It belongs to the Mon-Khmer language family of South Asian language family. Mainly distributed in the coastal plains of Vietnam, it is a place where the Vietnamese (also known as the Jing nationality) live together. There are more than 50 million users. About 10000 people in the coastal area of Fangcheng County, Guangxi, China use Vietnamese.
The history of Vietnamese notation
Vietnamese classical literature is mostly written in classical Chinese, and more than 70% of the words in the dictionary are Chinese words (Chinese and Vietnamese words, "t? Han VI? T "), Chinese characters and Chinese characters invented by our nation were often used before modern times. Official documents generally use classical Chinese, while ordinary documents generally use Vietnamese, which is a mixture of Chinese characters and Chinese characters. Before the invention of the southern script in the13rd century, Vietnamese people generally spoke spoken Vietnamese, but due to the lack of local language, they often used classical Chinese when writing (similar to ancient Japan and South Korea, the official documents mostly used classical Chinese, and the folk spoken language was still the local language). After the invention of Nanzi, Vietnamese has been consistent in spoken and written language since then. 19 19 Vietnam abolished the imperial examination, 1945 saw the demise of the Ruan Dynasty and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which led to a gradual decrease in the use of Chinese characters and southern characters. It was invented by Christian missionaries in the17th century and popularized by the FrenCh colonial policy. Roman characters were used to represent "Mandarin characters (ch? Qu? c Ng？ , Mandarin) ". During the colonial period, Chinese characters were called "gifts from the French" by French colonists. After the independence movement, nationalists thought that Chinese characters and southern characters were inconvenient and inefficient, and Mandarin characters became the official notation of Vietnamese after independence. There is no doubt that most Vietnamese nationals regard Mandarin characters as a formal symbol.
/kloc-After 0/0 century, an ancient Vietnamese character-Zinan appeared. It is a kind of square character, which is partly borrowed from Chinese characters and partly formed by means of cognition, pictophonetic characters and borrowing in Chinese characters. For example, "?" (m punishes t 3, the sun); "? Mausoleum "(rice punishes t·tr╤ng, the moon). /kloc-after the 0/3rd century, poems written in Chinese characters appeared, and a large number of works have been handed down to this day. Ruan You (1765 ~ 1820)' s Jin Zhuan is a masterpiece of Zi Nan's poetry. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, European missionaries made a phonetic scheme for Latin Vietnamese to preach. During the period of 1649 ~ 165 1, the Yue-Portuguese Latin Dictionary published by Roman A. de Rhodes and the Eight-Day Preaching Law written in Latin Vietnamese were considered as the beginning of the Latin Pinyin of Vietnamese. Latinized Vietnamese has become a tool for Vietnamese to acquire cultural knowledge.
Introduction of Vietnamese "Guoyu Zi" Calligraphy
Vietnamese national characters use Latin letters. Vietnamese Mandarin calligraphy is a unique art in Vietnam, which has been deeply loved by people in recent years. There are calligraphy clubs all over Vietnam, and many of them write Mandarin very well, and their works are very collectible.
Pedigree classification
Since the beginning of the 20th century, there have been different views on the genealogical classification of Vietnamese. Some linguists such as Ma Bole (1883 ~ 1945) believe that Vietnamese is an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan language family, Zhuang-Dong language family or Sino-Tibetan language family, mainly based on the fact that Vietnamese syllables have a fixed tone, monosyllabic words are the majority, and word order and function words are the main means to express grammatical meaning. Other linguists, such as W. Schmidt (1868 ~1954), believe that Vietnamese belongs to the South Asian language family. Modern Vietnamese linguists tend to think that Vietnamese belongs to the South Asian language family according to the fact that there are a large number of basic words with the same origin as Mon-Khmer, and their grammatical structure is basically the same as that of Mon-Khmer.
dialect
Vietnamese mainly includes northern dialect, northern central dialect, southern and southern central dialects, with the northern dialect of Hanoi as the standard language. The other two dialects have some phonetic variations, but the grammatical structure is the same, and there is little difference in vocabulary, so they can communicate with each other.
speech sound
Vietnamese pronunciation includes 1 1 single vowel and 25 consonants, forming 162 rhyme; Consonants include -m, -n, -mi, -p, -t, -k and so on. The boundaries between syllables are clear. Mood plays an important role in distinguishing word meanings. The standard language has six tones: flat voice, shrill voice, mysterious voice, questioning voice, falling tone and re-tone. However, the two dialects each have five tones, namely, Beizhong dialect and Nanzhong dialect. Six tones can be divided into two categories: plain and mysterious. Two tones are flat, and the other four tones are flat, which is used for the rhythm of poetry.
grammar
Vietnamese is an isolated language, which expresses grammatical relations through unchangeable roots and word order of function words. The subject of a sentence comes before the predicate, the object and complement come after the verb, the noun modifier usually comes after the noun, but the numeral and quantifier modifiers come before the noun. After the word order or function words change, the semantics also change.
vocabulary
The main characteristics of Vietnamese word formation are that each syllable is often a meaningful unit and can be used independently; These units can also be used as the basis of disyllabic words. Most disyllabic words are disyllabic. French words (mainly scientific words) that entered Vietnamese during the colonial period continued to maintain their original syllables. In the course of more than 2,000 years of historical development, Vietnamese has continuously borrowed or transformed a large number of words from ancient Chinese and modern Chinese. Chinese loanwords account for a considerable proportion in Vietnamese.