Tang manuscripts "Tang Poetry Volume" (24 volumes). There are also two kinds of modern poems, one is called quatrains, and the other is called metrical poems. Quatrains and metrical poems are five words and seven words respectively. Therefore, there are basically six basic forms of Tang poetry: five-character archaic poetry, seven-character archaic poetry, five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains, five-character rhythmic poems and seven-character rhythmic poems.
Shanshui Tianyuan school
Miss each other
Representative figures such as Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Lu Lun and Li Yi are characterized by green mountains and white clouds, recluses and hermits. Quiet and elegant style, full of feminine beauty; There are five words in the table, five unique, five dharma and five ancient. Masterpieces: Wang Wei: Autumn in a Mountain Residence, Sending Two Ambassadors to Anxi, Missing My Shandong Brothers in a Mountain Residence Holiday, and Meng Haoran: Passing by the Old People's Village.
frontier fortress poem factions
Representatives Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling, Li Yi and Wang Zhihuan. Features: Describe the war and battlefield, show the heroic spirit of defending the country, or describe the magnificent frontier scenery and strange customs, or describe the cruelty of war, the darkness of the army and the hardships of garrison, and express the yearning and feelings for national harmony. Masterpiece: Gao Shi: Don't Move Big, Snow White Farewell Tian Shuji Wu Home.
Romantic school of poetry
Represents Li Bai. Features: mainly expressing personal feelings, praising the desire and pursuit of personal value in free life. Poetry is free, unrestrained, fluent, imaginative and magnificent. Language advocates nature and opposes carving. Masterpieces: Li Bai: Drinking the Bright Moon Alone, Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, and Difficult Road to Shu.
School of realistic poetry
On behalf of du fu Features: the artistic style of poetry is gloomy and frustrated, often showing feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Du Fu's realistic style continued from the Middle Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. Representative works include Three Officials, Three Farewells and Military Vehicle Shop.
Song ci is another literary genre after Tang poetry, which has the dual characteristics of literature and music. Every word has a title called "epigraph", and the lyrics according to the title are called "Yi". Word alias "long and short sentences" (after the Song Dynasty, it can be said that long and short sentences are aliases of words, but in the Northern Song Dynasty, long and short sentences are the real names of words; In the Tang Dynasty, long and short sentences were still a poetic noun.
Song ci is another literary school after Tang poetry, which is basically divided into two categories: graceful school and wild school, and another is Huajian school. Representative figures of Huajian School: Wen et al.
Elegant school
The representatives are Liu Yong, Yan Shu, Yan, Zhou Bangyan, Li Qingzhao, Qin Guan, Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying, Li Yu and Ouyang Xiu. Liu Yong's representative works: Yulin Ridge (cold cicada), Butterfly Love Flower (leaning against a dangerous building), Uncle Yan: Huanxisha (a new word and a glass of wine), Huanxisha (total age), Yan: Linjiangxian (closing the balcony after a dream), Partridge Sky (holding a jade bell with colorful sleeves), Zhou Bangyan: Warrior Lan Ling. Jiang Kui: Yangzhou Slow (a famous work in the left middle school), Dimfragrance (the moonlight in the old days): The preface to Ying Ti (the cold can bully the sick wine), Feng Song (listening to the wind and rain is too clear) Li Yu: Yu Meiren (spring flowers and autumn moons), meeting each other (flowers in the forest have withered in spring) The main characteristics of the graceful school are that the content focuses on children's customs. Narrow content. For a long time, characters tend to be gentle and graceful, so people have formed the concept that grace is authentic. Li Houzhu, Liu Yong, Zhou Bangyan and other poets' The Truth of Ci represents this view. Graceful words once dominated the ci world for a long time, until a large number of poets such as Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying and Zhang Yan in the Southern Song Dynasty were influenced by graceful words in different aspects.
(usually poetry) a free and powerful style
Representative figures are Xin Qiji, Su Shi, Yue Fei, Lu You, Zhang and Liu Guo. Su Shi's masterpiece: Nian Nu Jiao. Red cliff nostalgia (river of no return); Jiangchengzi Michigan hunting; Xin Qiji's: abnormality. Give Chen Tongfu strong words to send him; Yonghe music, Jingkou, Gubeiting nostalgia (eternal rivers and mountains); Zhang's: He Xinlang's (Dream of China Road); Zhang Xiaoxiang's: the head of the Six Kingdoms Song Dynasty (Wang Changhuai). The weather is magnificent, and he likes to write words with poetic techniques, syntax and typology. His words are very broad and versatile, and they are not constrained by rhythm. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian, Chao, He Zhu and others all had works of this style. After Du Nan, due to the great changes of the times, tragic and generous high notes came into being, which became a common practice, and Xin Qiji became a giant and leader of a generation who created bold and unconstrained ci. The school of bold and unconstrained ci is not only unique, but also has a great influence on the ci circle in Song Dynasty. From the Song and Jin Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, there were always poets who held high the bold banner and made great efforts to study Su and Xin.
Yuanqu Yuanqu originated from the so-called "Fanqu" and "Le Hu" and was first circulated among the people, and was called "street poetry" or "village minor". With the destruction of Song Dynasty in Yuan Dynasty, it spread in the vast areas of north and south, centering on Dadu (now Beijing) and Lin 'an (now Hangzhou). Yuanqu has strict metrical formula, and each qupai has fixed format requirements in sentence pattern, word number, level tone and so on.
The rise of Yuanqu and its representation of the highest literary achievement in this period is itself due to the establishment and perfection of its institutional form. The system of Yuanqu is embodied in the following six aspects: 1, Gongdiao: Gongdiao refers to the mode of ancient music in China, which originated from Yan music in Sui and Tang Dynasties. There are five palaces and four tunes commonly used in North and South music, collectively referred to as the Nine Palaces of North and South or Nine Palaces, including Gong Zheng, Lv Zhong Palace and Nangong. The number of opera episodes and Sanqu episodes in Yuan Qu is connected by two different tunes in the same palace tune. 2. Qupai: commonly known as "Quzi", it is the general name of various tunes, each with a proper name, such as Dianjiang Lip and Shanpo Sheep. There were 335 Qupai in North China in Yuan Dynasty, and each Qupai had a certain tune and singing method. At the same time, it also stipulates the number of words, syntax, level and so on. Accordingly, you can fill in new lyrics. Most of the lyrics come from the folk, and some of them are developed from the lyrics. So the name of the lyrics is the same as the lyrics, but the content is not exactly the same. There are also music cards specially designed for performances, but most of them only have tunes without lyrics. 3. Rhyme: In terms of rhyme, Yuanqu strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of Zhongyuan Rhyme, which are divided into flat, upper and lower. Rhyme has the following characteristics: level tone, not avoiding heavy rhyme, one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme and lack of rhyme. 4. Flat: Qu is more strict in using words than poetry, paying special attention to the flat of the last sentence of each sentence. 5, antithesis: the antithesis of songs requires more freedom, which can be flat and even, that is, flat and even. There are thirteen dual forms in Qu, such as "two-character pair", "head-tail pair" and "line pair", which have many characteristics in language use and word order combination, mainly as follows: there are work pairs and wide pairs, but the phenomenon of wide pairs is more common; Self-righteous in the sentence; Intricate pairs or inverted sentences, such as "loyal ministers are not afraid of death, and fear of death means disloyalty to them"; Say yes in the common saying. 6. Links: The most significant difference between songs and words is whether there are links, songs with links and words without links. The so-called "interlude" refers to the words added beyond the number of words required by the melody. Not limited by melodies such as phonemes, parallelism and sentence patterns, lines are generally used at the beginning of sentences. There are more than 220 writers of Yuan Qu, and more than 4,500 works (collections and parts) have been handed down to this day, including more than 3,800 poems (including singers), more than 470 collections and more than 60 zaju (books)/kloc-0. Among many writers, Yuan Haowen, who made a pioneering contribution to the formation of Yuan Qu, was born at the time of the war in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and was a superstar in the poetic circles of Jin and Yuan Dynasties. His works are clean and handsome, which has played an enlightening, guiding and standardizing role in Yuan Qu creation.
Different from the taste of sour cream in Song Ci.
1, metrical freedom 2, language vulgarity, agility and freedom. 3, lyrical and straightforward. 4. Internal conflict, confrontation rather than harmony.
The tendency to turn ugliness into beauty.
There are two meanings: one is to regard what is regarded as ugly in traditional ideas as the object of artistic expression; The second is to break the paradigm of traditional art and form a new artistic style with the opposite form. It stands out in the literary world with its unique aesthetic features, and has become a unique school in the treasure house of foreign studies in China with its aesthetic style different from that of Tang poetry and Song poetry. It is dripping, pungent, straightforward, humorous, warm and sharp, full of movement, breaking elegance with vulgarity, changing interest with vulgarity, and its language is free, lively and full of vitality. The object of description and writing is not limited to beauty, ugliness, elegance and vulgarity, and its expressive force is rich and broad, which is favored by literati and becomes one of the highest literary genres in Yuan Dynasty.