During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended.
1, a hundred schools of thought contend
(1) Contention background: great social change. Including: the collapse of Jing Tian system, the disintegration of enfeoffment system, frequent wars and the rise of private schools.
(2) Controversy: The core issues are how to govern the country (rule of virtue, benevolent government, rule of law and inaction), as well as human nature, the relationship between people and the relationship between man and nature.
(3) The influence of contention: It was an ideological emancipation movement, which laid the foundation for the development of China's traditional ideology and culture.
2. Confucius, Mencius and Xun and the formation of Confucianism.
(1) Confucius' achievements
Ideologically, Confucianism was founded and the ideas of "benevolence", "courtesy" and "rule by virtue" were put forward.
Education: setting up private schools and summarizing some teaching methods.
On Classics: Compiling Six Classics.
[Attachment] Confucius' important remarks have made him want to stand up and stand up; If you want to achieve it, you can achieve it; Don't do to others according to their aptitude what you don't want them to do to you. Morality is the way, and courtesy is the spirit. Rule by virtue is like Beichen, living in its place and surrounded by stars.
(2) Mencius' proposition: the nature is good, the people are noble and the monarch is light, and the government is benevolent.
[Attachment] Mencius' important speech is that the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light. Opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven are outmatched by terrestrial advantages, which in turn are outmatched by the harmony among people.
(3) Xunzi's proposition: human nature is evil, which can be changed by learning "courtesy"; We can use the laws of nature to benefit mankind.
[Attachment] Zhou Jun, an important speech of Xunzi, also said that water can carry a boat and overturn it. Heaven has its own heaven ... and use them.
Second, Confucianism in the Han Dynasty became an orthodox thought.
1, Dong Zhongshu's proposition: great unification; To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone; Heaven and man are one, heaven and man are interlinked, and the monarchy is divine. (Others: Three Basic Principles and Five Permanent Principles)
2. Measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: ousting a hundred schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism alone; Set up imperial academy and popularize Confucianism.
[Objective: To strengthen autocratic centralization. Influence: autocratic centralization is strengthened, and Confucianism becomes orthodox]
Third, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties.
1, Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism
(1) "Er Cheng" (pioneers of Neo-Confucianism) refers to Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao. Their main viewpoints are: Heaven is the source of all things, ethics is heaven, and the core of heaven is "benevolence".
(2) Zhu (Master of Neo-Confucianism)' s main viewpoints are: the theory of regulating qi; Maintain justice and destroy human desires.
2. Wang Yangming's view on psychology is that reason lies in the heart (the heart is reason, and there is nothing outside the heart); Conscience (strengthening moral cultivation, overcoming people's desires and restoring people's original good nature); Unity of knowing and doing (knowing and doing come from the heart, so you should control your behavior and practice with your conscience)
Fourth, Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1, Li Zhi's "deviant" (anti-unification and heresy) view: opposing "saints"; People's material life is just.
2. The three great thinkers in Ming and Qing Dynasties refer to Huang Zongxi (who wrote A Record of Ming Yi to Be Visited), Gu (who wrote A Record of Japanese Knowledge and A Record of Diseases in Counties and Countries under the World) and Wang Fuzhi. The similarities of their thoughts are: opposing autocratic monarchy, advocating industry and commerce as the foundation, and advocating practical application. Gu also has the idea that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world", and Wang Fuzhi also has outstanding achievements in philosophy.
[Remarks: yellow-the world is dominant, you are a guest; The rule of chaos in the world is not the rise and fall of a surname, but the sorrow and joy of all people; Change "the law of one family" to "the law of the world"; Frankly speaking, it's none of the school's business. Gu-people rule the world, you can't rule alone ... you can send people into the world with the power of the world]
Five, the rise and fall of Confucianism: see the outline.
Topic 2 Science, technology, literature and art in ancient China.
I. Scientific and technological achievements
1, four great inventions appeared and completed: papermaking-paper unearthed from tombs in the Western Han Dynasty in Gansu Province, and "Cai Hou Paper" in the Eastern Han Dynasty; Compass-the name of the Warring States "Sina", used for navigation in the Song Dynasty; Gunpowder-used in the military during the Tang and Song Dynasties; Engraving printing appeared in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The Diamond Sutra is the earliest known printed matter with exact date in the world. Movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in Northern Song Dynasty.
2. The influence of the four great inventions on world civilization: papermaking, printing, cultural development, ideological emancipation (Renaissance, religious reform), gunpowder, bourgeois revolution, bourgeois regime, compass, new ship road and world market = = = In short, the world has entered the era of capitalism.
Second, Chinese characters and calligraphy and painting
1. The origin and evolution of Chinese characters: Oracle Bone Inscriptions-Xiao Zhuan-Li Shu-regular script-running script (reading books to identify various fonts), the general trend is from complex to simple.
2. China's painting and calligraphy
(1) Calligraphers: Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (a calligrapher, the first running script in the world in Preface to Lanting), Ou Yangxun, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty (good at regular script).
(2) Classification of Chinese painting: figure painting, landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting; During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, literati painting made outstanding achievements.
Third, literary achievements.
(1) The Book of Songs: It contains more than 300 poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, which are divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode. It is the source of realism and a Confucian classic.
63(3) Han Fu: Gorgeous rhetoric, exaggerated techniques, rich content, reflecting the scene of unification. Representative figures include Sima Xiangru and Zhang Heng.
(4) Tang poetry: Social prosperity, opening to the outside world and imperial examinations promoted the prosperity of Tang poetry. Representative figures are Li, Du and Bai.
(5) Song Ci: There are graceful schools represented by Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao, and wild schools represented by Su Shi and Xin Qiji.
(6) Yuan Qu: including Yuan Zaju and Sanqu, represented by Guan Hanqing and Ma Zhiyuan.
(7) Novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties: With the development of commodity economy and the expansion of citizen class, four classical novels and classical Chinese short story Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and satirical novel The Scholars appeared.
Fourth, the emergence and development of Peking Opera: During the Qianlong period, four Huizhou classes went to Beijing, and later, Huizhou opera and Han tune merged to form Peking Opera.
Topic 3 Ideological Emancipation Trend in Contemporary China
First, the germination of new ideas
1. Lin Zexu opened his eyes to the world: he compiled the first systematic Atlas of World Geography in modern China and became the first person to open his eyes to the world.
2. Wei Yuan and the Atlas of the Sea: the most detailed monograph based on The Records of the Four Seas, which introduces western historical geography and puts forward the idea of "learning from foreigners" to guide people to pay attention to the world and enlighten people's thoughts.
Second, the reform ideas
1, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Yan Fu's ideological course of seeking change in western learning.
(1) Kang Youwei: He published Textual Research on Confucius' Reform and Textual Research on New Learning and Pseudo-Classics, and advocated constitutional monarchy with the help of Confucius. Its ideological characteristic is to combine the western bourgeois political theory with China's Confucianism.
(2) Liang Qichao: Published "General Discussion on Reform", advocated advocating civil rights, set up parliament, tried to survive in the reform, and opposed conformism.
(3) Yan Fu: Translate the theory of evolution and publicize the reform according to the theory of evolution.
2. The function of the thought of reform and political reform in the social development of modern China: it promoted the reform movement and emancipated the mind.
Third, the new culture movement.
1, the representative figures and main contents of the New Culture Movement:
(1) Chen Duxiu: founded "New Youth" to promote "-democracy" (Mr. Sai-science); Advocate new morality and new literature; Published "On the Literary Revolution".
(2) Cai Yuanpei: When he was president of Peking University, he implemented the policy of "freedom of thought and inclusiveness", making Peking University the activity base of the New Culture Movement. (3) Hu Shi: published "My humble opinion on literary improvement" and advocated vernacular Chinese.
(4) Lu Xun: Writing Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji combined anti-feudalism with vernacular Chinese.
(5) Li Dazhao: Promote Marxism.
[Remarks: Chen Duxiu-advocates that respecting Confucius must establish a monarch, and that establishing a monarch must be restored ... Confucianism and * * * and ... one must be abolished]
2. The influence of the New Culture Movement: ideological emancipation, people's awakening, cultural transformation and the spread of Marxism.
Fourth, the spread of Marxism in China.
1 and the spread of Marxism around the May 4th Movement.
(1) Before the May 4th Movement, Li Dazhao published Victory of the Common People and Victory of Bolshevism.
(2) After the May 4th Movement, Li Dazhao published My View on Marxism for systematic publicity; Debate with Hu Shi on "Problems and Doctrine".
2. The great significance of Marxism to the historical development of China: ideological emancipation, the workers' movement, the founding of China and the new-democratic revolution.
Topic 4 Main theoretical achievements of China Thought since the 20th century.
I. Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles
1, the old Three People's Principles
(1) Basic content: nationalism-"expelling the Tatars and restoring China", that is, the national revolution, which overthrew the Qing government by violent means; (core) democracy-"establishing the Republic of China", that is, overthrowing autocracy through political revolution and establishing bourgeois democracy;
People's livelihood-"equal land rights", that is, social revolution, land price verification, the land price increased after the revolution belongs to the state and the people enjoy it.