Yongle, Hongxi and Xuande dynasties lasted * * 33 years, and Hongxi Emperor Zhu Gaochi reigned for only 10 months. Yongle and Xuande dynasties were similar, and porcelain was mostly made by the same craftsman. In addition, Emperor Xuande basically inherited the national policy formulated in Yongle period, so there was no obvious change in the social customs of Yongle and Xuande dynasties, which led to the blue and white porcelain of Yongle and Xuande, regardless of the shape and shape. The distinction between blue and white porcelain in Yongle Xuande has always been a difficult problem in academic circles. Blue-and-white porcelain is made of imported suma green material, with bright color, purple in blue and "iron rust spots" on the decoration, so there has always been a saying that "public and public are not divided". However, some differences can still be found by comparing the known workpieces. Generally speaking, the porcelain in Xuande period has made great progress in shape, decoration and variety compared with Yongle period. Yongle blue and white porcelain rarely writes money. In the collection of Yongle blue-and-white porcelain, only the bowl heart with pressed cups has the four-character blue-and-white seal script of "Yongle Year System", while Xuande blue-and-white porcelain writes more money, which is said that Xuande is full of years; Yongle porcelain has light carcass, fine pattern and no orange peel on glaze; Xuande's carcass is thick, with orange peel lines on the glaze and extensive decorative patterns. In the same shape, Yongle is lighter than Xuande, and the flint erythema is heavier than Yongle. During the Xuande period, the political situation was relatively stable and the economy developed rapidly. Because Jingdezhen in Ming Dynasty abolished the "artisan system" in Yuan Dynasty, craftsmen became free craftsmen, which improved their enthusiasm for survival and promoted the development of porcelain industry. Judging from a large number of unearthed handed down products and painted objects, Jingdezhen's porcelain-making technology has been greatly improved at this time, creating many unprecedented novel varieties. The world-famous Xuande blue and white, Xuande red glaze and multicolored, ranking first in the world, have become the bright pearl of the symphony in the history of ceramic development, and have been appreciated and valued by domestic and foreign understanding, which fully embodies the superb technical purpose of China ceramics.
Xuande porcelain identification and sharing hope to help you.
Modeling of Xuande Porcelain in the Early Ming Dynasty
Xuande porcelain has a heavy and dignified shape. No matter what is big, it is exquisitely made. Even if the shape of porcelain is large, it won't feel awkward. Moreover, there are many categories and dazzling, and many unique works have been created. Classic shapes: plum bottle, small mouth plum bottle, jade pot spring bottle, Zhan bottle, ear piercing bottle, square corner bottle, flat belly ribbon gourd bottle, Qiong bottle, small wall bottle, back pot and so on.
Pattern Characteristics of Xuande Porcelain in Ming Dynasty and Second Generation
The appearance of Tsinghua, a porcelain in Xuande period, has outstanding characteristics of the times, not only in painting. Vivid. Calligraphy is smooth and melancholy, with a wide range of contents and themes. In the past, it was thought that the blue and white porcelain for painting pterosaurs and wearing flowers in the Ming Dynasty began in Xuande. Now, according to the physical evidence, its appearance can be traced back to Hongwu and Yongle periods or earlier. In addition, in the past, it was generally believed that Xuande blue-and-white porcelain rarely portrayed characters. However, from the artifacts and related materials, many rich character scenes have been found. Combined with a large number of figure patterns in Chenghua porcelain, it is further said that Xuande period laid the foundation for vivid blue and white porcelain story figure painting.
Decoration of Xuande Porcelain in Ming Dynasty
At this time, the commonly used craft decorations are: printing, engraving, painting, carving, painting and so on. Common patterns and ornamentation: dragon patterns, phoenix patterns, bound flowers, broken flowers, figures and others. As for the specific ornamentation, I will write another article about the subdivision of ornamentation later. The theme of decoration style is roughly the same as that of Yongle period, but slightly rough. The theme of decorative style in Xuande period is roughly the same as that in Yongle period. Decorative painting has changed Yongle's slender style, rough and bold, and vigorous brushwork; Pay great attention to the arrangement, layout and blank space of decorative patterns, making the picture more sparse, fresh, dignified and stable. Xuande's dragon pattern is the most vivid in the whole Ming Dynasty. The faucet is majestic and high-spirited, with long hair floating upwards, double horns and a slender dragon body, which gives people a sense of deterrence. Blue-and-white decorative patterns are outlined with soft pens, with smooth lines and boneless painting, that is, coloring without crossing lines. Some decorative patterns are filled with small pens (without a lot of rendering), forming a deep and light brush strokes, and the painting method of the whole painting is not visible. In addition, Xuande blue and white flowers are also combined with stamping, carving and other methods in decoration.
Characteristics of tire bottom of Xuande porcelain in Ming Dynasty
During Xuande period, porcelain clay was refined and hardened after sintering. During Yongle period, fetal bones were more wet than hard. Therefore, the same size of Xuande fetal bone is heavier than Yongle. At the same time, the thickness of Xuande tire soil is also different. It has a thick tire and an unglazed sand bottom. It feels smooth and natural, with five spin marks, usually red spots on flint, and clear spin marks can often be seen at the sand bottom. Plasma fetal quality is loose and yellow, and fetal bone is white and striped. According to the phenomenon of incomplete sintering of its cross section, the button was hoarse. The bottom of the sand is white and feels like glutinous rice flour. During Xuande period, there were two kinds of objects: glazed bottom and sand bottom. The enamel at the bottom of the glaze is delicate, and the accumulated glaze is green. The sand is white and delicate to the touch, such as the feeling of glutinous rice flour (also like the feeling of dumpling skin); Because the tire soil contains trace impurities, you will occasionally see brown stars; The bottom foot of the utensil adopts the method of oblique cutting on both sides, and the foot wall is narrow; Orange flint is red at the exposed tire of the ring foot, and tire protective glaze can be seen at the exposed tire of the footprint; Due to the limitation of tools at that time, except for small utensils such as vegetables and bowls, the feet of large utensils were not very regular; Vegetables and bowls have a concave circumference at the junction of the inner bottom wall and the bottom, commonly known as "the end of the month"; Cutting tools (bottles and cans are called cutting tools), because they are shaped in cross section, tire contact marks can be seen in the abdomen, and the technology in Xuande period is better, and the tire contact marks are not obvious; The glaze color in the vessel is still smooth and delicate, and white twisted silk lines can be seen; Most plates and bowls have a sense of edge at the bottom, not a round "loach back". The inner wall at the bottom of the big plate inclines outward from top to bottom, and the fingers can't catch it, and the center of the plate collapses. The most typical and representative color of Xuande blue and white is blue with purple. Due to the use of the imported material "Ma Su Liqing" containing low manganese and high iron, the color of sapphire blue can be fired under certain conditions, and black crystal spots can be formed in the depth of the color, which is deeply immersed in fetal bones and looks like snow blue in the sun; Iron rust spots on blue and white decorative patterns are naturally distributed, like ink spots on raw rice paper, with natural halo, radial and burr phenomena; At the same time, a small number of Xuande kilns are painted with domestic cobalt materials, with bright and stable colors and no black spots. There is also a combination of domestic materials and imported materials. Domestic materials draw seawater and imported materials draw dragon patterns.
Glaze characteristics of Xuande porcelain in Ming and Five Dynasties
Compared with Yongle, enamel color is delicate and moist, but there are more orange lines. As far as blue and white porcelain is concerned, the glaze color is mostly blue, which is called "bright blue glaze". Some blue-and-white wares have dense bubbles on the glaze, with different sizes and cloud shapes, which are called "glazing" and also commonly known as "glazing". This cloud phenomenon is particularly common in imitation of Xuande porcelain in Qing Dynasty. There are orange peel lines and dense bubbles in the high temperature glaze of Xuande porcelain with a few exceptions. Woodpecker's glaze juice is uneven, and vertical flow marks can be seen. Except for the unglazed white sand bottom, the bottoms of large and medium-sized utensils are glazed, but the glazed surfaces of the body and feet are often different.
The most prominent feature of Xuande porcelain glaze is orange peel, which is not very flat. The glaze color is mainly white and blue, commonly known as "bright blue glaze", and a few are white. In the late Xuande period, the glaze had poor transparency and turbidity, which was caused by bubbles in the glaze. The glaze is covered with bubbles, large and small, and the spacing between groups is sparse. Blue and white ware has a thick glaze, and some have small colorless natural pieces. The white glaze is full and delicate, but its luster is not as good as that of Yongle period. The glaze of the red glaze ware is even, and there is a circle of white glaze along the mouth, commonly known as "Dengcaokou", which is slightly blue, and the glaze juice flowing from the bottom of the ware is completely neat and blue.
Characteristics of Xuande Porcelain in the Six Dynasties of Ming Dynasty
The word "virtue" and "heart" has no horizontal style, and the position of the inscription changes greatly, either in the foot, in the container, along the mouth or on the shoulder. It has been said that Xuande style is used for the whole body, mainly in the blue and white double-circle six-character regular script style in the center of the vessel, "Daming Xuande Year System". Secondly, the four-character style and the horizontal style are generally written on the mouth edge and the shoulder of the utensil, while the Gao Zuwan style is generally in the center of the bowl, with two circles, six characters and three lines. The font structure and layout are very regular, the spacing between words is moderate, imitating the brushwork of Jin and Tang dynasties, the stroke thickness is moderate, the brushwork is vigorous and powerful, and the font is clear. The font style was deeply influenced by calligrapher Shen Du in the early Ming Dynasty. Mr. Sun Yingzhou, the late ancient ceramic appraiser, summed up Xuande's brushwork and wrote a song style, "Xuande's annual style is perfect, the ink is dark and the flowers are four pairs of single gardens, with the Jin and Tang Dynasties being the most prominent." At that time, there were few seals, and the double circles were often deep and shallow, and there was no horizontal word "virtue" and "heart".
There is also a recognition skill. One way to distinguish Xuande porcelain is to look at bubbles and distinguish authenticity. Under high magnification, the bubbles in Xuande blue-and-white porcelain are lighter in color and denser than Yongle porcelain, and even small bubbles are piled up with large bubbles, and occasionally large bubbles are arranged neatly. Identification of porcelain should have a critical eye and communicate with professionals.