Except for Oracle Bone Inscriptions, most of the ancient characters handed down from the pre-Qin period in China were carved on bronzes. Because bronzes are metal objects, they are called "bronzes" and "auspicious words". Among the bronzes, Zhong Ding is the heaviest and largest in China, so it is also called "Zhong Dingwen". There are many kinds of bronzes, and there are hundreds of them, most of which are ritual vessels or sacrifices in ancestral temples. Archaeologists of epigraphy, such as Luo Zhenyu, Su, have different classifications. Among them, Hui's article "Bronzes Exhibited in China in Recent 50 Years" is explained according to the classification of Rong, which is well organized and classified as follows:
The types of utensils are: Ding (round belly with two ears, three feet and four feet), Gui, Dun, Fan, Dou and Lu (the main cooked utensils are Ding, Ding and Dun. The main containers are reeds and beans.
Wine containers include: Jue, Jiao, Zun, Fan, Fan, Fang Yi, Hu, birds and animals, Fan (the above are wine containers and drinking containers) and spoon.
Musical instruments are: cymbals, cymbals, cymbals, cymbals. ) Bells (all hung and beaten) Bells and priests (all with tongues, mouths down and vibrating). Yu, drum, etc.
Weapons include: Ge, spear, halberd, sword, knife and arrow.
Common utensils are: plate, display, bowl, basin, home, basin (above water container), area, plate, ingot and stirrup (above miscellaneous). (In Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the main common utensils were plates and warders, both of which were used to wash hands, but plates were also used to hold food, and warders could take care of their faces, and if enough, they could also be used as heaters. )
The inscriptions on bronze in the Yin Dynasty are extremely simple, with one word or one number for each device, many pictographs, even only one figure, and no words at all. The others are neither words nor pictures, so we have to say that they are pictures and texts. These inscriptions are used to represent animals, war and economy, military affairs, vessels, princes and ministers, life and Asian characters. Lu Dalin, a famous epigraph writer in the Song Dynasty, said that the picture characters in this kind of inscriptions are the original fonts of Chinese characters. Are there any businessmen in Dai Jinwen? Inscriptions of Shangtaisi, Shangzhong, Bigan Copper Plate and Stone Plate. Among them, Shangtaisi is the most famous and has dense rules. If there is no special tripod in Zhou, it must be imitated. In short, the bronze inscriptions in the Yin Dynasty were concise and vivid, and calligraphy was also very mobile.
In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the inscriptions on bronze inscriptions of many clans in the Yin Dynasty still retained the characteristics of elegant writing style, including Zhou Gongyin's sharp and consistent brushwork, some of which were fat and thick, and the inscriptions on bronze inscriptions in the Yin Dynasty were full of vitality and strong brushwork. The font is neat and the structure is harmonious, revealing a unique trend. From becoming a king to entering the era of Kang Wang, although the glyph is still neat, the boldness of vision has been lost. And formalize it. The only one of them, Yu Ding (pictured below), played a unique and vigorous brushwork. It is a famous bronze ware in the Western Zhou Dynasty, with an inscription on the inner wall, which is as long as 29 1 word, and it is rare in the Western Zhou bronzes. Its contents are as follows: warn Yu that Yin died of alcoholism, and the Zhou Dynasty prospered by abstaining from drinking. Yu must try his best to help him and respect the moral policies of King Wen and Wang. His calligraphy style is rigorous, the shape and layout are simple, and Fiona Fang has both skills of using a pen, which has a rigorous and dignified artistic effect. It is a masterpiece of bronze calligraphy in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.
The bronze inscriptions in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty are small and neat in shape, thin in strokes, generally slender and lacking in change.
Among the late Western Zhou bronzes, Mao and other bronze inscriptions are the most famous, which were made in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. The inner wall has a 498-word inscription. Its content is that the king of Zhou is the Zhou government of ZTE. In order to get rid of the long-standing abuses, he ordered Mao Gongzhong, an important official, to help him avoid the disaster of national subjugation and gave him a lot of property. Mao Gong thanked Zhou Wang and made a tripod to commemorate him. His calligraphy is a mature style of bronze inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty, with well-proportioned and accurate structure, clear organization, orderly style, vigorous and steady lines, proper layout and full of rational colors, which shows that bronze inscriptions have developed to an extremely mature position. It should be the masterpiece of this period, which has slightly formed the embryonic form of Da Zhuan. As for the inscriptions in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, most of them are long and detailed, forming the style of Xiao Zhuan. There is also a great work in this period, which can't be ignored-"Shi San Pan"-this is a bronze ware in the late Western Zhou Dynasty in the period of Li Wang. Its inscription structure is simple, its lines are round and concise, and its center of gravity is low because of its horizontal position, which is more simple and heavy. It has a strong sense of "casting" and shows a strong "golden taste", so it occupies an important position in the system of stele study. Hu Xiaoshi, a famous modern calligrapher, commented: "The seal script was well prepared in the Zhou Dynasty, and its representative works include, Mao, ... To sum up, take a vertical trend. The only one that is still sideways is "Shi San Pan"
Since the Han Dynasty, it is generally believed that Da Zhuan was written by Zhou Xuanwang Taishi Zhuan (827 BC). For example, Hanshu has 15 history books, and Ban Gu notes: "Zhou Xuanwang wrote 15 seals." Xu Shen also said: "Wang Xuan wrote fifteen pieces of Da Zhuan, which is different from ancient Chinese." Ancient Chinese or others, that is, Taishi increased and lost ancient Chinese, so Dazhuan is also called "Zhu Wen". Therefore, later generations all think that Da Zhuan is a form after ancient prose.
Shi Guwen (left) is the most representative seal script among the stone carvings handed down from ancient times. This kind of stone tool is undoubtedly the oldest and most reliable stone cultural relic in China. It is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Shi Guwen has an important position in the history of calligraphy.
There are ten stone drums * * *, which were originally about three feet high, and the drums are engraved with words, which are commonly known as drums. Actually, it should be Jay. Moreover, the content of stone drums is mostly related to hunting, and some scholars call it hunting. Both Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty and Su Shi in the Song Dynasty have works of "Shigu Song" singing about Shigu, so they generally use the common name "Shigu".
Shi Guwen's article, in order to describe safari, has more than 700 words, which belong to four fonts. It is extremely abstruse and difficult to understand, and there are many indelible words. Scholars like Han also lamented that "clear pronunciation and mellow voice are difficult to read." Since Pandi wrote Shi Guwen Yin Xun in Yuan Dynasty, it has been widely understood, and it is a rhyme of hunting. Originally, the order of the ten stone drums was determined, but there were also different opinions among the families, which was extremely cumbersome.
The oldest rubbings known in the world are Song rubbings collected by Fan Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. In the second year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1798), Ruan Yuan stone carving was preserved in Hangzhou for eleven years (1873), and it was also carved in Yangzhou. Only Tianyi Pavilion was burned in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1862). The existing Song rubbings "An Guo Jiu Cang in Ming Dynasty" (word, Guipo, Xishan, Jiangsu) unfortunately flowed into Japan. Ann loves it very much, and collects ten kinds of ancient inscriptions because of the "Ten Drum Zhai". Among them, there are three kinds of extensions in the Northern Song Dynasty, namely, forward extension, middle extension and stamina. Now spread to Japan, it is the book of stamina, with Anguo's handwritten seal script and postscript at the end. In the existing Shi Guwen rubbings, it can be regarded as a crown, and it has been photocopied by Japanese Second Choice Society for a long time.
The font is roughly between Zhou and Qin Xiao Zhuan. It is known to belong to the calligraphy system before Qin Shihuang. Compared with Xiao Zhuan, it can be called Da Zhuan, which is a masterpiece of Da Zhuan. Its font is small and complicated, like a ritual vessel in Zongzhou period, which is relatively complete and can be called neat. Kang Youwei called Shi Guwen in "Guangyi, One Boat, Two Cans": "When gold falls to the ground, the grass clouds are strange, and it is not annoying to cut it all. The body is slightly flat, and the insect is similar to qi. Shigu is not only the first antique in China, but also the first method for calligraphers. " It can be said that it is appreciation. Shi Guwen was cherished by Yilin, but after the Northern Song Dynasty, calligraphy research flourished and few people set foot in it. Until the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the wind of archaeological respect for monuments revived, and the stone drum characters were especially valued by calligraphers. Wu Da, you can get strict rhymes. Wu Changshuo, on the other hand, was angry that he was a man in ancient times. Their calligraphy is all contemporary? Be valued by future generations.
What is Xiao Zhuan? According to Xu Shen's "Preface to the Explanations of the Early Han Dynasty", "Fifteen biographies of historical books are different from ancient Chinese, and the biographies of Cang Xie of Qin Lisi, Zhao Gaozhi and Hu Wujing are all based on the biography of Shu Da or the province, which is called biographies". It can be seen that the small seal script is taken from the big seal script in the Book of Poetry, and the writing method is simplified and neat.
Small seal script and various styles of calligraphy: In the past, there was a saying that "if you don't learn seal script, you can get official script", because official script originated from seal script and learning seal script is also official script. The font of official script and regular script emphasizes horizontal and vertical at first, which conforms to the basic brushwork of official script. The structure of official script is expensive and even, and official script and regular script also pay attention to uniformity. If you write official script accurately and skillfully, then writing official script and regular script will naturally be even. Writing cursive script should be lively and lively, and you need to be good at drawing circles. There are many semi-circular or circular strokes in seal script. Speaking of perfect temperature, cursive writing is particularly lively and the music is wonderful. It is to know the brushwork of seal script, which is the basis of every style of calligraphy. For example, the brushwork of Xia Chengbei is between Zhuan Xu and Li, and it is still full of twists and turns, which proves that Zhuan Xu is related to Li. The combination of Yan Kai and seal script theory has won the highest beauty in calligraphy. Book horse bone fairy Tan Ji, bones and muscles stopped evenly, balanced brushwork. Some people say that Yan comes from seal script, which can prove that seal script is related to Kai script. Huanggu's running script and long strokes are no different from those of seal script. Kang Youwei has the phrase "Gu Xing Shu is connected with seal script", which can prove that seal script is connected with line. Huai Su's "Weeds", with a pen in the middle, is thin and vigorous, and it turns wonderfully in flight. The package contains the saying that "the drunken monk, the virgin, the dharma, the source seal brush, the muddy public health, is the grass seal", which can prove that the seal is connected with the grass. To learn all kinds of calligraphy, you don't have to write seal script first, but what if you can write seal script first and then write regular script cursive script? It is easier to understand the brushwork. Master Hongyi taught the writing method: "You must start with seal script and write at least 500 words a day, then learn official script and enter regular script;" Kaicheng, learn grass ",its preface also begins with Biography. When the seal script is finished, you can come to Zhong Ding, write about Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and copy down all the ancient seal scripts, so that you can have brushwork and brushwork, with charm and charm.
Xiao Zhuan, composed of calligraphy, has a rounded curve, even and symmetrical strokes, rigorous structure, vigor and solemnity, and both (the picture on the right shows Qin's "Carving Stones on Mount Tai"). It had a great influence on China's writing and calligraphy art, and Xu Shen compiled fifteen volumes of Shuowen Jiezi based on Biography. Therefore, it can be seen that seal script is the right way for all seal scripts, and people who study calligraphy should not take it lightly.
Official script:
Official script is also called official script. A Chinese character font. Originated in the Qin Dynasty, it was popular in the Han Dynasty and developed from seal script. The font is flat and the aspect ratio is about 4: 5. The left end of the main cross is like a silkworm head and the right end is like a goose tail, which is called "silkworm head goose tail". The main point of writing is: "old digging, such as turtle horseshoe;" Fold the pen to hide the front, silkworm head and goose tail; Silkworms don't gather, geese don't fly together; Heavy turbidity is light and clear and indestructible. " The official script is elegant and artistic. Often printed neatly on maps, it is mostly used to draw place names and mark large areas of place names.
Historical evolution:
Official script is a font evolved from scribbling of essays. Because there are too many curved strokes, it takes a lot of time to write, so people write a little hastily in informal situations, and some curved strokes that should be neat become relatively straight strokes. This font began to appear in Qin at the end of the Warring States period, and then gradually became popular. ?
Wei Heng's Four-body Book in Jin Dynasty said: "Corporal Cheng Miao was an official jailer, who offended the late emperor and lived in Yunyang for ten years. Make a great seal from prison, those who gain less, those who lose more, the party as a staff, the staff as a party, the emperor played at the beginning, the emperor refined, and the book was written. Or it is said to be Li's word. " In fact, Qin people didn't start to write stick figures until Qin Shihuang unified China. Over the years, the weapons, lacquerware and pottery of the Qin State in the Warring States Period unearthed in various places, with fewer strokes, more straight strokes and fewer bends, were all made by craftsmen at that time, which was the embryonic form of official script. Cheng Miao is a petty official, and it is reasonable to sort out the simplified characters he is familiar with in prison by comparing with Da Zhuan. ? There is another saying about the name of official script: because this font was popular among the lower-level officials, officers, craftsmen and slaves at that time:
Li Shu is divided into Qin Li, Han Li and Hafen. Qin Li refers to the simplified Chinese characters used in Qin Shihuang's period. The daily application of the Han Dynasty is still official script, but the form and brushwork are constantly developing. In the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a solemn and elegant new style appeared. In the fourth year of Xiping (A.D. 175), Shijing stood in the Imperial College with a new style and became the national standard calligraphy style. Wei was later called Bafen.
Official changes:
Chinese characters evolved from seal script to official script, which is called "official change" Li Bian is an important event and an important turning point in the development history of Chinese characters. The form of Chinese characters after the official reform is basically close to the Chinese characters we use today.
In italics:
Also known as block letters, regular script, regular script or original works, it is a common font in China's calligraphy. Its glyph is square, unlike the flat one written in official script. Regular script is still the reference standard of modern calligraphy in China, and another kind of calligraphy, pen-and-ink, has also developed.
Regular script means regular script, which was first mentioned in Zhang Huaiguan's Shu Duan. In the Han dynasty, it was also another name for "regular Chinese characters", which was still used by people in the Six Dynasties. For example, Yang Xin's Cai and Lun Shu all said in Biography of Wei Shengshou: "Birth characters are good at regular script." That's the abbreviation of "eight-block method", which didn't replace the name of the official book until the Northern Song Dynasty, and its content was obviously different from the ancient name. There is probably an example of the above. If these concepts are not clear, they will inevitably confuse other aspects forever, which is useless.
Classification:
1~2 cm in small print, 5 cm above in large print, and the middle in Chinese characters. ?
But this is just a general division. In fact, there have been small characters of 10 cm and large characters of 1.8 m ...
Small script, as its name implies, is the smallest type of regular script, which was founded in the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms. He used to be the most outstanding official script authority. His regular script brushwork was born in Han Li, and his brushwork is as vivid as Hong Fei playing the piano in the sea. However, the structure is wide and flat, the horizontal painting is long and the vertical painting is short, and the legacy of official division still exists. However, the model method is ready, and it is actually the ancestor of the official book. When Wang Xizhi came to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he studied the lower case calligraphy more carefully and made it perfect, which also set a good appreciation standard for China's lower case calligraphy.
Cursive script:
A Chinese character with simple structure and continuous strokes. Formed in the Han Dynasty, it evolved on the basis of official script for the convenience of writing. There are Cao Zhang, Cao Jin and Crazy Grass.
Cursive writing is a convenient way to write. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" says: "There are cursive scripts in Han Xing". The cursive script began in the early Han dynasty, and its characteristics are: keeping the outline of characters, damaging the official rules, rushing away and rushing away quickly. Because of the meaning of grass, it is called cursive script. ? There are rules to follow in the changes of strokes, such as the urgent chapter of the Three Kingdoms Wu in Songjiang Edition. Today's grass is eclectic and fluent, and its representative works include Wang Xizhi's "The First Moon" and Jin Dynasty's "Getting Time". Mad grass appeared in the Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhang Xu and Huai Su, and its brushwork was wild and uninhibited, which became an artistic creation completely divorced from practicality. From then on, cursive script was only the works of calligraphers imitating Cao Zhang, Cao Jin and Kuangcao. The representative works of Weeds, such as Abdominal Pain by Zhang Xu in the Tang Dynasty and Autobiographical Postscript by Huai Su, are all existing treasures.
Generalized cursive script:
Refers to the cursive writing style. Including two situations: first, in ancient times when the characters were not unified, there would naturally be no unified and standardized cursive script, and the cursive script that appeared at that time belonged to the generalized cursive script; Second, after the unification of words, in case of emergency, or when drafting documents and recording other people's conversations, the strokes are quick, the strokes of Lian Bi are omitted, and the scribbled words written by letters are not standardized. This scribble is difficult to communicate with, and even after a long time, it is difficult for the writer to recognize it. This scrawled word belongs to the generalized cursive script.
In order to facilitate writing, after a long process of convention, especially in the period of the transformation from seal script to official script, the popular cursive script has gradually increased and the writing method has gradually unified. After the process of quantitative change to qualitative change, a cursive script with statutes was finally produced, that is, Cao Zhang, which further developed into today's cursive script. In a narrow sense, cursive script refers to Cao Zhang and today's grass. ?
Since it was drafted by Cao Zhang, it has basically taken shape. The established cursive script is both standardized and flexible. Its basic content includes the following three aspects: First, cursive script is a kind of character with omitted strokes and simple structure. Secondly, cursive script takes stippling as the basic symbol, replacing radicals and a certain part of characters, which is the most symbolic style. Thirdly, cursive strokes echo each other, which is convenient for writing quickly and expressing the writer's feelings.
Run the script:
Running script is produced on the basis of regular script, which is a font between regular script and cursive script. It came into being to make up for the slow writing speed of regular script and the illegible cursive script. "Go" means "go", so it is not as scribbled as cursive script, nor as straight as regular script. Whether it is cursive or cursive in essence. Those with more patterns than grass patterns are called "running patterns", and those with more grass patterns are called "running grass".
There are two versions of The Origin of Running Script:?
First of all, according to Zhang Huai? "Book End" said: "Calligraphers were created by Liu Desheng of Yingchuan in the later Han Dynasty, that is, the books were simple and clumsy, so they were called calligraphers." Do you know from the statement that "running script" is transformed from "official script"?
Second, according to Wang Sengqian's "Gu Nengshu Names", "The clock has three bodies:? An inscription book is the most wonderful; Second, the articles of association, secretary, primary school teacher; On the third day, I wrote a book, and so did the people who heard it. Hedong Weikaizi? Zhang Zhifa is adopted, and Kaifa is taken as a reference, which is more draft. The draft is also a book. " From the facts, running script, also known as running script, was originally developed from the signing of line drawing. Those who hear each other mean to believe. ?
Running script appeared at the same time as eight-part essay, and its form was very close to eight-part essay and later official script. This is equivalent to changing (chapter) cursive script from official script to other branches derived from "regular script". In addition to official script, the "regular script" in Huanling period was followed by "eight-part essay", so people think that running script is another branch of "eight-part essay". In fact, it is the same as other calligraphy styles. It was originally founded as a general mass writer. As long as it is written in other calligraphy, it becomes a running script without official style. It can be seen everywhere in bamboo slips unearthed at the end of Han Dynasty. At the end of Han dynasty, running script was not widely used. It was not until the appearance of Wang Xizhi in Jin Dynasty that it became popular. ?
Running script into Wang Xizhi's hand perfectly combines practicality and artistry. As a result, the colorful southern calligraphy art has emerged and become the most influential school in the history of calligraphy.