Throughout the Tang and Five Dynasties, the style of ci was mainly poem, and there were only a dozen slow words. In the early Song Dynasty, it was a poem that poets were good at and used to. Zhang Xian, Yan Shu and Ouyang Xiu, who were a little later than Liu Yong, only tried to write the slow words 17, 3 and 13 respectively. Liu Yong's efforts to create slow ci fundamentally changed the pattern of the world dominated by poetry since the Tang and Five Dynasties, and made the two styles of slow ci and slow poetry keep pace.
The system of Xiaoling is short, ranging from five or six crosses to two or three crosses, with limited capacity. However, the length of slow words is relatively large, ranging from eight or nine words to one or two hundred words. Liu Yong's longest slow word, Seven Stones, is 2 12. The expansion of the length system of slow words has correspondingly expanded the content of words and improved the expressive ability of words.
Liu Yong was a poet who wrote and used the most tunes in the Song Dynasty. He has 2 13 words and uses 133 tones. Of the more than 880 tones used in the Song Dynasty, more than 100 was first used by Liu Yong. Word to Liu Yong, the system began to prepare. Sequence, introduction, proximity, slowness, monotony, disyllabic, trisyllabic and tetrasyllabic are increasingly abundant. The perfection of the formal system provides a premise for the development of Song Ci and the development of its successors in content. Without Liu Yong's exploration and creation of slow words, later generations of Su Shi, Xin Qiji and others may only be able to run around in the world of poetry, but it is difficult to create such brilliant chapters of slow words as "Water Carving Songs", "Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia" and "Shui Long Yin Deng Healthy Yueting Pavilion".
Liu Yong not only changed and developed the singing style of Ci from the music system, but also changed the aesthetic connotation and taste of Ci from the creative direction, that is, changed "elegance" into "vulgarity" and deliberately expressed the secular emotions of citizens' life in popular language. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Chen Shidao said that Liu Ci was "vulgar and admired by the world" ("Poems on the Back Mountain"), and Wang Zhuo also thought that Liu Ci was "shallow and vulgar, unique, especially ignorant of books" ("Bi Ji Man Zhi" Volume II), which revealed the characteristics of Liu Ci facing the public.
Dunhuang folk words in the Tang and Five Dynasties originally sang the voices of ordinary people and expressed their joys and sorrows. In the hands of literati, the content of ci is increasingly divorced from the lives of ordinary people, emphasizing the aesthetic taste of literati. Liu Yong was once a prodigal son in the city because of his frustrated career. He often haunts brothels and prostitutes' homes, and is quite familiar with the life and mentality of geisha and ordinary people living at the bottom of society. He often writes lyrics for geisha at the invitation of geisha and sings for the general public in teahouses, pubs and Goulanwa Temple. Therefore, he changed the creative way of literati ci, catered to and met the aesthetic needs of the public, and expressed their familiar figures and concerns with easy-to-understand language and acceptable expressions.
Li Qingzhao (A.D.1084 ~1151? ) China was a poet in Song Dynasty. No. Yi 'an Jushi, a native of Zhangqiu, Jinan, was an outstanding poetess in the Song Dynasty.
Li Qingzhao was born in a scholarly family. His father, Li, is proficient in classics and history and is good at prose. His mother Wang can also write. Influenced by her family, she was gifted at an early age. Li Qingzhao is familiar with poetry, ci, literature, books, paintings and music, among which ci is the highest achievement. Zhao Mingcheng, son of official assistant minister Tingzhi Zhao, is a textual research scholar. Li Qingzhao lived comfortably in her early years and was proficient in writing and music. After their marriage, he and Zhao Mingcheng devoted themselves to the collation of epigraphy of calligraphy and painting, and compiled The Book of the Stone. Nomads from the central plains, the family fled south. After Ming Cheng's death, most books and cultural relics were lost in the war, and they were wandering around alone, in an extremely miserable situation. It is said that Qingzhao has remarried, which is quite controversial by later scholars. There is no record about her life in her later years, except that she wrote The Classic of Beating Horse and its preface, and also took Mi Fei's ink to visit Mi Youren for an inscription.
Li Qingzhao's words are euphemistic, fresh and sincere. The early ci mainly described the lives of young girls and young women, and wrote more about boudoir feelings, revealing the yearning for love life and the pain of lovesickness. In her later poems, she lamented her life experience and sometimes showed her nostalgia for the Central Plains to express her patriotic thoughts. Li Qingzhao's literary creation has a distinctive and unique artistic style, ranking first among graceful and restrained schools, which has a great influence on later generations and is unique in the field of ci, and is called "Yi 'an Style".
She once wrote "Like a Dream", describing her happy life in Jinan as a girl: "I always remember the sunset in Xiting, and I don't know where to go when I am drunk. I have been playing until I have enjoyed myself, but I lost to Zhu Fengchi in the depths of the pool. " Crossing, crossing, startled a pool of gulls and herons. "In the Song Dynasty, there was indeed a' Xiting' in the west of Jinan.
/kloc-at the age of 0/8, Li Qingzhao married Zhao Mingcheng in Bianjing. Zhao Mingcheng was a student of Li Qingzhao and the son of Prime Minister Tingzhi Zhao. After marriage, the husband and wife have deep feelings and often write poems in newspapers. One year on the Double Ninth Festival, Li Qingzhao wrote the famous "Drunken Flowers" and gave it to her husband who was an official outside: "The fog is thick and the clouds are light, and the golden beast is sold. Double Ninth Festival, lying in bed, in the middle of the night, the cold on my body has just been soaked. Dongli drinks until dusk, and the light chrysanthemum fragrance overflows his sleeves. " Don't get carried away, the curtain rolls west wind, and people are thinner than yellow flowers. "Autumn boudoir loneliness, boudoir melancholy, vividly on paper. According to the record of the Cape Ring Record, Zhao Mingcheng was amazed after receiving it, unwilling to give in to the wind, so he stayed indoors, forgot to eat and sleep for three days and three nights, and wrote fifty poems. He incorporated this poem by Li Qingzhao into it and asked his friend Lu Defu to comment on it. Lu Defu played it over and over again and said, "Only three sentences are excellent." Zhao Mingcheng asked which three sentences it was, and Lu Defu replied, "Mo Tao is not charming, and the curtain rolls west, and people are thinner than yellow flowers. "
In 1 127, the northern Jin dynasty invaded Bianjing, and Qin zong was captured and fled south in a panic. Li Qingzhao and his wife also crossed the south of the Yangtze River. The following year, Zhao Mingcheng died in Jiankang (Nanjing).
Li Qingzhao wandered alone in the south of the Yangtze River and spent his later years in loneliness and desolation. The poet suffered the death of his country, his family and his husband, and his lyrics were even more touching. For example, the famous "Sound Slow": "Looking for it is cold and lonely, sad and sad. It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold at first. How can you beat him and be late in the wind? Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance. Yellow flowers were piled all over the floor, withered and damaged. Who can pick them now? Looking out the window, how can a person be dark? Indus is raining in Mao Mao, dripping at dusk. This time, what a sad sentence? "
At the beginning of the southern expedition, Li Qingzhao also wrote a bold and unrestrained "Summer quatrains": "Life is a hero, and death is also a ghost hero. I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong. He used Xiang Yu's unyielding death to counteract the humiliation of Hui Zong's Emperor and his son, and expressed this meaning incisively and vividly.
Li Qingzhao works hard in poetry, can write and is better at ci. With the changes of life in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, his works showed different characteristics in the early and later periods.
Li Qingzhao's early poems truly reflected her boudoir life, thoughts and feelings, and showed natural scenery and parting feelings. Such as "like a dream" two songs, lively and fresh, meaning beautiful.
Du Nan's post-ci style is also very different from that of the previous period, turning into desolation and pain, expressing nostalgia and nostalgia when he was injured. Such as "Bodhisattva Man", "Die" and the slow word "Ode to Fishing Music", all have a strong yearning for the motherland. In her poems, she fully expressed her deep sadness in her lonely life. Such as "Wulingchun", "Slow Voice" and "Qingpingle". The pain of national subjugation is integrated with the personal miserable life, and the sadness and melancholy are rendered to the extreme. It can be said that this is an artistic summary of the suffering of the times and the unfortunate fate of individuals.
Wen (about 812-866) was a poet in China in the late Tang Dynasty. Originally named Qi, Fei Qing, a native of Bingzhou Qi (now Qixian County, Shanxi Province), the grandson of Wen Yanbo in the Tang Dynasty, was a famous poet in ancient China, and two works were circulated in the Tang Dynasty. Although Wen is a native of Bingzhou, like Bai Juyi and Liu Zongyuan, he spent most of his life in other places. According to the examination, Wen traveled with his family in Jianghuai when he was young, and then settled in the rural area of yi county (now Huxian County, Shaanxi Province), so he called himself a tourist.
There is no record of Wen's birth year in history. Moon Hee's old annotation was broken in the 4th year of Changqing (824), and the Xia's Wen Fei Qing Nian holds that he was born in the 7th year of Yuanhe (8 12). In recent years, Chen's textual research on Wen's early deeds was born in the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (8O 1). Liang's Book of the Tang Dynasty is consistent with Chen's Textual Research. Wen died in Xian Tong for seven years (866) at the age of 66.
Wen, like other accomplished poets, is thirsty for knowledge and tirelessly sits on the inkstone. Besides playing drums and flute, he is also particularly good at poetry. In the Book Biography of the Old Tang Dynasty, he said that he "can play the sounds one by one, which is a kind word". At that time, like Li Shangyin, the time number was liberal arts. "North Dream Suoyan" said that the article is "smart thinking, dedicated to small fu. Every time he entered the exam, he wrote an official rhyme, and all eight rhymes became eight, so people called him "Wen Bajiao". In ancient China, there was a saying that a quick-thinking person could make a poem in several steps, but there was no second person who used eight forks to form eight rhymes like Wen.
Such a talented person missed the first place in the Jinshi list. Those who can take the exam today, Wen Ting began to take the exam at 40 o'clock in the fourth year (839), but failed. He only tried to pay tribute once in Jingzhao Mansion, but he didn't even take part in the provincial examination. The reason is probably the political struggle in the palace. Because of Yang Xianfei's slander, dozens of people around Prince Zhuang were killed or deported, and all the sand and stones were scattered. Then Prince Zhuang died suddenly and inexplicably. Wen was involved in this political struggle, and he was fine without being hurt, so he didn't expect to become a scholar. Before entering the examination room, he was doomed to an unattainable fate. After four years of failure, Wen lived in the suburbs for two years. In his own words, it is "I have been ill for two years, so I don't recommend to the countryside and try to have a company." I don't know if he was really ill at that time, or if he stayed at home for fear of disaster. See you in Huainan when you are 4 1 year old. As early as when Wen was 8 years old, he knew each other, and they were friends since childhood. At the age of 55, Wen took the exam again. Before that, I tried several times and failed in Sun Shan every time. This time, it was in nine years (855). Hewen disturbed the house and made a big fuss about it. The reason for disturbing the venue is that Wen has a nickname of "saving a few people", which is to help the candidates in the examination room. Therefore, this time, Shen Xun gave Wen special treatment and invited Wen to try his hand in front of the curtain. Wen Tingyun made a scene and disturbed the house. It is said that Wen secretly helped eight people, although this time he was on guard. Of course, I failed the exam again. Since then, that is to say, from the age of 56, Wen has given up this worry and stopped setting foot on fame.
Although it is wrong to save people in the examination room, we can see Wen's talent from here. Like saving people in the examination room, literature also helps the spirit. Wen Tingyun was well received when he entered and exited the Hu Ling Pavilion. At that time, I liked the song "Bodhisattva Man", secretly asked Wen to add the word "Bodhisattva Man" to myself, and told Wen not to leak it out, but it spread out, which made me very dissatisfied. Wen Tingyun looked down on Hu Tao's talent. Xuanzong wrote a poem, and the last sentence contained "golden steps", but he failed to get it right. Let the first scholar get it right, and Wen Ting secretly told me that "the hairpin was dropped". Xuanzong was very happy and gave it a reward. Ling Hutao didn't know the theory of jade strips, so he asked Wen for advice. Wen Tingyun accused him of being from Nanhuajing, and said that Nanhuajing was not a good book. As a prime minister, he should also read some books in his spare time. The implication is that Ling doesn't study, but he still tells people that "books are generals in the province" and laughs at Tao for not learning. Ling Hutao hated him even more, saying that he was talented and incompetent, and should not be the first. It can be seen that Wen has never won the first prize. He is jealous of those in power unless he has no talent. Not only high, but also left a bad reputation for bad conduct. There is also a saying that Wen Tingyun met Xuanzong, who had traveled so far in the boathouse. Because he didn't know he was an emperor, he was proud of it.
Wen Tingyun disturbed the backyard, demoted Suizhou as a county commandant, and became a very small official. Later, Xu Shang town Xiangyang was turned into an inspector, and Wen was 56 years old at this time. In Xiangyang, literature and leather, making friends and singing together. After staying in Xiangyang for several years, Xu Shang went to Que, and Wen also left Xiangyang for Jiangdong. At this time, he was 6 1 year-old and returned to Huainan in winter at the age of 62. At this time, Wen, though famous for his poems, was down and out, in a mess, and had intimate drinking with the nobles Pei Jian and Gao Qiu. Ling was not in Huainan at that time, and Wen didn't go to see him because he kept suppressing himself when he was in office. Although an old acquaintance, I didn't go to see him. Later, Wen was forced to beg in the Yangzi Courtyard because of his poor family. He was drunk and made trouble all night. He was slapped by the patrolling soldiers, and even his teeth were discounted. He sued Ling Hutao because he didn't deal with rude soldiers. The soldiers said that Wen was narrow and ugly, and said how bad his conduct was. As a result, the words about the extremely bad character of the text spread to the capital. The 63-year-old man's teeth were knocked out, and his reputation was even worse. Wen had to go to Chang 'an in person, sent a letter to officials and ministers, saying that he had apologized for himself, and then lived in Beijing.
In the sixth year of Xian Tong (865), Wen became a teaching assistant and was arraigned by the main teaching assistant imperial academy the following year. Wen Tingyun, who was repeatedly suppressed in the imperial examination, was different in the main examination. After strict text judgment, he wrote "30 poems to show justice" and wrote a list saying: "Yes, the poems collected in previous lives are slightly refined, worthy of enlightenment, with intense tone and ballad titles, which are sometimes difficult to write. In the light and candlelight, heroic words stand out. Sincerely, it is appropriate to show it to the people on the list, not at will. List together to show selflessness. " Making the test poems public was intended to invite the masses to supervise and put an end to the unhealthy trend of borrowing soil because of people, which was spread as a beautiful talk at that time. This move brought misfortune to Wen. He is judged entirely by words, and the list has been made public, which has already made the dignitaries dissatisfied. In addition, some people criticize current politics and expose corruption in listed poems. Wen Tingyun praised that "the sound is sharp and happy to spread the truth", which is even more taboo for dignitaries. Therefore, Prime Minister Yang Shou was furious and demoted Wen to Fangcheng Wei. When Ji sent him to Fangcheng, he said, "Drink green (record) to dispel grievances, not to mention yellow ribbons to sweep away dust." Wen was hit by this and was demoted again. He died of depression this winter. Biography of Talented Talents in Tang Dynasty said, "I died in the street". Unknown died shortly after arriving at Fangcheng, or before arriving at Fangcheng. A generation of talented people died of frustration, and a thousand years later, people regretted it. He is arrogant and despises powerful people. Therefore, Dr. Ji Tang Fu sent him to Fangcheng to write a poem: "Although the phoenix is in danger, the parrot is tall but tired."
At that time, powerful people could crowd out and suppress Wen, making his career and life bumpy, but he could not suppress Wen's talent. Wen finally became an immortal poet in literary history.
Wen is a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty, who is famous for his poems. Although most of Wen's poems are not of high value in ideological sense, they are unique in art. Poets in all previous dynasties have highly praised Wen's poems and are known as the originator of Huajian School. Wang Zheng's Preface to Poems of Longbi Mountain Residence was written by Li Bai, Wang Jian and Wen. "His prose is deep and secluded, and the sage and gentleman are unspeakable. The commentator takes Ting Yun as the only one." Zhou Ji's "Miscellaneous Poems of Jiecunzhai" says: "There are differences in words, but there are differences. Fei Qing said a paperweight, which has finally sounded into the clouds, which can be described as the best of both worlds. " Zhang Hui also said: "Fei Qing's writing is beautiful and faithful. Fei Qing has the deepest brewing, so his words are not angry or arrogant, and he is prepared to combine rigidity with softness. " "Needle and thread, the Southern Song people began to show traces, and the flowers were very vigorous. If you fly to Qing, you will be outside the spirit, and you can't ask for it. However, in detail, orthography has a context. " Liu Xizai's "Outline of Art" goes further: "Wen Feiqing's ci is exquisite." The position of prose in the history of ci is really very important.
There are as many as 66 tender words in Hua Jian Ji, and it can be said that Wen was the first poet devoted to lyricism. Ci, a literary form, was really valued by people. Only when it reached Wen's hands, did the five pronouns compete with the poets in Song Dynasty, which finally made Ci a wonderful work in China's ancient literary world, and it still has a very wide influence. Wen's contribution to Ci will always be admired by future generations.
Wen's poems were well written and highly praised by people at that time. The poem "The thatched cottage crows and the moon is full of frost" in A Journey to the Mountain is an immortal famous sentence. According to legend, Ouyang Xiu, a famous poet in the Song Dynasty, appreciated this couplet very much. He once wrote his own poem "Birds singing in the rain in Maodian, wild colorful spring in Banqiao", but it failed to exceed Shi Wen's original intention.
According to the book of New Tang Dynasty, there are three volumes of Penglan Collection, Jinquanji 10, Poetry Collection, five volumes, Han Nan Zhen Manuscript 10, Han Shang Ming Collection 10, Duan and Yu Zhi. Unfortunately, its collection has not been handed down. Wen's poems only exist in Huajian Collection, Quantang Poetry Collection and Quantang Literature.
Besides poetry, Wen is also a novel writer and scholar. According to the New Tang Book, there are three volumes of novel Gan Xunzi, Record of Tea Picking 1 Volume, Xue Hai Compilation1Volume. Unfortunately, they have all been lost, and now they can't find out the details. Especially the loss of Xue Hai 10 is really a great loss in the academic history of our country. If Xue Hai can be preserved, it will certainly make a great contribution to academic research and compilation.
As a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty and an important figure in the history of China's Ci, the loss of his poetry anthology is regrettable and a great loss in the treasure house of classical literature. Not only the collection of poetry and prose is lost, but also the important historical materials about the text have been lost, so it is difficult to know the details of the text now. The Biography of Talented Persons in Tang Dynasty is also reversed in time sequence and wrong. Although some experts have studied it, they can only know it roughly. Nevertheless, Wen still shines brilliantly in the history of literature, and his name is immortal.
Qin Guan (1049- 1 100) was a poet of the Northern Song Dynasty in China. The word space, swim less, nothing. Huaihai lay man Gaoyou people. Northern Song Dynasty writers. Song Shenzong Yuanfeng was a scholar for eight years (1085). He used to be Dr. imperial academy (lecturer of national university), secretary of provincial orthography and editor of National History Institute. Politically inclined to the old party, when Zhezong was in power, the "new party" was in power, demoted to state wine tax, took charge of Hengzhou, moved to Leizhou and died in Tengzhou. And Huang Tingjian, Chao, also known as "Su Men Four Bachelor", quite appreciated by Su Shi. Qin Guan is generous, free and easy, beyond words. At the age of 20, I wrote Fu on Fushan Weir. At the age of 24, he wrote "Riding alone to see Ruff", which was highly respected by the world. His prose is good at argument, and The History of Song Dynasty was rated as "literary and thoughtful". His poems are good at lyricism. Taosun Ao's Poetry Review said: "Qin Shaoyou is like a woman swimming in spring, but she is weak in the end." He was a famous graceful poet in the late Northern Song Dynasty. His poems mostly describe the feelings of men and women and express the sadness of career frustration. His words are skillful and meticulous, and his melody is harmonious and beautiful. Representative works include Que Qiao Xian (Bo Yun is clever), Wang Hai Chao (Mei Ying Shu) and Man Ting Fang (Mountain Wipe). In "The Fairy of the Que Bridge", "If love lasts for a long time, it will be there sooner or later!" A famous sentence called "Turning Decadence into Magic" (see Selected Poems of Starting a prairie fire). In Man Ting Fang, "There is a setting sun outside, there are Western jackdaw numbers in the west, and the water flows around the lonely village" is called "naturally eloquent" (Chao Bu's words are quoted from "Notes on Gaizhai"). Zhang Yan's etymology said: "Qin Shaoyou's ci is elegant, energetic, beautiful, full of meaning, chewing without me, and knowing the taste for a long time." For details about his life, see History of the Song Dynasty, Volume 444. He is the author of 40 volumes of Huaihai Ji, Huaihai Ci (also known as Huaihai Jushi's Long and Short Sentences), Persuading Good Records and Anti-Travel Ji. He also edited "Yangzhou Poetry" and "Gaoyou Poetry". His Silkworm Book is the earliest extant monograph on sericulture in China. He is also good at calligraphy. Learn from Zhong and Wang in lower case, and be charming, vigorous and lovely. The cursive script has the flavor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He really learned from Yan Zhenqing. In the fourth year of Jianyan (1 130), Qin Guan was posthumously awarded the "Bachelor of Zhilong Tuge" by the Southern Song Dynasty court. Gaoyou Wenyou Terrace, Qin Guanyue Terrace, Qin Youtie Stone Carvings, Yangzhou Yunshan Map, and the "First Scene of Huaidong" Stone Carvings have been preserved to this day.