After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the agricultural economy of Qiupotou Town has undergone tremendous changes. Through mutual aid groups, primary cooperatives, advanced cooperatives and people's communes, the private ownership of farmers' land has been transformed into socialist public ownership. However, due to the simplification of ownership, the pursuit of "one grand duke and two grand princes", the high concentration of production and operation and the egalitarianism of distribution, commodity production has been restricted, which has brought losses to the agricultural economy.
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the production responsibility system was implemented in rural areas, which greatly mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production. After 1984, on the basis of grasping grain production and solving farmers' food and clothing, Bapotou Town vigorously developed diversified economy, with flue-cured tobacco, apples and aquaculture as the leading industries, and the agricultural economy has developed by leaps and bounds.
In 2008, the national economic income of Qiupotou Town was 49 million yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 2,786 yuan. 46 self-employed households were added, achieving an output value of 55 million yuan and an added value of 24 million yuan for the non-public economy.
By the end of 20 10, the total agricultural output value of Qiupotou Town was1990,000 yuan, an increase of 73%, and the per capita net income of farmers was 5,445 yuan, a net increase of 1656 yuan, an increase of 43%. Summer crops in Qiupotou Town include wheat, barley, peas and lentils. There are corn, sorghum, millet, millet, buckwheat, black beans, soybeans, white beans and adzuki beans in autumn fields. Among them, wheat and corn are dominant, followed by others.
Wheat Wheat is the main local food crop, which was sown around the Millennium and harvested around the summer of the following year. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were wheat varieties such as March Yellow, Old Red Wheat and White Mang Wheat, and the yield per mu was only tens of kilograms. Bima 1 was introduced by 1955, and the output is generally around 100 kg. 1960 introduced varieties such as 407 and Nongda 90. 1970 Popularization of Millet and Pingyuan No.50, 33 152. By 2008, Han Chang No.58, Changwu 13 1 and other varieties had been introduced and popularized in Qiupotou Town, which made the wheat yield stable and high year after year, with an yield of about 350 kg per mu.
In the mid-1940s, corn was introduced for trial planting, such as Huo Shaoqi and Golden Queen, with an yield of about 220kg per mu. In 1950s, it was gradually replaced by white horse teeth and red heart yellow horse teeth, and the yield per mu was about 250kg. In 1960s, new varieties of single cross, double cross and triple cross were introduced, and the yield per mu was about 280 kg. In the mid-1970s, varieties such as Shandan 1 and Shan Yu 683 were planted, and the yield per mu reached more than 300 kilograms. By 2008, improved varieties such as Chanyu, Nongda 95, Shen Dan 16, Shenyu 17, Yuyu 22 were planted in Qiupotou Town. With the improvement of plastic film mulching technology and operation mode, the yield per mu increased to more than 500 kg.
In the early days, there were varieties of sorghum such as Yunzhangsan and Denglonghong. In the mid-1950s, high-level calibration was introduced. In 1970s, three-foot-three, new hybrid 202 and other varieties were popularized. Subsequently, Jinza No.4 and No.5 were planted in a large area in Qiupotou Town, with an yield of more than 500 kilograms per mu. In the late 1980s, sorghum was only used as feed, and the planting area plummeted.
Buckwheat has a long history of planting and is one of the main multiple cropping crops after summer harvest. The varieties are buckwheat, tartary buckwheat, Hokkaido 1 and so on. The yield per mu is about 150 kg.
Millet planting has a long history. Early varieties include bazi valley, dingdu valley and jiugu. 60-day trial planting was introduced in 1960s, and Dazhai Valley was popularized in 1970s. Due to low yield, the planting area of Qiupotou Town in 2008 was less than 2 hectares.
Millet planting has a long history. There are yellow, white, red and black varieties, which are hard and sticky, and are one of the main crops for replanting after summer harvest. The annual planting area is more than 60 hectares, and the yield per mu is about 150 kg.
Early barley varieties include long awn and short awn. Yin Xi 2 was planted in the 1960s. Due to the thick skin and poor quality of barley, the planting area is actively small.
In early spring, peas and lentils mature in summer, and black beans, adzuki beans, broad beans, kidney beans and cowpeas mature in autumn. After the 1960s, soybeans, adzuki beans, adzuki beans, white beans, double green beans, 60-day soybeans and American soybeans were introduced one after another, with more than 30 varieties. In the early stage, maize and sorghum were mainly interplanted. After the 1980s, the area of pure propagation and replanting was expanded, and the yield per mu was about180kg.
Oil crops include rape, coriander, hemp seed, sunflower and so on. Among them, Brassica is the main species in Cruciferae, and the varieties are Tulabe, Guanyou No.3, 74- 1, 74-2 and 74-3. In the 1960s, rape, as a stubble crop, was often mixed with buckwheat. After 70' s, it was changed to purebred, and the yield was greatly improved, with an average yield per mu 100 kg or more. As an oil-bearing crop, you have changed the way you used to sow in spring and harvest in autumn, and changed it to plastic film seedling raising and planting after summer harvest. In 2008, the planting area of Qiupotou Town reached 800 hectares, and the yield per mu was about 100 kg.
Vegetables Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, onions, leeks, garlic, Chinese cabbage, coriander, radish, spinach, celery, mustard, pepper, eggplant, gourd, cucumber, bamboo shoots, pumpkins, potatoes and yellow flowers were planted. After the founding of New China, tomatoes, kidney beans, Gan Lan (commonly known as white bags) and cauliflower were introduced. Since 1980s, a large number of excellent varieties have been introduced, and cultivation techniques have been improved, so the vegetable output has doubled. There are many kinds of livestock and poultry in Qiupotou town, and the feeding amount is in the middle. Most domestic animals include cattle (mountain cattle, yellow cattle and Qinchuan cattle), horses (Qinghai horses and Ili horses), donkeys (mountain donkeys and Guanzhong donkeys) and mules, which are kept in captivity all year round. Before the 1960 s, the land was scattered and there was no agricultural machinery. Livestock is an important labor productivity, and more than 90% farmers work in agriculture. After the implementation of the land responsibility system in the 1980 s, large livestock were raised by farmers at a fixed price, and the stock increased. After the 1990s, agricultural machinery replaced animal power, and the stock of livestock decreased sharply.
Pig breeds include Neijiang pig, Berkshire pig, Yorkshire pig, Essence pig, Landrace pig and so on. They are all fed with pens. Most farmers have aquaculture, ranging from/kloc-0 to 45. At the end of 2008, there were seven large pig farmers in Qiupotou Town. Shi Junfeng in Qiupotou Village raises pigs 120, and Chemen Village raises pigs 1 10, all of which are big pig farmers.
Sheep breeds include Tu Sheep, Su Baiyang, Guanzhong Dairy Goat and Boer Sheep. In the 20th century, the feeding method was perennial grazing, which was later changed to captivity. The main breeds are Guanzhong milk goat and Boer goat, and the rest are basically eliminated. In 2008, there were more than 4,000 sheep in Qiupotou Town.
Rabbit varieties include native rabbit, Angora rabbit hair, Japanese big-eared rabbit, Lan Tu, tiger skin yellow rabbit, Danqing rabbit, etc., which are generally raised by farmers. Guo of Qiupotou Village invested more than 400,000 yuan to build a rex rabbit farm with both skin and meat, and raised more than 500 rex rabbits/kloc-0.
Local villagers have the habit of raising chickens. Breeds include local breeder chicken, Laihang chicken, Ross chicken and Xingza 288 chicken. In the past, most of them were free-range, and chickens were free to eat, leaving early and returning late. Later, it was changed to captivity, and various scientific feeding methods were popularized at the same time, which reduced the cost and improved the meat production rate and egg production rate. There was no examination in Qiupotou education before Ming Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a private school in a large village with a large population. The villagers asked teachers to teach the children in the village, and the expenses were shared equally. Some people also set up their own halls, and students admire and learn. Private schools in the county are very famous in villages such as Kanhuagong and Ganjiadian, and most students have achieved something. According to the genealogy of He family in Kanhua Palace, more than 30 people were born in this village in the past dynasties.
Private schools are small, with only 1 teacher. There is no fixed number of students, no entrance examination, no school years, and students of different ages and educational levels are mixed in one room. Teachers teach students in different categories, which varies from person to person. Students begin to learn three-character classics, thousand-character writings, disciples' rules, etc. They read and recite all day and pay attention to literacy. Second, increase writing; Then study the Four Books and Five Classics, practice opposition, and write poetry and prose.
In the twentieth year of the Republic of China (193 1), public primary schools were established. Bapotou Town has four primary schools, namely Ganjiadian, Jiaocun, Bapotou and Kanhuagong, with more than 90 students. Teachers are hired by the village with an annual salary of three stones and six buckets of wheat. Most of the school sites are located in ancient temples, and students sit around square tables for classes. Courses include Mandarin and arithmetic.
After the founding of New China, the original Zhongshan Central Ethnic School in Bapotou Street was renamed as Bapotou Township Senior Primary School, and several large villages set up primary schools. Teachers are appointed by the county's three subjects (arts, education and science), and the salary of teachers is changed to wheat, and a scoring system is implemented, with a limit of 100. The average teacher's score is between 55 and 70, about 4,000 yuan per minute (equivalent to today's 0.4 yuan). After 1960, the policy of running schools with two legs by the state and the masses was implemented. Every village has primary schools and literacy activities are also very active. The school attaches great importance to the quality of teaching, and the teaching atmosphere is good, and the number of students in school is gradually increasing. During the "Cultural Revolution", education was seriously damaged, the teaching order and teachers were greatly impacted, and the teaching quality declined. Especially under the influence of "open school", school education is in a state of half-study and half-study. During this period, according to the policy of "shortening the school system and revolutionizing education", the primary school system was changed from six years to five years, and the courses were mainly politics, arithmetic, music and physical education. The school conditions are simple, the school buildings are mostly earth caves, and some schools have not moved out of the ancient temple. The table and stool are wooden boards placed on Hu Ji, which are called "mud, earth table and darkroom".
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, education has gradually entered a new period of human reform and development. By 2008, there were 1 middle schools with 76 employees in Qiupotou Town. There are 2 1 class, 1200 students. Primary school 14, class 120, students 1650. Before the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC).
In the relatively large village of Qiupotou Town, there is generally a troupe (Shehuotou Management), and many people can sing a few words casually. Every New Year's Festival, temple fair, rain prayer, material exchange meeting, family birthday, wedding, funeral and celebration, Shaanxi Opera is often played to entertain. Qin Zhisheng's voice can often be heard in fields, family courtyards and streets. Between farming, three or five people get together, blowing, pulling, beating, singing and entertaining themselves. There are also shadow puppetry and puppet shows in other places, most of which are performed in winter leisure.
Every village has a social fire. There are mainly stories about carrying pavilions, walking wicker legs and horses (land stories). The social fire started on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month and ended on February 2nd of the following year. Its performance space is as small as a wheat field and as big as a square. There are many actors and audiences. Its manifestations are divided into two categories: local fire and high-altitude fire. The dance of the fire is rough and masculine, ups and downs, virtual performance, simple action and strong improvisation. Gao Tai's social fire is wonderful, thrilling, subtle, fixed and exciting. No matter which form, its content is complete, with time, environment, plot and strong story.
Sports activities are divided into men and women. Girls catch black balls, jump rope, kick shuttlecock and so on. Young men have fights, firewood and siege.
After the founding of the people's Republic of China
Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), cultural and sports activities have developed. In addition to inheriting traditional folk cultural and sports activities, revolutionary songs are also widely loved and must be sung at every meeting. Primary and secondary school students' singing teams are important organizations to carry out extracurricular activities and singing competitions. During the cooperation, the mass singing activities became more active. In the 1960s, the masses sang revolutionary songs and held singing competitions. County and community film projection teams show films. During the "Cultural Revolution", they began to learn the activities of "Xiaojinzhuang", and each village set up a literary propaganda team to perform songs, plays and dances with "class struggle as the key link". 1982 the establishment of the commune cultural station has made mass cultural and sports activities more active. Every major festival, a wealth of cultural and sports activities will be held. There are social fires, riddles, table tennis, tug-of-war, chess, calligraphy and painting, and cultural performances. The books in the township cultural station have been open to the masses for a long time, and the film projection team often shows movies for the masses and primary and secondary school students in each village. Subjects are mostly patriotic education and popular science propaganda.
In 2008, there were 1 cultural station, 1 film team,1library,1cultural room, 165438 and 4 activity rooms for the elderly in Qiupotou town. In 2006, the new rural cooperative medical system was fully implemented in Qiupotou Town. In that year, 5205 households, 19865 people participated, and the participation rate was 80%. In 2007, 5,526 households and 23,989 people participated, with a participation rate of 90%. In 2008, 58 18 households with 25,064 people participated, and the participation rate reached 95%.
From 2006 to 20 10, 85,702 people in Qiupotou Town benefited from farmers. Total medical expenses 1.429 1.600 yuan; The total reimbursement compensation for the new rural cooperative medical system is 567 1, 1 000 yuan, and the reimbursement ratio is 4070.
20 10 qiupotou town has established town health centers and 18 village-level new rural cooperative medical service system. We have also raised funds in various ways, designated township hospitals, renovated houses, increased equipment, trained medical personnel, and established and improved medical service institutions.