The production technology of enamel painting originated in the Buddha-Launders area at the junction of Belgium, France and the Netherlands in the middle of15th century. /kloc-At the end of 0/5, Limoju, in the middle and west of France, was based on the process of making inner filling enamel.
It developed into an important town for painting enamel, initially making objects with religious themes, and then gradually making them into decorative handicrafts. With the frequent trade exchanges between East and West.
Especially after Taiwan Province Province was pacified in the 23rd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1684), the sea was closed and western products began to pour in. Western enamel was introduced into China from Guangzhou and other ports, and it was developed by local factories. It was called foreign porcelain, and the palace called it Guang enamel.
At that time, most products in Guangzhou retained the charm of western culture, and the glaze color was unstable because of the low firing technology. In the fifty-eighth year of Kangxi (17 19), the French enamel painter Chen Zhongxin was hired to come to Beijing to direct the burning of enamel in the Forbidden City.
Extended data:
The real historical data of enamel can be referred to: On the second day of February, 1959 in Shen Kang, Cao Fu (the son of) invited Zhu Pi, his wife, to tell Cao Yin: "Recently, your family has a lot of errands such as enamel and porcelain, and there were a number of orders before.
When I arrived in Beijing, I sent it to the headquarters to burn it after reading it. I don't know how many magnets I cheated today, but I always don't know ... "During the Kangxi period, because the production of painted enamel was still immature, painted enamel could not be directly glazed on the glazed surface of porcelain tires, but was applied on the plain tread.
At that time, enameled porcelain tires were made in Jingdezhen (except the old tires occasionally used in Yongle), floated down the Yangtze River (namely Jingdezhen, which is often called "floating beam" because of bridges), entered Poyang Lake, crossed Jiujiang Pass, crossed jiangning house (Nanjing), and then went north to Beijing along the Grand Canal.
Cao Yin's ancestors were all slaves of Michelle Ye. At that time, many important positions in weaving and customs were appointed by the rulers to manage their own coatings. The Cao family lived in Jiangning for three generations and was good at porcelain, which may be related to the enamel porcelain tires of the imperial factory, which led to Kangxi's reprimand.
Kangxi imperial kiln porcelain did not fall into Kangxi style in the early days because of the unsatisfactory production of imperial factory porcelain. It was not until the production reached a certain level that it began to fall into the "annual" style. Judging from the existing Kangxi official kiln porcelain, the "Sui" model is the official kiln porcelain produced by the Ministry of Industry in Jingdezhen Imperial Ware Factory.
Basically, it belongs to "limited" porcelain, which has a wide range of uses, including daily use, viewing and appreciation in the palace. "Imperial system" is limited to the painted enamel produced in the palace (including copper tires, glass tires and purple sand tires).
From the comparison of existing products, it is found that even the cloisonne made in the palace is made of the model of "Nian" (device 9), not the model of "Yu". Compared with the official kiln porcelain made by the imperial factory, the porcelain tire made by the manufacturer painted enamel.
The former is difficult, costly and relatively precious. In particular, the painting enamel made of enamel is a new technology, which has certain advantages compared with cloisonne enamel that has appeared in large numbers since the Ming Dynasty.
It can be seen that the imperial-style utensils are obviously superior to the Nian-style utensils in terms of production level, and their use level is also higher than that of Nian-style utensils (only applicable to the Kangxi Dynasty).
Baidu encyclopedia-porcelain tire painting enamel