Appreciation of Zhang Dai's West Lake in July and a Half
In the development of late Ming literature, the creation of essays occupies an important position, which represents the characteristics of the times of late Ming prose. Essays tended to prosper in the late Ming Dynasty. A remarkable feature of the essays in the late Ming Dynasty in content and subject matter is life-oriented and personalized, which permeates the unique life perception of the late Ming people. The creation of essays in the late Ming Dynasty had a great influence on later generations, which was manifested in the literary concepts and creations of modern writers. Among them, the works of Yuan Hongdao and Zhang Dai have always been called good.
Essays are essays. To get rid of simplicity, one should have the character of prose and the other should have noble taste. Compared with ordinary prose, the quality standard of prose is obviously higher. If there is no meaning worthy of taste and appreciation, but only pleasing features, it is not a real essay. Zhang Dai's West Lake in July and a Half is a model of prose. Let's talk about this article from the content, thought and artistic characteristics.
I. Main contents
Today, the poet Bian Youyou said, "You stand on the bridge and watch the scenery./The people watching the scenery are watching you upstairs. /The bright moon decorated your window,/You decorated other people's dreams.
Zhang Dai visited the mountains and enjoyed the natural scenery and human beauty, and did not forget to observe the people who visited the mountains and waters. The West Lake in July is not about the beauty of natural scenery, but about people who appreciate it. This article focuses on tourists and vividly describes their modality. What is displayed here is not the natural landscape, but the human landscape.
In the author's opinion, there are five kinds of people who enjoy the moon in July and a half: one is the dignitaries who "look at the moon but don't see it"; First, celebrities who "don't really look at the moon under the moon"; The third is a famous prostitute who "also looks at the moon and needs people to see it"; Fourth, street people who look at the moon, those who look at the moon, and those who don't look at the moon also look at the moon; The fifth kind is a scholar who "looks at the moon but people don't see its state, and has no intention of looking at the moon". These five types of people have become the scenery in the author's eyes.
Most people choose to visit the West Lake during the day, "having returned home, avoiding the moon as an enemy". Only arty people go out of town at sunset. Most of these people are dignitaries, and they are in droves, eager to attend the grand event. Therefore, before the second drum, the sound of human voices and drum music, such as water waves surging, shaking the earth, such as nightmares, such as gibberish; In the noise, people are deaf and dumb, can't hear other people's voices, and can't let others hear themselves. Ship and ship docked together, and nothing could be seen, except that the poles collided with each other, and the ships collided with each other, with their shoulders rubbing against each other and their faces facing each other. This excitement is temporary, and when they enjoy themselves, they will turn to ashes.
The first four kinds of people are pretentious and can't enjoy the moon. Those who really enjoy the moon only stop at the shore when the crowd is dispersed, and "ask the guests to drink". At this time, the moon seems to be a polished bronze mirror, bright and clean, the mountains have rearranged their makeup, and the lake has also reshaped its appearance. Used to drinking slowly, people who sing loudly come out, and people who hide in the shade also come out. Let's go say hello to them and pull them to sit at the same table. Yayou came, famous prostitutes came, cups and chopsticks were placed, and songs and music sang together ... until the moonlight was gray and the east was about to dawn, the guests just dispersed. We put the boat among ten miles of lotus flowers, slept happily, and the fragrance of flowers floated around us, which made our dreams very comfortable.
Moonlight, green hills, lakes and lotus flowers are all quiet and beautiful. Drinking tea and enjoying the moon in such an environment is the interest pursued by real celebrities! Vulgar and elegant, noisy and quiet are in sharp contrast.
Second, thoughts and feelings
Zhang Dai experienced the downfall of the Ming Dynasty in his middle age, and his family background also declined, so his essays often implied the pain and vicissitudes of his home country.
In China, the tradition is to enjoy the moon on the Mid-Autumn Festival in August and July and a half, which is not as elegant and lively as August and a half. As we all know, July 30th is also called Ghost Festival among the people, and it is a day for offering sacrifices to ancestors. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, all the temples in Hangzhou West Lake held Buddhist ceremonies in orchid pots that night, chanting scriptures and confessing to the believers, so as to transcend the souls of their ancestors. So in the evening of July and a half, there are also many Hangzhou people who go to the West Lake for a night tour. "West Lake in July and a Half" is a work recalling the past. The author is a gentle person. He wrote about enjoying the moon in July instead of August, which is actually a portrayal of his mood.
Zhang Dai will live in the early Qing Dynasty tomorrow night. His family background is quite noble. High-impedance Zhang Tianfu, Jiajing twenty-six years Jinshi, official to Taifuqing; Great-grandfather Bian, the top scholar in five years, was the official to Zuo Liangyu's "The Book of Songs"; Zu Zhang Rulin was a scholar in the twenty-third year of Wanli. When he was studying in central Guizhou, he got the most literati. Father Zhang is the chief historian of Lv Fan, and the right chief historian. King Lu is a good fairy, but also a good guide, and there is a good fit between the monarch and the minister. Zhang Dai's life is divided into two stages by Shen Jianian (1644). The former, he is Wan's younger brother. "I love prosperity very much. Good family, beautiful maid, good prostitute, good clothes, good food, good horse, good lamp, good fireworks, good pear garden, good propaganda, good antiques, good flowers and birds; It is also teased by tea, and the book is full of poetry. " The beauty of sound and taste, the entertainment of eyes and ears, do everything possible. Fresh fun of life, fun of life, he is responsible for himself and never knows the return. In the future, he is the son of a ruined family and a subjugated people. "A mountain chef often spoils his cooking twice a day", which has been miserable for 40 years.
He leads a rough and dissolute life, but he has his own true temperament and high style. Looking at his books and articles, there are fewer exaggerations, less false words and less hypocrisy. He advocated making friends. "People can't make friends without addiction, because without affection, people can't make friends without addiction, because there is no true qi." The composition will not seek fame and reputation like an arty person, so it will be amazing. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, he and Wang Siren were called "three gifted scholars" at the end of the Ming Dynasty. They are not only similar in talent and intelligence, but also closely related to each other and have equal personalities. Zhang Dai and the Qi family also have many brothers, who are in the same row. After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Siren vowed not to go to the Qing Dynasty and died of hunger strike. Qi Biao was better than the Qing army who broke the mountain, leaving a poem "Laugh into Jiuquan, Great God stays in heaven and earth" and drowning himself. The former best friend has become a ghost in the underworld, and he is the only one living in the world. In July and a half, it actually contains the feeling of missing an old friend.
Zhang Dai loves mountains and rivers, but has no interest in politics. He visited the lake in July and a half, and chose two drums after people dispersed, which showed that Zhang Dai was not secular, indifferent or even disgusted with the bustling society and fickle literati. He pursues a cold and lonely height. His indifference to the world reflects his concern for the feelings of secular people. Although there is no political purpose, it is more a Zen with a strong flavor of life.
Third, artistic features.
"West Lake in July and a half" wrote five kinds of people who swam the lake in a humorous way. They have their own characteristics and are different. At the beginning, the author points out that people are the main description object of this article: "There is nothing to see in the West Lake in July and half, only people in July and half can be seen", and then five different forms of people are outlined in a few words, which are detailed, vivid and lifelike. "No clothes, no wine, no food, no crowd, no crowd" vividly presents the characteristics of street idlers to readers. Layers of line drawings are mixed with the author's nostalgia for the prosperous life in the past.
These plays are full of the author's life and personal feelings, and appear fresh and natural. "West Lake in July and a half" is a reminiscence work, which depicts the modality of tourists in the West Lake and sets off the bustling living atmosphere. The five kinds of people basically cover all kinds of different categories in society, from dignitaries to street hooligans. The prosperity of swimming in the lake is actually the prosperity of society. The lake is crowded with "pole to pole, ship to ship, side by side, face to face"; The ears are "like boiling, like trembling, like embarrassment, like deafness", and the noise is unbearable. The layman's view of the moon is just a "nice name", but in fact he doesn't understand the elegant intention at all. Then, the author changed from dynamic to static, describing the literati. After the laity dispersed, he invited three or five friends and famous prostitutes to sit together in the same month. At this moment, singing and dancing are light, there are thousands of cups of wine, bright moon in the mirror, delicate landscape and fragrant lotus. The elegance of the environment reflects the elegance of the author and others' feelings. One vulgarity and one elegance, two contrasts, praise and criticism are self-evident, and the author's interest is expressed incisively and vividly.
Zhang Dai's language suits both refined and popular tastes, which is quite impressive. This article is full of humor and ridicule. Words like "those who actually don't look at the moon for the sake of looking at it", "those who look at the moon, those who don't look at the moon" are rap-like and full of charm. Statements such as "the bearers are blazing and on the shore" and "the boat suddenly broke the bridge and rushed into the grand event" have a sarcastic tone. The former does his duty with the importance of bearers, takes his own affairs seriously, and satirizes the owner of his service as a "good name"; The latter can be seen from the description of "less time, the official banquet is finished, and the thief drinks" that "the boat rushed to break the bridge", but it was just to join in the fun and didn't really care about "watching the moon". In a few words, the vulgarity of these people was pointed out.
Zhang Dai expanded the expression field of essays, and all kinds of themes and styles came into his hands, and he gained a freedom of expression.
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