The recitation formula for the historical knowledge points in the first grade of junior high school is as follows:
Volume 1: 1. Ancient residents of the motherland
1.7 million years ago, Yunnan's "Yuanmou" Man appeared and could make tools and use fire, so he was called ape.
Beijing people in Zhoukoudian, the division of labor between hands and feet has been obvious, group labor and life, stone tools have appeared, the preservation of fire has many uses, and primitive society has become apparent.
As soon as the cavemen on the top of the mountain discovered it, it was 18,000 years ago. New drilling technology was polished, artificial fire was unprecedented, blood relations formed clans, and there was no rich or poor, nobility or status.
2. Primitive farming life
In the "Hemudu" area of ??the Yangtze River, progress was made in grinding stone tools, rice was grown on the meager land, people lived in stilted houses, and wells were dug to raise livestock. Pottery, simple jade and musical instruments.
There is a "Ban Slope" in the Yellow River Basin, where people lived together in underground houses. They were the first to grow millet as food, vegetables, fish and meat as non-staple food. Early writing took shape, and they could also spin thread and weave cloth.
3. The Ancestor of China
The "first ancestor of humanities" is the Yellow Emperor, who abdicated the system of Yao, Shun, and Yu. The first Xia Dynasty was established by Yu, and the slave society began.
4. The rise and fall of Xia, Shang and Western Zhou
The Xia Dynasty was founded by Xia Yu. The early state had been established. The throne was passed to his son Qi, and the abdication became hereditary. The Xia Dynasty experienced 470 (years) ), the tyrant Xia Jie was taken away (cancelled) by Shang.
Shang Tang destroyed Xia and established the Shang Dynasty. Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin and Shang. The famous tyrant was King Zhou. King Wu defeated Zhou and destroyed Shang.
King Wu defeated Zhou and destroyed the Shang Dynasty. The Western Zhou Dynasty established its capital in Haojing. The feudal system established national policies. The rule of the emperor was strengthened. The tyrant King Li was inhumane. The Zhou Dynasty was destroyed in 771 BC.
5. Brilliant Bronze Civilization
At the end of primitive society, my country already had bronze wares. The types of bronze wares gradually increased in the Xia Dynasty. , "Siyang Fangzun" has exquisite craftsmanship, "Sanxingdui" is world-famous, and "Bronze Standing Man" has new ideas.
The life of a slave was miserable, and the inhumane treatment was so bitter. They were forced to produce in chains, without freedom, food and warmth. Their lives were not as good as those of cattle and horses, and people were sacrificed and slaughtered.
6. Disputes in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods
The king of Qi, Duke Huan of Qi, appointed his prime minister named Guan Zhong. With the slogan "respect the king and repel the barbarians", the first overlord showed off his power. The second overlord, Jin Wengong, was called a hero in the Battle of Chengpu. He "retreated to three houses" to lure the Chu army and defeated the Chu army in Chengpu.
Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qin, there were many wars between the seven heroes of the Warring States Period. The king of Qi’s military advisor was named Sun Bin. He besieged Wei and rescued Zhao and fought in Guiling. The battle started again in the first 260 years. The war between Qin and Zhao was peaceful. Zhao Kuo came to talk about war on paper. , forty-six days when the food and grass were exhausted, the Zhao army defeated the Qin army and won. From then on, it was difficult for the six countries to compete.
7. The Era of Great Change
Iron farm tools appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, which spread all over the land during the Warring States Period. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, oxen were used for farming, which was a great revolution in the history of agriculture.
Li Bing built the Dujiangyan Irrigation System to eliminate floods and irrigate farmland. His contribution to flood control surpassed that of Yu the Great and benefited the people for thousands of years.
Xiao Gong had great plans for governing the country, and Shang Yang's reform was the most powerful. It recognized private land ownership, rewarded farming and war without corvee, abolished the power of the nobility, established a county system for governance, the economy developed greatly, and the army gained combat effectiveness. The Warring States Period In the later period, Qin was the strongest, and Shang Yang made great reforms.
Eight and Ninth. The rise of Chinese culture
Writing can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty, with oracle bone writing being the earliest, bronze inscriptions engraved on bronzes, and large seal script forming in the late Zhou Dynasty.
The ancients paid great attention to the sky. The solar and lunar eclipses were recorded in the book. The calendar of the Xia Dynasty was called "Xia Li" and the twenty-four solar terms of the Warring States Period.
The earliest famous doctor was Bian Que, who used acupuncture, decoctions, massage, and "look, smell, ask, and feel" to diagnose diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine is really good.
The poet of Chu State is called Qu Yuan. He is a famous person in the world. His long lyrical poem "Li Sao" has been passed down for thousands of years.
Confucius is said to be a saint, and he was shrewd in ideological education. He advocated "loving people" and observing the sentiments of the people, and "governing with virtue" and opposed torture. He ran a school and admitted 3,000 apprentices. He taught students according to their aptitude and cultivated talents, inspiring students to think more and advocate Review the past and learn the new. His words and deeds are included in the Analects. He is the founder of Confucianism.
Laozi, the founder of Taoism, whose teachings are recorded in the Tao Te Ching, advocates the opposites of things and to think clearly about both the pros and cons.
The contention of a hundred schools of thought is a good form. "Mo, Confucianism, Taoism and Law" are here. Mohism advocates "universal love" and "non-attack". "Benevolent government" governs the country is Mencius. The representative of Taoism is Zhuangzi, who advocates "inaction". Rule of law, Han Feizi, a representative of the Legalists, opposed empty talk and advocated "rule of law". The originator of the military strategist was Sun Wu, who discussed military affairs in "The Art of War".
10. "The King of Qin conquered Liuhe"
230-221 BC (year), Qin destroyed the six kingdoms and unified them, and the first emperor Xianyang came to ascend the throne, concentrating supreme power.
The prime minister, the Taiwei and the Yushi, the local implementation of the county system, the national unified weights and measures, as well as currency and writing, for the sake of ideological control, "burning books and entrapping Confucianism" has both gains and losses.
To resist the Xiongnu and build the Great Wall, to develop the southern Xinjiang and build the Ling Canal, to expand the territory and expand the territory, the world's great power is amazing.
11. "Fighting the unjust and punishing Qin"
The Qin Dynasty's tyranny made the people angry, and the garrison troops rose up in Daze, and the power was like breaking bamboo to establish the political power. After the defeat of Chen Wu, Xiang Liu Ji .
Xiang Yu led his troops to create a miracle, Julu defeated the main force of Qin, Liu Bang led his troops to Xianyang, the short-lived Qin Dynasty was destroyed, the Chu-Han conflict lasted four years, and Liu Bang established his power in Chang'an. ?
12. The Unified Han Dynasty
Liu Bang hired "Zhang Xiaohan" to establish the Western Han Dynasty in 202 BC, learning from the lessons of Qin's fall and reducing the burden on the people. "Government by Wen and Jing" seeks development, and the social outlook is greatly changed. The light corvee and low endowment win the hearts of the people. Farmers and mulberry trees are rewarded for heavy production. They take the lead in doing things frugally. The people feel at ease by "transforming the people with virtue." Plump, focusing on long-term governance and long-term peace, Emperor Wu's unification is even more extraordinary.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was a talented and strategist. He made good use of talents to centralize power. He deposed hundreds of schools of thought and respected Confucianism. He centralized power and reduced the power to the princes and divided the land. He organized the Taixue Study of the Five Classics and unified the country in its heyday.
13. The economic development of the Han Dynasty
Emperor Wu had a clever trick for river management. Civil and military officials carried firewood and went to the construction site to see the management in person, and there were no disasters or floods for more than 80 years.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty repaired the Yellow River and built more than a thousand (miles) of embankments. The flooded land was turned into fertile farmland, and there was no flood disaster for more than 800 years.
In the Western Han Dynasty, plows were equipped with mouldboards, new tools such as columbians and sowing machines, silk weaving jacquards, and Du Shi's water drainage hydraulics.
Emperor Wu had experience in centralizing power, and unified the casting of five coins. The management of salt and iron was returned to the central government, and urban prosperity had emerged.
14. The rise of the Xiongnu and the war with the Han Dynasty
Maodun unified Mongolia and prospered. In the early Han Dynasty, he was forced to make peace with the Xiongnu. Wei and Huo led their troops to defeat the Xiongnu, and Zhaojun left the fortress. Spread a good name.
15. The Han Dynasty connected the Western Regions and the Silk Road
Tracing back to the Han Dynasty, Gansu Yumen Yangguanxi, now known as the Western Regions, was a small country that was bullied by the Huns. Emperor Wu's rule was scheming, and he recruited envoys to go out to the Western Regions in an attempt to contact the Dayue clan, so that they could attack the Huns together.
Zhang Qian went out to the Western Regions twice, overcoming hardships and dangers to make historical achievements, and promoting communication between the East and the West, which is of great historical significance.
After Zhang Qian’s mission to the Western Regions, the Silk Road opened to Europe, land and sea trade developed greatly, and Eastern and Western cultures penetrated each other. Countries in the Western Regions surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and their social outlook changed greatly. They established the Western Regions Capital Talisman to take charge of the affairs of the Western Regions.
In 138 and 119 BC, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions and brought cattle, sheep and cloth, cast iron to dig wells and canals, weaving, lacquerware and gold tools, and brought back grapes, pomegranates, walnuts and alfalfa, as well as songs, dances and musical instruments.
The Maritime Silk Road is not bad, starting from the coast of Guangdong, heading south from the Indochina Peninsula, Malacca, the Malay Peninsula, and continuing to Bangladesh, the southern tip of the peninsula and Sri Lanka.
Sixteenth and Seventeenth, the prosperous Qin and Han culture
Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty "Caihou Paper", Zhang Heng invented the seismometer, and "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" are amazing, and they all created miracles in the world.
Hua Tuo was a famous doctor at the Department of Surgery, and "Ma Fei Powder" was a good medicine. He was a pioneer in world medicine and even compiled the "Five Animals Show" for gymnastics.
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing wrote "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases". He had high medical ethics and excellent medical skills, and was respected as the "Medical Sage" by later generations.
Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records", which narrated the story from Emperor Huang to Emperor Wu. It was compiled in a biographical style, and its concise writing style is an example.
The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum display extraordinary sculptures, majestic artistic group portraits, and exquisite and vivid shapes.
Eighteen. The Three Kingdoms
In the year 200, during the war at Guandu, there was a huge disparity in power between Cao and Yuan. Cao Cao used Xu You's plan to unify the north and establish a basis.
The old man has great ambitions. In 208, the war started again. Cao Cao went south to Chibi.
The battle of Chibi determined the overall situation, and the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu were established. In 220, Cao Pi established his capital at Luoyang to defeat the Wei banner. The following year, Liu Bei also proclaimed himself emperor and established his capital at Chengdu. Hanye succeeded him in 222. Sun became king and the capital was established in Wu Qiju.
The economies of the three countries have developed greatly, and each of them has shown its special ability to focus on production. Wei State attaches great importance to water conservancy, and Sichuan brocade silk ranks first. Wu State focuses on shipbuilding along the coast to connect the mainland and Taiwan.
Nineteen. Development of the Jiangnan area
In the Battle of Feishui in 383 (year), Fu Jian led 800,000 troops in an attempt to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty in one fell swoop. He was ambitious and ambitious, but he didn't know We have long lost our military morale, and our soldiers are unwilling to sacrifice their lives. Our former teachers have not forgotten their lessons, and the support of the people is fundamental.
Looking back at the history of the Three Kingdoms period, Jiangnan was backward and sparsely populated. The land was fertile and uncultivated, and there was plenty of rain and heat. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the Northern War broke out, people of all ethnic groups moved to the south of the Yangtze River, bringing labor and technology with them, and the economy of the south of the Yangtze River developed. Large areas of wasteland were reclaimed, water conservancy projects were built, rice, wheat and green manure were built, and manure and cattle farming were promoted.
Twenty. Great integration of ethnic groups in the north
There was Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty. He moved the capital to Luoyang and made plans to wear Han clothes, learn Chinese, change Chinese surnames, learn Han rituals, and marry Han and Han. Encourage the adoption of Han-style laws and regulations, govern the country with filial piety, respect Confucius, respect the elders and promote social customs, and achieve national integration and unity.
Twenty-one and twenty-two, the culture of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties as a link between the past and the future
The "Chongzhi" of the Southern Dynasties loved scientific research, made contributions to mathematics and astronomy, and accurately calculated pi, leading the world for nearly a thousand years. He has made great achievements in writing the book "Zhushu". There is almost no time difference between the years. He built a "thousand-mile boat" and traveled hundreds of miles. He polished the flour with a water hammer and pounded it until it was polished.
There was a Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties. He wrote "Essentials for Elevating the People", which focused on the five industries of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline fishery, and the cultivation of crops according to the seasons. He also improved techniques and methods and bore great fruit in the history of agriculture.
Li Daoyuan wrote "Shui Jing Zhu", which is a monograph in geography, with rivers and waterways as the outline, topography, products and customs, mountains, rivers, towns and historic sites, as well as poetic and picturesque scenery.
Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was a master of calligraphy. His representative work "Lanting Preface" ranked first in the world in "running script". Later generations gave Wang a good reputation and honored him as the "Sage of Calligraphy".
The characters painted by Kaizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty are lifelike and artistic. There are two representative works, "Picture of Proverbs of the Female History" and "Ode to the Goddess of Luo".
In the Northern Dynasties, "Yungang" and "Longmen" were the most outstanding caves carved into the mountains, inheriting the style of the Qin and Han Dynasties and absorbing the art of Buddhism.
Volume 2: 1. The prosperous Sui Dynasty
In the Northern Zhou Dynasty in 581, Yang Jian, a relative of the Sui Dynasty, concentrated power and seized power in Chang'an. Yang Jian was named Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty. In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed the Chen Dynasty and unified the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Emperor Wen made great achievements in governing the country, and the Sui Dynasty prospered for a period. Reform the system to show prosperity, develop production and emphasize the management of officials, advocate frugality and anti-luxury, and set an example to save food and clothing. The burden on the people has been greatly reduced, the social economy has been prosperous, food and cloth are abundant, and the population has increased in more than 20 years.
In the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Sui Yang consolidated his rule and opened large canals, recruited millions of migrant workers, and dug more than 2,000 kilometers of canals, connecting the sea, Huang, Huai, Chang, and Qian, and "the world turned to canals." "Look up to this canal", Emperor Yang's rule was tyrannical, and the peasants revolted in the late Sui Dynasty. ?
2. The "Government of Zhenguan"
Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, kept in mind the lessons of the Sui Dynasty. He despised corvee and taxation and emphasized production. The monarch and his ministers were honest and diligent. "Valuing the virtuous and capable, humbly accepting advice and using Wei Zheng, the government will be clear and the Ming Dynasty will be strong and prosperous, and the "Government of Zhenguan" will be truly prosperous. In the Tang Dynasty, there was Wu Zetian, who held great power in the harem. In her later years, she was called the empire Zhou. She was the only empress. She promoted "Zhenguan" and had political achievements, leading to the "prosperity" to Kaiyuan.
3. "The Prosperity of Kaiyuan"
In the "Government of Kaiyuan", Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appointed the prime minister named Yao Chong and offered ten suggestions, which Xuanzong followed one by one. Paying attention to official administration and political performance, making great efforts in reform and innovation, the political situation in the early period of Xuanzong was stable, and the "Kaiyuan prosperous age" showed vitality.
There are many farmland water conservancy projects, rice seedling production has increased, new varieties of vegetables have been introduced, and tea drinking has become popular. The "curved shaft plow" was used for plowing the land, the "tube cart" was a new irrigation tool, silk weaving and ceramics were all famous, and the city was at its peak.
In the later period of Xuanzong's life, he was obsessed with pleasure and doted on his concubines, causing great trouble. The Anshi Rebellion took a turn, and the Tang Dynasty gradually declined. The Tang Dynasty fell in 907, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms followed in the later period.
4. The Creation of the Imperial Examination System
When the imperial examination was born in the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Yang was the first to set up Jinshi, implementing the principle of "the best in learning leads to officialdom" and fair competition through examinations. During Taizong, Xuanzong and Wu Zetian, perfecting the imperial examination was the key. Taizong emphasized education and expanded Chinese studies. The first Jinshi was awarded the number one scholar. Zetian selected warriors through the "Martial Examination", and Xuanzong took the poetry examination. Education, literature and art developed greatly, and the imperial examination system improved the employment system. This system lasted for 1,300 years and was abolished at the end of the Qing Dynasty.
5. “We are one family in harmony”
In the seventh century AD, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was unified. Songtsen Gampo asked Taizong, and Princess Wencheng married him. The Tibetan-Chinese marriage spreads legends and promotes economy and culture. Princess Jincheng joins the Tibetan people, and the Tibetan-Chinese "harmony becomes one family."
Bohai County Prince managed the "two rivers", Liu Zhao unified the Yunnan king, Huairen Khan governed the Uighurs, and the friendship between the ethnic groups lasted forever.
6. Friendly exchanges with foreign countries
China-Japan relations have a long history. Japan sent envoys to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Jianzhen traveled east to Japan. The cultural exchanges are well-known.
The Tang Dynasty and Silla were neighbors, with frequent exchanges and good relations. They imitated the Tang Dynasty's system of imperial examinations, and Chinese culture was passed on.
The eminent monk Xuanzang was the most outstanding. He went through hardships and dangers to Tianzhu and made great achievements in studying the Buddhist scriptures in the Western Heaven. He wrote "The Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty".
Seven and Eight, the Brilliant Sui and Tang Cultures
The Li Chun Zhaozhou Bridge in the Sui Dynasty is the oldest in the world. Tang Dynasty engraving of "Diamond Sutra", the world's earliest printed matter.
The poetry of the Tang Dynasty was remarkable, and the art of Tang poetry has been passed down through the ages. More than 2,000 poets can be found, and 50,000 extant poems exist. Li Bai, Du Fu, and Bai Juyi are the most outstanding "Three Masters" of Tang poetry.
Li Bai's poetry has been passed down for thousands of years, and there are thousands of poetry works. "The white emperor is in the morning with colorful clouds", "The road to Shu is difficult to climb to the blue sky", his bold and elegant artistic conception is wonderful, and later generations respectfully call him "the Immortal of Poetry".
Du Fu's poems are realistic and his language is concise and measured. "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are the history of poetry. Later generations call him the "Sage of Poetry".
In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi's poetry art focused on allegory. "Qin Zhongyin" and "New Yuefu" are as straightforward as words.
The calligraphy of "Yan Jin Liu Gu" is wonderful, Liben Daozi is skillful in painting, and there are many famous artists who are proud of the world, each with his or her own charm.
The Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province, are a treasure trove of murals and sculptures. There was a lot of music and dance during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and there were "thousands of songs and dances that are countless."
9. The Era of Coexistence of National Powers
The time came to 960 (year), when the generals of the Later Zhou Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin and Chen Qiao, rebelled and became emperors. A unified situation is formed again.
The Liao army advanced to Chanzhou City, and Emperor Zhenzong personally came to the aid of the army. The morale of the Song army was greatly boosted, and the Song army won. The two sides negotiated a peace with Chanzhou City, and the Northern Song Dynasty sent coins to the Liao, and the "Chanyuan Alliance" was formed.
The famous general of the Southern Song Dynasty was named Yue Fei. He raised his military power in the fight against the Jin Dynasty, regained the lost ground in the Battle of Yancheng, and served the country with loyalty and brilliance. The treacherous minister he hated the most was Qin Hui, who framed the loyal and good for thousands of years.
10. The economic center of gravity moved southward
In the Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty, the economic center of gravity moved southward. Northerners moved southward for development, bringing technology and labor, rice and cotton. It is developing rapidly and hilly tea gardens are popping up everywhere.
The handicraft industry is very prosperous, silk and cotton weaving are at a high level, Ge Kiln in Zhejiang has ice cracks, the famous porcelain capital Jingdezhen, Guangzhou and Quanzhou shipbuilding industry, shipbuilding technology is amazing to the world.
Business flourished in Kaifeng and Hangzhou, and “businesses were kept going day and night.” Overseas trade was ahead of its time. Guangzhou and Quanzhou became world-famous. In the Northern Song Dynasty, “Jiaozi” was produced in Sichuan, and the circulation of banknotes began.
11. The social scene of the Song Dynasty with all kinds of weather
The Song Dynasty had all kinds of weather, with more food, clothing, housing and transportation, more interesting customs, and fresher and fresher minds.
In the Song Dynasty, the citizens were multi-level, the entertainment business was booming, there were many kinds of rap and kicking, and the market was prosperous in the metropolis.
12. The Rise of Mongolia and the Establishment of the Yuan Dynasty
Genghis Khan Temujin, the leader of the nomadic tribe, became the Great Khan in 1206. From then on, the Mongolian Kingdom was established, with achievements reaching the Danube River, a generation of geniuses Later generations respect.
Kublai Khan had great military exploits. He founded the Yuan Dynasty in 1271 and established the capital in Dadu the following year. He destroyed the Song Dynasty (Southern Song Dynasty) in 1276. The central government established Zhongshu Province and provincial administration began in the Yuan Dynasty. Tibet was officially returned to the Yuan Dynasty, and Ryukyu was officially under the control of the Yuan Dynasty. Taiwan has also taken care of it. It attaches great importance to agriculture and controls the Yellow River. Two canals have been opened. Maritime transportation has developed greatly. Most of the areas are prosperous.
Wen Tianxiang, the hero of the Anti-Yuan Dynasty, was defeated in Guangdong and refused to surrender. He sang war songs of steadfastness and unyielding, such as "Song of Righteousness" and "Crossing the Lingding Ocean". The majesty lasts forever and will never be forgotten.
The integration of nationalities is improving day by day, they live together and marry each other. "Hu people have women who can understand the Chinese music, and Han women can also understand the Huqin." The economic and cultural development has promoted the progress of society.
Thirteenth and Fourteenth, the splendid Song and Yuan culture
Bi Sheng, a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, invented movable type printing, created "Sinan" during the Warring States period, made compasses in the Northern Song Dynasty, and made alchemy in ancient times. Gunpowder was used in wars in the late Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, hemp was invented to make paper in the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved it in the Eastern Han Dynasty. These four great inventions spread throughout the world and pushed history forward.
"Zi Zhi Tong Jian" Sima Guang, detailed chronology of the Warring States - Five Dynasties. Su Shi's heroic review of "Red Cliff", Qingzhao's works are euphemistic and sentimental, many of Qiji's works are bold and unrestrained, and Han Qing's plays highlight good and evil.
Zeduan's "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" is admired by calligraphers and calligraphers of the Meng Dynasty. The calligraphers are known as the "Four Masters of Song Dynasty", Su, Huang, Mi Fu and Cai Xiang.
15. Strengthening of Monarchy in the Ming Dynasty
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established Nanjing as the capital and was destroyed. "Civil Administration", "Penal Administration" and "Military Administration" were directly under the central government and abolished. The prime minister, Zhongshu Sheng, the six departments in charge of the imperial court, the secret service agency Jinyiwei, the emperor commanded and held great power, and the four books, five classics and eight-legged essays strengthened the monarchy of the Ming Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, there was Emperor Jianwen, who ordered the reduction of vassal vassals and caused great disaster. Zhu Di raised the "Jingnan" flag, raised troops to seize power and proclaimed himself emperor. In 1421, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, with the intention of strengthening the monarchy. , cut down vassal vassals, "increase special powers" and engage in dictatorship.
16. Exchanges and Conflicts between China and Foreign Countries
In my country’s maritime history, Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean, and there were great economic exchanges between Asia and Africa, and long-lasting friendly relations.
National hero Qi Jiguang was a famous general in the anti-Japanese war. He was brave and skillful in fighting the Qi family army, and defeated Zhejiang with nine victories in nine battles.
Seventeen. Strengthening of Monarchy Centralization
Nurhachi unified the Jurchens. In 1616, the country was named Jin. He launched troops to attack Ming Dynasty and captured Liaodong. He moved the capital to Shenyang and changed it to Shengjing. Emperor Taiji inherited the throne of Khan, focused on production and reformed internal affairs, and selected talents to "union with Mongolia" to expand his power. In 1636, the country was named Qing, and in 1644, Qing entered the customs, and the ruling center moved to Beijing.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty system was adopted, and all six cabinet ministries were established, but the Manchu king was left to discuss politics and make decisions on military and state affairs. Yongzheng centralized power and strengthened the monarch, and began to set up military offices. The emperor said that military affairs were important, and ministers knelt down to take notes. The political meeting existed in name only, and was abolished during the Qianlong period. Ideology and culture were imprisoned, and the period of Kangxi, Yongzong and Qianlong was the most cruel. The "literary prison" case was horrifying and hindered development and progress.
Eighteen. Recovering Taiwan and fighting Tsarist Russia
The "cowhide invasion" was caused by the Netherlands, which occupied Taiwan in 1624, the national hero Zheng Chenggong, commanded warships in 1661, took over Taiwan in 1662, and was taken over by the Qing Dynasty in 1683. Today's "Taiwan independence" campaign is promoting separatism, and the conspiracy must be exposed.
In the 17th century, Tsarist Russia expanded its forces and invaded. Castles were built as far as Nerchinsk, where they burned, killed, looted and ate human flesh. Kangxi sent troops twice to kill the Russian army leader. In 1689, he signed a treaty "Nerchinsk", which stipulated that the Sakhalin Islands in Heilongjiang and Uzbekistan belonged to our territory.
19. Consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country
The Qing Dynasty ruled very efficiently. The minister stationed in Tibet managed Tibet and put down the rebellion of Hezhuo. General Yili was in charge of Xinjiang and Turhu was in charge. Return to the motherland and write a new chapter in national unity.
The territory of the Qing Dynasty was really broad, with the Pacific Ocean to the east, beautiful forest and sea scenery in the northeast, Sakhalin Island in the Xing'an Mountains, Taiwan islands in the southeast, South China Sea islands across the water, Congling valleys in the west, and Balkhash in the northwest. Lake, bordering the cold northwest Asia to the north, is the largest lake in Asia.
20. The development of the economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the "isolation of the country"
In the Ming Dynasty, crops were introduced, including jade, sweets, flowers, potatoes, cotton weaving, silk weaving, and blue and white porcelain, and commerce and trade emerged. In big cities, capital sprouted in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. "Machine households" were capitalists, and "machine workers" sold their labor power, and an employment relationship was established.
The Qing Dynasty's national policy was a big mistake. It "emphasized the basics and suppressed the weak" internally, and "closed the country" externally. It did not learn advanced technology and was isolated from the world for a long time. The country has been weak for two hundred years.
Twenty-one and twenty-two, Ming and Qing culture with distinctive characteristics of the times
The Ming Dynasty built Beijing City with distinctive architectural features, exquisite and rigorous design, "palaces, emperors, The three parts of "the capital", the emperor's palace and the Forbidden City, are the most famous treasures in the world.
The Great Wall was greatly developed in the Ming Dynasty, using stone and blue bricks. It starts from the Yalu River in the east and reaches Jiayuguan in the west. It winds for more than 6,000 kilometers and is one of the wonders in world history.
Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" is a masterpiece of medicine that astonishes the world, Song Yingxing's "Tiangong Kaiwu" is passed down to future generations as "Encyclopedia of Craftsmanship", and Xu Guangqi is the first in the history of agriculture in "The Complete Book of Agricultural Affairs".
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong successfully wrote "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the first long history, with a vivid storyline. At the same time, there is also "Water Margin", written by Shi Naian, with the theme of peasant uprising and one hundred and eight heroes.
The mid-Ming Dynasty's "Journey to the West" is the most magical long myth. The famous writer Wu Cheng'en used the sequence of Tang Monk's study of scriptures. Cao Xueqin wrote "Dream of Red Mansions", the classical novel reached its peak, and the four families of Jia, Wang, Shi and Xue had love tragedies throughout. Tang Xianzu wrote "The Peony Pavilion", which is a famous drama. From the 19th century to the middle of the 19th century, Chinese Peking Opera was formed.