background and unique landscape. The mountains are surrounded by arches, the streams are gurgling, the pines and cypresses are towering, the environment is elegant, the scenery is the clearest, and the stone buildings are famous and civilized. The main cultural relics of the Academy are the "General cypress" in the Western Han Dynasty and the "Tang Dynasty Monument" in the Tang Dynasty.
Millennium Dojo
Songyang Academy was once a place where Buddhism and Taoism gathered together in history, but it is the oldest and most prestigious place. Songyang Academy is a sacred place of Confucianism. It was first built in the eighth year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 484). It is called Songyang Temple, which is a place for Buddhist activities and serves hundreds of monks. During the period of Yang Di the Great (605-6 18), it was renamed Songyangguan, which was a place for Taoist activities. In the second year of Song Renzong Jingyou (1035), it was named Songyang Academy, and it has been a classic education place for celebrities to teach since then. At the end of Ming Dynasty, the academy was destroyed by fire, and was rebuilt and built in Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. In its heyday, it had a learning place of over 1750 mu, with hundreds of students and more than 2,000 books. In the late Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination system was abolished and schools were established. After more than 1000 years of academy education, this process has been completed. However, as a bright pearl in the history of ancient education in China, the Academy will go down in history forever. In ancient times, Songyang Academy did not simply refer to a courtyard, but consisted of a main courtyard and several single buildings around it, with a wide geographical distribution. Generally speaking, the building is divided into five courtyards, from south to north, which are the gate, the first hall, the lecture hall, the Taoist temple and the library building. In addition to the buildings we saw in Songyang Academy, the more famous ones are Tianguang Yunying Pavilion, Guanlan Pavilion, Chuanshang Pavilion and the Scholar's Pavilion, a villa of Songyang Academy located in Shidiexi, Xiaoyao Valley in the northeast of Songyang Academy. Renzhi Pavilion and other buildings are located in the south of Sangong, south of Qixingling, and under the Jade Everest in the northwest of the Academy.
[Edit this paragraph] Yingtian Academy in Shangqiu, Henan Province
Yingtian Academy, also known as Suiyang Academy and Nanjing Academy. Located in the south of Shangqiu County. Because Shangqiu in the Tang Dynasty was called Suiyang, Jingdezhen in the Northern Song Dynasty was promoted to Yingtianfu in three years and to Nanjing in seven years, and it was one of the four capitals in Beijing at that time. Shangqiu is close to Bianshui, with convenient transportation and frequent business trips. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it has developed into a cosmopolitan city. Yingtianfu Academy was set up in the bustling downtown area of Shangqiu in Song Dynasty. Yingtian Academy is located in the east of Shangqiu Old Town. Its predecessor was a private school in Yang Yun in the late Jin Dynasty. After that, it developed through the efforts of its students, and the students "came a long way" and "scholars from far and near returned". In the Northern Song Dynasty, when the government opened the imperial examination, Yingtian Academy was full of talents, and as many as 50 or 60 students participated in the imperial examination. In Song Zhenzong, Songzhou (now Shangqiu), the place where Zhao Kuangyin of Song Taizu made his fortune, 1006 was changed to Yingtianfu, and 10 14 was promoted to Nanjing. 1009, Song Zhenzong officially awarded the title of Yingtianfu Academy. In Song Renzong, Yingtian Academy was changed to Nanjing imperial academy in l043, becoming one of the highest institutions of learning in the Northern Song Dynasty, equivalent to the current Academy of Social Sciences. Since then, with the support of Cao Cheng and others, especially Yan Shu, a famous writer, the academy has developed greatly. In the early years of Song Renzong, Yan Shu, a famous writer, became the magistrate of Yingtian and hired Wang Zhu, a famous scholar, as a storyteller. Wang Zhu is well-read and versatile, and Yingtianfu Academy is "famous in the world" under his auspices. In the second year of Emperor Renzong's reign, Tianfu Academy was changed to an official school, and Yan Shu hired Fan Zhongyan, who retired from Suiyang for mourning, to teach. During his teaching, Fan Zhongyan wrote the Nomination of Nanjing Academy. At that time, Yingtianfu Academy was a university in Zhongzhou. The History of Song Dynasty records: "Since the Five Dynasties, learning in the world has been abolished, and since Yan Shu, learning has flourished." For more than 20 years, students of Dazhong Xiangfu College "graduated one after another, but the hero of Jia Kui, Yu Taige, kept a secret and never stopped". Zheng De moved to the city in the sixth year of Ming Dynasty, and Yingtian Academy also moved here-north of Shaner Street in the city. There are Dacheng Hall, Minglun Hall and Crescent Pond. The memorial tablet of Confucius and his disciples stood in the original Dacheng Hall, and Minglun Hall was the school. Both buildings are built on the mountain.