The characters of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms must all be Chinese characters, seal script, official script, regular script and cursive script!
Seal character
It's a general term for Da Zhuan and Xiao Zhuan. Dazhuan refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, Zhangwen and Six Kingdoms, which preserve the obvious features of ancient hieroglyphics. Dazhuan, also known as "Qin Zhuan", is the common language of Qin. The simplified font of Dazhuan is characterized by uniform and neat shape, which is easier to write than Zhuan. In the development history of Chinese characters, it is the transition between seal script and official script.
Official script is basically evolved from seal script, mainly changing the round strokes of seal script into square folds, which makes writing faster, and it is difficult to draw round strokes when writing with pigments on wooden slips.
Official script is also called "official character" and "ancient book". It is a font produced on the basis of seal script to meet the needs of convenient writing. The seal script is simplified, and the uniform circle lines of the seal script are changed into straight strokes, which is convenient for writing. Official script can be divided into "Qin Li" (also called "Guli") and "Han Li" (also called "Golden Calendar"). The appearance of official script is a great change in ancient writing and calligraphy.
Official script is a common solemn font in Chinese characters, with a slightly flat writing effect, long horizontal drawing and short straight drawing, and pays attention to "swallow tail of silkworm head" and "twists and turns". It originated in the Qin Dynasty and reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Calligraphy is known as "Han Li Tang Kai". It is also said that official script originated in the Warring States period.
Regular script is also called official script, or real book. Its characteristics are: square shape, straight strokes, can be used as a model, hence the name. Began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many famous regular script writers, such as Ou Ti (Ou Yangxun), Yu Ti (Yu Shinan), Yan Ti (Yan Zhenqing), Liu Ti (Liu Gongquan) and Zhao Ti (attached).
Cursive script is a font of Chinese characters. It appeared earlier. From the early Han Dynasty, when writing official script, it was sometimes written "hastily". Because Emperor Zhang of Han Dynasty likes cursive script, it is called "",which is a kind of cursive script of official script. Later, regular script appeared and evolved into "modern cursive script", that is, regular script cursive script, which has a fast writing speed and is often connected with upper and lower characters, and generally has a simplified method.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty "Yu Fu Zhi" said: Judge's skill is followed by "Hui". Five inches tall. Used for exhibition tubes, iron column coils and law enforcement clothing. Military attache, also known as "numerous crown". It used to be the crown of King Wuling of Zhao in the Warring States Period. After Qin defeated Zhao, he gave his crown to a recent minister. Because of the similar appearance and high height, it is also called "Wuyi" and "Grand View", and later it is the crown of military commanders in Han Dynasty. Court attendants also wear this crown, but they must add a golden shield, with cicadas as the text and sable tails as the ornaments. So it is also called "the story of the crown of diusim". As for its shape, Han said: The story of Diusim is a crown, and gold always serves among servants. The cicada is attached as a text, the mink tail is decorated, the waiter inserts it left, and the ordinary waiter inserts it right. ① Fangshan Crown is similar to Jinxian Crown. It uses five colors (green, red, soap, white and yellow)? Go ahead. This is the costume that people sang, danced and entertained in the Han Dynasty. Generally, it is only used when offering sacrifices to ancestral temples or dancing with five elements. Cai Yong said in "Arbitrary": Fangshan five pick the crown? To this end, people from the Han ancestral temple, Daxiang, August Music and Five Elements dancers took it. Dress according to its color, and dance like its square color. Clever crown, crown "five inches high, should be connected with the back, like a mountain crown and small." (Cai Yong's "Independence") It is the crown worn by the attendants near the emperor in the mighty ceremonial procession of halogen books when the emperor held a suburban ceremony. As for its shape, The History of the Later Han Dynasty recorded that the crown of a scholar, seven inches high in front, should be connected with his back and stand upright. Not really, only in the suburbs, the four officials of Huangmen were crowned, and in the halogen book, I took the front car for the four official nebulae. (3) Non-crown, "The system is like a long crown, and the guards take it." (4) Nie Chongyi's "Three Rites" records that this object is not three inches high, and it is the crown taken by palace officials and servants in the Han Dynasty. However, the enemy crown, similar to the Jinxian crown, is shaped like "four inches in front, four inches in length and three inches in back". ⑤ It is the crown of the guards in Han Dynasty. Fan Kuai crown, the name of this crown, has a story. Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang went to the Hongmen Banquet and was rescued by Fan Kuai, a military commander loyal to Liu Bang, when he was in danger, which enabled Gaozu to flee for his life. After Liu Bang ascended the throne, he did what Fan Kuai used to save him? The shape of the crown, and named after Fan Kuai. In the Han dynasty, it was used as the crown costume of the temple gate guards to show bravery and invincibility. As for its specific shape and use, it is recorded in history that Fan Kuai was crowned and Fan Kuai was crowned by the Han Dynasty to join Xiang Yu's army. It is nine inches wide, seven inches high, four inches in front and four inches in back, making it like a crown. The gate of Sima Dian is hard for guards to take. (1) In the records of Yu Fu in the later Han Dynasty, there is also a title called Shu Guan, whose shape is: "Qian Yuan, Wu Zhi, the difference between them is four times." It is said that this crown is also one of the crowns that King Wuling of Zhao likes. However, this kind of crown was only included as a document in the Han Dynasty and never used. Through the discussion of the official's crown shape and crown rules in Han Dynasty, we can see that it has the following characteristics:
First, in the production and use of the crown, it shows a distinct architectural hierarchy and the authority of the emperor.
Second, in the field of ideology and culture, the guiding ideology of "letting a hundred schools of thought stand aside and respect Confucianism alone" established by the rulers of the Han Dynasty has been fully reflected in the crown service and served as an important means to improve and implement the feudal etiquette system. Thirdly, through the introduction of the form and use of the vassal judges and the Five Ghosts Grand View, we can get a glimpse of the cultural possession psychology of the rulers in Han Dynasty who inherited the Qin system and strongly "excluded the world". 2 official uniforms. As the Han Dynasty was a period when China's feudal society gradually matured, various rules and regulations were further standardized. Among them, all kinds of official uniforms formed since the Spring and Autumn Period, especially the formal dress system, not only recovered, developed and improved in the Han Dynasty, but also reached its peak. According to relevant documents and unearthed Han bamboo slips, the main costumes of Han officials are robes, deep clothes, single clothes, clothes, hats and hats. Wait a minute. And there is proof of physical reflection from the unearthed objects. Officials in the Han Dynasty often used thick clothes and robes. The shape of deep clothing in Han Dynasty basically restored the traditional ritual form of Zhou Dynasty, and it was still composed of 12 pieces. The collar type was right collar and zigzag, and the upper and lower dresses were connected. But at this time, from the perspective of sleeves, deep clothes are fatter and the body and waist are tighter.
In use, there are also some new regulations: First, in addition to being worn by officials as a formal suit at ordinary times, the deep clothes of the Han Dynasty were officially classified as official clothes for the first time. Secondly, the prevalence of the "Five Elements" theory had a certain influence on the clothing system of deep clothes in Han Dynasty. The "five elements" represent the time and atmosphere of a year with gold, wood, water, fire and earth respectively, and then show it in clothes with colors. The deep clothing system in Han Dynasty stipulated that cyan was used in spring, and the deep blue was subject to the day of beginning of spring. Change Zhu Chi into summer ... Zhu Chi in summer, yellow in the last month of summer, white in autumn and soap bags in winter. The specified five-color weather is generally worn by officials at ceremonies and sacrifices corresponding to their colors, while officials wear soap-colored deep clothes when dealing with political affairs on weekdays. It can be seen from the hanging paintings of figures unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha that the deep clothes worn by women at this time are really elegant. In addition to loose sleeves, the shapes drawn on the deep clothes are also extremely complicated and neat. In addition, the popularity has exceeded the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. This can be seen not only from dozens of complete clothes unearthed from Mawangdui No.1 Han Tomb, but also from paintings and wooden figurines unearthed from the same tomb. Long gowns were also very popular in the Han Dynasty, that is, long gowns. At present, there is no material to prove when robes were created. According to China's Notes on Ancient and Modern Times: "A robe belongs to the family", so Guoyu says: "A robe also appears before the court." According to this statement, the appearance of the robe should be consistent with the deep clothes before and after. But in the next 800 years, the influence of deep clothes is far greater than that of robes. This may be related to the habit and function of using robes. In the pre-Qin period, robes were generally not used as dresses, so they were inferior to other costumes in workmanship and materials. The Analects of Confucius said: "Confucius said: Poor clothes? Robe. " It shows that the robe is made of a kind of inferior cotton wool, which is mixed with the outside. Therefore, in the Zhou Dynasty, robes and robes were used by officials when they made shirts or lived in Yan Zhai. "The Book of Songs Without Clothes" contains: "How can I say that I have no clothes and am in the same robe as my son; If you have nothing to wear that day, you will be very happy with your son. " (1) In addition, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Yu Fu Zhi, also said, "Those who wear robes, or the Duke of Zhou, hold them as kings and feast them, so they wear robes. "Explain that the robes at that time could not be used as coats or dresses. As mentioned above, robes are shirts made of a fabric (silk) and coarse cotton wool, or family uniforms. Of course, not elegant. Then, the sudden popularity of official uniforms in the Han Dynasty must have a deeper reason. Through the analysis of relevant materials, we believe that this may have a great relationship with the current politics of the Qin Dynasty and its results. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, an important national policy actively pursued was "getting rid of etiquette". Previously, many clothing systems were formulated according to Zhou's etiquette, such as coronation. The abolition of the ceremony in Qin dynasty will inevitably bring great influence and impact to the service system. As a result, a large number of original etiquette and official service systems were abandoned. In this situation, the rulers of the Qin dynasty improved their robes and made them the official clothes at that time, in order to show a complete break with the previous generation of etiquette clothes.
Therefore, China's Notes on Ancient and Modern Times only said: "Qin Shihuang wore a green robe with three or more products, and ordinary people wore a white robe." (4) This shows that the official uniform was officially identified as the official uniform at that time. After the establishment of the Han dynasty, under the influence of Confucianism, many costumes of the Qin dynasty will naturally be handed down, and robes are one of the official uniforms. Therefore, it is recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty Jade Fu that as a result, you were crowned by heaven, and ... you will always be served by the Jade Fu. Clothes, dark clothes and robes come in five colors. From now on, it is a little history, which aims to make robes and clothes for leaders, in order to serve North Korea.
In addition, there is another reason why robes can be widely popularized in a short time: once they are taken by most people, people will gradually find that compared with similar traditional clothes, they have various shapes (such as cotton gowns and single gowns of various materials), and their manufacturing technology is simple and easy to learn, and they are comfortable and practical to wear. Therefore, this may be one of the important reasons that lead to the gradual decline of deep clothes from climax and gradually replaced by robes. Single coat is also a very popular dress in Han dynasty, second only to deep coat and robe. It is a medium-length garment made of single-layer silk or linen. It's a little shorter than a robe and has no lining (the robe has lining). In the Han dynasty, you can wear the clothes of emperors, officials and ordinary people. Its shape is improved on the basis of the shape of deep clothes, and it is also a subordinate genus, which can be divided into "straight clothes" and "crooked clothes". The light clothes of emperors and ministers are often taken together with the coronation clothes at the time of sacrifice to form a suit. Generally speaking, when offering sacrifices, the single coat is worn under the crown coat, which is white and the collar is higher than the crown coat. Other civil and military officials can make both sacrificial clothes and court clothes. According to Yan Shigu's Biography of Han and He, it is a light coat. Xu Shen thought it was straight in Shuo Wen Jie Zi Zi Yi Bu. So, first of all, it is a kind of light clothing. Secondly, it has two styles: Qu Zhi and Zhi Zhi. The cultural relics unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province in the 1970s also show that these two styles of elms did exist in the Western Han Dynasty. In the early Western Han Dynasty, elm trees could not be used as formal dresses. For example, "Historical Records Biography of Wei Anhou" said: "In the third year of Yuanshuo, Wu' an Hou was dressed in a palace and disrespectful. "Sima Zhen said:" It is said that if the clothes are not straight, if the woman is smooth. ".Wu Houan was accused of disrespecting Emperor Wu. In fact, most of them were worn by women at that time. Men and children occasionally wore this kind of clothes, which would not only be criticized, but also ridiculed, not to mention courtiers going to see the emperor. However, times have changed. By the late Western Han Dynasty, both men and women wore them.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty said: Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty "rode a yellow chess cart, built a yellow scraper, wore elms with yellow eaves, and went to Beique to call himself Wang Wei". ① During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the fashion changed more. The book "The History of the East View" said: "Geng Chun led more than 2,000 clan guests, all wearing dazzling clothes and crimson scarves to meet them." Visible, Geng Chun openly rate two thousand relatives dressed in eaves elm, to meet the emperor, that this move is not disrespectful, but also for the people. There are several kinds of materials for making elm, such as hanging, brocade kitchen and animal skin. In addition to offering sacrifices, officials can wear it as a dress at the morning ceremony and at home on weekdays. 3 other official uniforms. South is a kind of clothing that is a little simpler than robes. "Ji Jiu Pian" written by You Shi in Han Dynasty said: "Is it waxy inside and outside the robe?" Yan Shigu noted: "A long coat is called a robe, and a short Z coat is attached to the foot, above the knee." Usually worn with pants. The Book of Rites says, "No clothes?" Four records. In the Han dynasty, this kind of clothes was worn by children of the Han nationality. For example, in Hanshu Zhuan Xu, there is a saying that "beauty lies between graceful and restrained", and Yan Shigu notes: "Jiangsu and Anhui are also beautiful, and today it is sunny. And your child's clothes. " It is also worn by farmers, but it is obviously different from the former in material and color. The short glutinous rice of farmers and other laborers is mostly made of natural flax. This is because Dong Zhongshu said in the Spring and Autumn Story that "scattered people dare not wear variegated colors". Farmers wear glutinous rice paste clothes, which are generally simple and plain, without decoration, in order to facilitate production and work. The pottery figurines unearthed on the baoji-chengdu railway line in Chengdu, Sichuan Province are the artistic expression of short clothes. ? "Child" is a term used in the process of trousers forming. Early trousers had no part above the knee. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "Yi, Shen Fu also." Above the knee, surrounded by petticoats, this kind of clothing is mostly the clothing method of ordinary people. Notes on China's Ancient and Modern Records:? Gaigu's clothes, also called pleats, were made of cloth and silk by the king of Zhou. To worship the king, what is his name? , but do not sew, Shu Ren clothes also. By the Han Dynasty, the style of trousers was basically complete. It has front and rear hips, but it is not stitched, but put together. At that time, it was called "poor?" . According to the legend of consorts in Hanshu, Huo Guang wants the queen to be good at spoiling her son, but the emperor is sometimes uneasy, and both the left and right sides have interests with doctors, so his words should be banned. Although the imperial secretary's orders are poor and varied, there is no advanced one in the harem. In addition to these pants, there is another one called "?" Shorts are quite similar to underwear shorts now. This is what "Express" said: "Why? Pleat "Yan Shigu note:"? ..... together? Call it? , the most personal. " It can be seen that these shorts are crotch-type, which is completely close to the later pants in form. .
Pei Mao, with the gradual stability of the society in the Han Dynasty, the production continued to develop and the business began to be active. As a result, some businessmen gradually divorced from the civilian class economically. Although their social status is still very humble, they constantly violate the ban on household clothes, and often use the exquisite splendor that only emperors and senior officials can enjoy for other purposes or directly for clothing. It is difficult to completely distinguish the level of official positions just by clothing. In view of this, the clothing system of the Han Dynasty also stipulated the system of officials' accessories, and the typical accessories were the system of "group extension, extension and extension". At that time, anyone with an official title had to fold a three-meter-long warp-knitted ribbon fabric and hang it around his waist. This fabric was called "Anzu". Grades are distinguished by different colors, lengths and clues. "Han Yu Fu Zhi" said, "Wang Chi defends a vassal" and "is twenty feet long and has 300 songs"; The nobles and prime ministers of all countries are green. ""It is 20 feet long and has 240 songs. "Male, Hou, and General Zi Lan are seven feet long and one hundred and eighty. "The princess made the monarch wear a purple ribbon. (1) the beadle under nine Qing, starting with one foot seven feet, one hundred and twenty songs, gradually decreasing, at least to the length of one foot two feet, without a head. Among them, the ribbon, together with the official seal, was issued by the imperial court, also known as "ribbon", stored in a leather ribbon bag and worn around the waist, called "? Capsule ",because? The bags under the eyes are at the waist, so they are also called "side bags". Embroidery on the bag is mainly based on patterns, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is mainly based on tiger head patterns, so it is also called "tiger head bag". 4 footwear and clothing. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the styles and shapes of shoes in the Han Dynasty developed unprecedentedly, which was quite distinctive. These shoes not only have different textures, different styles, exquisite processing and different names.
"Urgent Articles" contains: "Attack foreigners." Yan Shigu pointed out: "It is also true that Land Rover lacks harmony. , the book says: "Win? Poverty. Yan Shigu wrote: "Flour is a shoe with a round head. "The same book is also called"? Angle. Yan Shigu noted: "Flour, the roll is Wei Lu's head, and the flat is the bottom." . "He said," What? Decline? Do you want satin? . "Yan Shigu noted:" Extremely, the shoes of life leather are also. "Although these records can't be completely said to be shoes worn by people in the Han Dynasty, they confirm that shoes in the Han Dynasty are very rich. Among them, there are both simple and ordinary green linen shoes and embroidered shoes with gorgeous decoration and fine workmanship. Therefore, it is said in Hanshu Shihuozhi that "we should make use of the fat and drag the silk". It is made of primary color silk, which is a simple shoe. The shoes mentioned in the book "Han Gong Chun" are far more exquisite than the former. Although there are many styles of shoes and shoes in the Han Dynasty, they are well dressed. Leather boots are mostly worn by folk military commanders. " "History of Han Zheng Chong Biography" said: Zheng Chong was an ancient minister, and his servants shot several admonitions. Every time he heard slippers, he smiled and said, I know Zheng Shangshu's footsteps.
It can be seen that this kind of leather shoes are not only worn by prominent officials in the DPRK, but also can be smelled and distinguished by the emperor in court. In addition, the boots worn by the military figurines unearthed in Yangjiawan, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province seem to be leather boots. Generally, soldiers wear round toe shoes, straw sandals and rattan leggings, which is conducive to marching and fighting. There are round toe shoes and straw sandals in the warrior statues on the stone carvings of Han tombs in Yinan, Shandong Province, cultural relics unearthed in Wuwei, Gansu Province, and painted warrior figures of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Yangjiawan, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province. And those exquisite embroidered shoes and shoes are mostly worn by ladies-in-waiting, civil and military officials and women. According to Huan Kuan's Theory of Salt and Iron, "Shu Ren, an ancient man, shrank his silk from the grass ... Now the rich man has a concubine, David, who walks on silk." However, in Mawangdui No.1, Han Ji, Changsha, Hunan Province, a pair of exquisite blue silk shoes with lace split heads were unearthed, which proved this record in kind. In addition, this kind of embroidered shoes and shoes are also worn by a few nuns, but they are often seen in the slave market, in order to make the sold slave ornaments outstanding and be bought by rich people at a high price. 3. Crown dress and cultural characteristics in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. 220-58l AD is a period of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which is famous for its turmoil and changes in the history of China. In the past 350 years, not only the civil war has been frequent, but also the regime has changed repeatedly, and the whole society has been in turmoil from politics and economy to the spiritual, material and cultural life of all classes. Because the war has lasted for many years, the rise and fall of soldiers and laborers has become an important factor in the life span of rulers in northern countries, so the competition for population has become increasingly fierce, which makes the vast ethnic groups living in the Yellow River basin, such as Han, Xiongnu, Jie, Qiang, Xianbei and Wuhuan, often have to leave their homes under the threat of force and have no life, and often just be driven to Hangu Guandong suddenly. This unprecedented large-scale grain relocation, on the one hand, makes people of all ethnic groups feel full of war panic, and at the same time, property losses are quite heavy; On the other hand, in this special background and living environment, it has also accelerated and promoted the cultural and economic exchanges between various ethnic groups and regions. The fate, circumstances and experiences of * * * have greatly enhanced the people of all ethnic groups' rational understanding of the times and environment. The ethnic barriers, differences in work habits and ethnic cultural and psychological barriers between them have quickly disappeared and filled, and the contacts and exchanges between people of all ethnic groups and regions have been strengthened. After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Yellow River Basin, there was a trend of great integration of all ethnic groups here.
This kind of great ethnic integration includes not only consanguineous integration (such as intermarriage), but also ethnic customs, production activities and living customs. Among them, the dress is the most intuitive, and it also has a significant and far-reaching impact on later political life. In this historical period, the main feature of clothing is "simple on the top and rich on the bottom", that is, the upper part is tighter than the Han dynasty, and the lower part is more through the skirt. This is mainly the result of the influence of northern minority costumes. In addition, the influence of northern minority costumes on Han costumes is also manifested in many aspects and a wide range. This is because the costumes of northern minorities (Hufu) are simple, lively, practical and convenient, which are more practical, easier to process and make, and more convenient for daily life and work than the deep-clothed robes handed down by the Han people since the Han Dynasty. Therefore, the widespread application of Khufu should start from the lower class. At the same time, the traditional culture and dress etiquette of the Han nationality have obvious and great influence on the costumes of ethnic minorities. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, in particular, was very interested in and admired the history and culture of the Han nationality in the Central Plains, and often met Han Confucian scholars in Korea. When commenting on the politics of rites and music, he objectively saw the cultural gap between the Tuoba nationality in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Han nationality in the Central Plains, and resolutely carried out the sinicization reform. In the tenth year of Taihe (AD 486), the emperor began to take the crown of praise and moved the capital to Luoyang. After that, he carried out a large-scale and comprehensive sinicization reform of changing customs and changing official uniforms, so that in the eyes of Han scholars and doctors in the north, the Southern Dynasty was no longer orthodox, but they thought that only the Central Plains under the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty was the real feudal cultural center of the Han nationality, and even among the landlords of the southern Han nationality, the number was increasing. This is just as Yang, a scholar-bureaucrat in the Northern Wei Dynasty, praised: the code of changing customs and customs is traced back with the five emperors; With the prosperity of the Charter of Rites and Music, Ling became king. (1) This shows that Emperor Xiaowen's reform has a deep and wide influence on politics.
The great ethnic integration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties greatly accelerated the development of costume culture, from turbulence to stability, from variation to convergence, from crown to unity, from robe decoration to harmony decoration. This harmony is neither "Hu Hua" nor "Chinese dialect". It is the result of the integration of all ethnic groups on the basis of Han costume culture, and it has a new and special color and flavor of the times. The integration and development of costume culture of all ethnic groups in the north make costumes develop in a practical direction. Therefore, this new-style dress was quickly accepted by people, both civil and military officials and ordinary people competed to wear it, and gradually became the main dress of the society, which laid the foundation for the development and prosperity of the unique dress culture in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Under the background of national integration, during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, the intersection of folk secular culture and religious culture were also greatly strengthened, and they approached in the direction of China, localization and secularization. This was vividly and concretely reflected in the costume culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It should be pointed out that due to the dark regime and frequent and chaotic regime change, compared with the prosperous era of reunification, there is a general political, cultural and psychological imbalance between officials and people, which leads many literati and officials to pursue miraculous effects and their artistic conception to decline. In clothing and clothing customs, they often regard the grotesque as elegance, and even the morbid as fashion, and there are many ridiculous costumes, which can be said to be upside down. Its appearance is closely related to the proliferation of metaphysics and theology, the tendency of traditional feudal ethics, the variation and alienation of cultural mentality. (1) Wei and Jin dynasties crown clothing.
From the Three Kingdoms to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the crown of the upper rulers was still inherited from the Han system. The Emperor of Heaven takes the crown at ceremonies and sacrifices, and usually takes the crown of heaven and the Chinese style at the court or banquet. As the earliest fashion in the Han Dynasty, the confrontation was mostly taken by the lowly. According to Liu? "Han Guan Yi" said: "Alas, the ancients were humble and the deacons were not crowned." (1) because "the han emperor? When your hair is strong, you will be convinced. " From now on, from emperors to officials to ordinary people, you can take it no matter what your price is. It is stipulated that the official is the intermediary and the military attache is the flat. "Fu Zhi in Today" contains: Wang Mang bald plus his house. Zhu Han said that those who were crowned as sages should have long ears, and now they have been introduced. The crown of Huiwen should be short ears, and now it's even. I am a civil servant, and I am a military attache. A boy who doesn't have a house means that he hasn't become a man yet. There are also red guards, riding officers, military attache, riding worship. In order to save the solar eclipse, all the civil and military officials were bareheaded, and they showed the clothes of Wuwei to the court. In Wei Wudi, officials are required to take this medicine during celebrations. The Crown Prince, officials and officials, civil and military officials, except when offering sacrifices at ceremonies, are crowned and decorated according to their official ranks, and the service of officials is promoted to the title of sage, which is also different according to their official titles. "Yu Jin Fu Zhi" said: Jin Xiangong, who inherited the ancient cloth, also served the Confucianism. It is seven inches high in front, three inches high in back and eight inches long. There are five points, three points, two points and one point. Clothes make the man, and when he starts to add clothes, he will be crowned with five Liang Jinxian. Sangong and Gonggong, County Gonggong, County Hou, County Hou and Township Pavilion Hou will be crowned with three beams. Qing, doctor, eight seats, Shangshu, Guanzhong Neihou, more than 2,000 stones, more than 1,000 stones, will be crowned two beams.
Zhong Shulang, Minister, Author Lang, Shangshu, Prince, Marshall, and the following 600 stones, as for Guishi, Menlang, Miniature History, and Liang. Lacquered sarong crown is another typical official crown style inherited from Han Dynasty in Jin Dynasty. It has many aliases, one is "Wuguan, one is Wuyi, the other is Daguan, the other is Fanguan, the other is Jianguan, and the other is Cage Crown, which is the ancient Huiwenguan". The specific shape is to add a gauze cap to the small crown. The corresponding clothes are red clothes on the top and trousers on the bottom. Liang Shi? Chu Yuanri wrote a poem, saying, "Put a cage on the hat and a red coat on the trousers." It refers to this kind of clothing. According to "Yu Jin Fu", the cage crown is prepared for the generals who control the courtiers and military attache. Serve, often serve Jia Jin? , decorated with cicadas, inserted with mink hair, with gold as the pole, left, middle and right. Among the pottery figurines unearthed from the tomb of the Western Jin Dynasty in Jinpenling, Changsha, Hunan, there is a riding figurine wearing a cage crown and small sleeve clothes and trousers, which is completely consistent with the poems of Liang people. Alpine crown is an official crown inherited from Han Dynasty in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the Han dynasty, the emperor served, which looked like a celestial crown and a distant crown. When I arrived in Wei Mingdi, the order was changed, and Tian Zi stopped accepting it and became the first service of ordinary officials. In addition, the crown categories recorded in Yu Jin Fu Zhi are: Long Crown, Fangshan Crown and Qiaoguan, but they are not crowns, but enemy crowns, Fan Kuai crowns, Shu crowns, and? There are three kinds of champions, champions and lords. They are all different forms of crowns in the official crown system, which is based on the clothing system of the previous generation. Towels were originally the first clothes of humble and uncrowned people in adulthood, but from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms, various towels appeared constantly and became all the rage. The famous "Yellow Scarf Army" in history is famous for wearing the yellow scarf.
Towel was a popular towel in the Eastern Han Dynasty, with a trouser head tied on it. "The History of the Later Han Dynasty Bao Yongchuan" Note: One city is not crowned, and one towel is tied. (1) At the end of the Han Dynasty, it was mostly taken by princes and nobles and prominent people to show elegance. Fu Xuan of the Jin Dynasty wrote Fu Zi: "Hanwang Gong wears more royal clothes, and the towel clothes are elegant." During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, this towel was mostly used by foolish men, elegant men and frustrated literati. For example, the towel worn by Dan Tao in the painting "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and Prosperity" is a towel. The black silk scarf was an exquisite towel decoration in the Three Kingdoms period. According to later literature, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu, often wears this towel and often holds a feather fan in his hand when he goes to the embassy or directs battles and other important occasions. Therefore, the black silk scarf of feather fan has become synonymous with Zhuge Liang. In the Ming dynasty, it was simply called "Zhuge towel", which was almost a household name and everyone knew it. The shape of the towel retains the basic characteristics of the towel and is made of the finest kudzu vine cloth. In the book Yu Lin, it is said that Zhuge Wuhou and Sima Wangxuan commanded the army, fought against Japan and announced the battle of Wang Rong, which made people think that Wuhou was riding alone in Su Yu, Jinge and Mao Fan, referring to the Mozambican three armies. ② ? It is a kind of hat similar to a leather bag, which was invented by Wei Wudi.
"Five Elements of the Book of Jin" said: Wei Wudi began to plan to cut the ancient leather and make an island white handkerchief in exchange for old clothes. The nobility is chosen according to different colors, and the emperor takes white? . When it comes to Jin Dynasty, will it be white? As the emperor's costume at the funeral.