1. Qinglian layman (Li Bai and Li Taibai)
2. Xiangshan layman (Bai Juyi and Bai Letian)
3. Liuyi layman (Ouyang Xiu and Ouyang Yongshu) )
4. Lay Buddhist Yi An (Li Qingzhao)
5. Lay Buddhist Dongpo (Su Shi Su Dongpo)
6. Lay Buddhist Liuquan (Pu Songling and Pu Liuxian)
Liu Zongyuan, courtesy name Zihou, was born in Hedong (now Yongji City, Shanxi Province) in the Tang Dynasty. He was born in Chang'an, the capital city, in the eighth year of Dali (773), and in the fourteenth year of Yuanhe (819) of Emperor Xianzong. The guest died in Liuzhou. A famous writer and thinker of his generation died under the age of 50. Because he was from Hedong, he was finally appointed as the governor of Liuzhou, so he was called Liuhedong or Liuliuzhou
Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072): Writer and historian of the Northern Song Dynasty. His courtesy name was Yongshu, his nickname was Zuiweng, Liuyi Jushi, a native of Jishui, Jizhou (now part of Jiangxi).
Yuan Hongdao (1568-1610), a writer of the Ming Dynasty. The courtesy name Zhonglang, also the courtesy name Wuxue, and the nickname Shigong, was from Huguang Public Security Bureau (now Gong'an County, Hubei Province).
Yuan Mei (1716-1798 AD), courtesy name Zicai, nicknamed Jianzhai, was from Qiantang, Zhejiang Province. He was a Jinshi during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. He had outstanding talents and ranked first in poetry and literature in Jiangnan
Wen Tingyun Wen Tingyun, whose original name was Qi and whose courtesy name was Feiqing, was from Bingzhou Qi (now Qi County, Shanxi). He was a descendant of Wen Yanbo in the Tang Dynasty. Famous poets in ancient my country, two "Tang Shu" biographies
Time name Wen Bacha
Gong Zizhen (1792-1841), whose courtesy name was Eryu, changed his name to Yi Jian and his courtesy name Boding ; He also changed his name to Gong Zuo and his name was Ding'an. There are more than 600 poems in existence today, most of which were written after his middle age
Lu You (1125-1210), named Wuguan, also known as Fangweng, lived in Shanyin, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province) people. Patriotic poet of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Du Fu's name is Shaoling Yelao, Shaoling. Du Fu's life [Tang Dynasty] poet. The courtesy name is Zimei, known as Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu in the world, and he calls himself Shaoling Yelao
Names of ancient Chinese are the same as modern ones. They are symbols used by people to represent individuals in social interactions. A surname is the name used exclusively by a certain group of people (clan, family); a given name is a surname used exclusively by an individual.
The surnames of characters in ancient Chinese history and legends, such as Xiong, Niu, Qingyun, etc., may seem to be the names of clans today. In ancient times, clans used natural objects as clan symbols, so most of these names were related to living things and natural phenomena. These clan names may later evolve into surnames (such as Xiong, Niu, Yun, etc.). In ancient times, people were often addressed by place names (such as Fu Shuo, "Fu" is a place name), professional names (such as Wu Xian, "Wu" is a person engaged in divination), and ancestor names (such as Zhong Hui, who is Xi Zhong's Descendants), etc., this type of title is fixed as "surname". For example, Lu, Han, Song, etc. are named after the place; Dongguo, Ximen, Chi, Liu, etc. are named after the location and scenery of the place of residence; Shi, Zhu, Shi, etc. are named after their occupation; Shangguan, Sima, Situ and others took their official surnames as their surnames; Gongsun and Wangsun were the first to refer to their ancestors as dukes or kings; surnames such as Mu and Zhuang used their ancestors' posthumous names. From the names of some people during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, we can still see some traces of the formation of surnames. For example, Zhan Qin was also called "Liu Xiahui" because there were willow trees in his place, Gongshu Ban was also called "Lu Ban" because he was from Lu, and Gongsun Yang was also called "Lu Ban" because he was from Lu. The people of Wei State called him "Wei Yang", and because he was granted the title of Lord Shang, he was called "Shang Yang", etc. In addition, some surnames such as Huyan, Murong, Yuchi, etc. also appeared in the communication process of various ethnic groups in China.
The formation of surnames has different historical processes, and the same surname may not necessarily have the same origin. For example, "He", some had the original surname "He Lan" or "He Dun" simplified to "He", and some had the original surname "Qing" but changed their surname to "He" to avoid the emperor's taboo. Surnames also change due to political, geographical, ethnic and other reasons. For example, in the Five Dynasties, Wu Yue's surname "Liu" was changed to "Jin" due to taboo ("Liu" has the same pronunciation with the name of King Wu Yue "Qian Liu"); after the "Jingnan" incident in the Ming Dynasty②, Huang Zicheng's descendants changed their surname to "Tian" to avoid trouble. , and the eunuch Ma Sanbao who contributed to the "Jingnan" was given the surname "Zheng" (that is, Zheng He, who is famous for "the eunuch Sanbao went to the West"); Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty changed the surname "Tuoba" to "Tuoba" in order to promote "Chineseization" "Yuan" surname.
Another example is "The "Ge" surname in counties (today's Shandong Province) in the Han Dynasty was moved to Yangdu (today's Henan Province). In order to distinguish it from the local Ge surname, it was called "Zhuge", while the "Tian" surname in Qidi When relocating, the surnames were changed to "First", "Second"... (such as "Fifth Lun", a famous official in the Eastern Han Dynasty). It can be seen that the surname is a symbol, not as propagated by the defenders of the feudal patriarchal system.
Names are personal symbols used in society. Some personal names left over from the Xia and Shang dynasties, such as Kong Jia, Pan Geng, Wu Ding, etc., may be related to the stems and branches. It is related to birth date. In the Spring and Autumn Period, some names such as "Black Hips" and "Black Humbs" should be named after physical characteristics. The name of Zheng Zhuanggong is "Huansheng", which shows that some names were still used at that time. Very simple. But at that time, the words used in some people's names also had specific meanings, and this meaning was made more clear by the "zi" that appeared at the same time. "Zi" was often the explanation and supplement of "name", which was the same as "name". It refers to the exterior and interior, so it is also called "Biao Zi". Qu Yuan said in "Li Sao": "The name Yu is Zhengzexi, and the character Yu is Lingjun"; "Zhengze" means "Ping", and "Lingjun" means "Yuan". ". His name is "ping" and the word is "original". There is a meaningful connection between "name" and "zi". The relationship between "name" and "zi" in the ancients has the same meaning, such as: Zhang Heng, who created the seismograph in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was named Pingzi. Mi Heng, a writer who "beat drums and scolded Cao", had the courtesy name Zhengping, and the "Heng" in their names and characters is "ping"; the poets Qin Guan and Lu You of the Song Dynasty had the courtesy name Shaoyou and Lu You, the courtesy name Wuguan, and the "Guan" in their names and characters It is also synonymous with "you". Another example is the calligrapher Chu Suiliang of the Tang Dynasty, whose courtesy name was Dengshan, and the writer Zeng Gong of the Song Dynasty, whose courtesy name was Zigu. The words "Liang" and "Shan", "Gong" and "Gu" in their names and characters. They are also synonymous. "Name" and "character" have complementary meanings. For example: Liang Hong, a writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty who "raised his eyebrows", was named Boluan. "Hong" and "Luan" are two kinds of birds that are praised by people; Lu Ji, a writer in the Western Jin Dynasty, had the courtesy name Shi Heng. "Ji" and "Heng" are both two stars in the Big Dipper. Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, had the courtesy name "Letian", so he could be called "Ju Yi" because of "Letian"; Song Dynasty writer Chao Bu had the courtesy name "No". "Yu" (fishing) and "Qiao" (cutting firewood) are often lovers. They are historians of the Song Dynasty and editors of "Tongzhi". Zheng Qiao's courtesy name is Yu Zhong; "Yu Weng" also often wears "Li". The Qing Dynasty writer Li Yu's courtesy name is Li Weng. The "name" and "character" have opposite meanings, such as: the Song Dynasty scholar Zhu Xi's courtesy name is Yuan Hui, and the Yuan Dynasty calligrapher and painter. Zhao Mengfu's courtesy name is Zi'ang, and the Qing Dynasty writer Guan has the same character but different characters. The "Xi" and "Hui", "Fu (fu)" and "Ang", "the same" and "difference" in their "names" and "characters" They are all antonyms. The "names" and "characters" of the ancients are often taken from ancient books and classics. For example: Xu Qian, one of the "Seven Sons of Jian'an" in the late Han Dynasty, has a long character, "Kong Congzi" has "It is not without greatness and stems" " sentence; Cao Cao's courtesy name is Mengde, and "Xunzi" has the sentence "This is what I call virtue". The character of Zhao Yun in the Three Kingdoms is Zilong, which is taken from "The clouds follow the dragon, the wind follows the tiger" in "The Book of Changes"; Lu Yu, a writer of the Tang Dynasty (author According to the Book of Tea, later generations honored him as the "God of Tea". The name Hongjian is also taken from the "Book of Changes" "Hongjian came to Lu, and his feathers can be used as rituals" by Gao Ming, a dramatist in the late Yuan Dynasty (author of "Pipa Ji"). The word Zecheng is taken from the "Book of Rites" "Sincerity makes it clear"; the Ming Dynasty military strategist Yu Qian's word Tingyi and the early Qing literati Qian Qianyi's word Shouzhi both use the allusion of "Qian benefits" in "Shangshu".
The ancients' "name" and "character" were often used to express seniority in the family. In the pre-Qin Dynasty, the names of cousins ??Bo (Meng), Zhong, Shu, and Ji were often added before the given name and surname, such as Boyi and Shuqi. Bo was the elder brother and uncle was the younger brother; Confucius was named Zhongni, and "Zhong" meant the old man. 2. Meng Jiangnu is the eldest daughter with the surname Jiang. After the Han Dynasty, the same characters or radicals were gradually used in "names" or "characters" to express peer relationships. For example, Yan Guoqing, a famous general who resisted Anlushan in the Tang Dynasty, and his younger brothers Yan Yaoqing and Yan Chunqing used the character "Qing" with them. His cousin Yan Zhenqing (passed down in calligraphy) of the same generation also uses the character "Qing". Brothers Su Shi and Su Che, writers of the Song Dynasty, used the radical "Che" to represent their peers.
4. Posthumous title, which is an honorary title awarded by the emperor after death. For example, Bao Zheng in the Song Dynasty was called Bao Xiaosu, Yue Fei was called Yue Wumu, Xu Guangqi was called Xu Wending in the Ming Dynasty, and Yun was called Ji Wenda in the Qing Dynasty.
5. Add adjectives before the surname to refer to specific people with the same surname. For example, Da Dai and Xiao Dai respectively refer to scholars Dai De and Dai Sheng's uncles and nephews in the Han Dynasty (the "Book of Rites" compiled by them are also called "Da Dai Li" and "Xiao Dai Li" respectively). The writers Ruan Ji and Ruan Xian's uncles and nephews in the Jin Dynasty also refer to respectively. Known as Da Ruan and Xiao Ruan ("Da Ruan" and "Xiao Ruan" thus became synonyms for "uncle" and "nephew"), Xie Lingyun and his cousin Xie Huilian were both poets in the Southern Dynasties, and were also called Da and Xiao Xie. Among the poets of the Tang Dynasty, Lao Du (also known as Da Du) refers specifically to Du Fu, and Xiao Du refers specifically to Du Mu. Lao Su, Da Su, and Xiao Su refer to the father and son Su Xun, Su Shi, and Su Zhe in the Song Dynasty.
6. Call specific people by several surnames. For example, "Yilu" refers to Shang Yiyin and Zhou Lushang; "Maban" (or "Banma") refers to Sima Qian (author of "Historical Records") and Ban Gu (author of "Hanshu"); "Li Du" among Tang poets They are Li Bai and Du Fu, "Yuan Bai" is Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi; "Han Liu" is Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. In addition, the aforementioned Da Xie and Xiao Xie are collectively called "Er Xie", and together with Xie Tiao, another poet from the Southern Dynasties, they are collectively called "Three Xie"; "Er Cheng" specifically refers to the brothers Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, scholars of the Song Dynasty; Su Xun , Su Shi and Su Che are also collectively known as the "Three Sus".
7. In the Tang Dynasty, people were often referred to by their rank, name, official position, etc. Wang Wei has a poem entitled "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Xi'an" ("I urge you to buy another glass of wine, there will be no old friends when you leave Yangguan in the west" is one of the famous lines), "Reply to Wang Twelve" and "Ask Liu Nineteenth" are often seen in Tang poetry. Titles such as "Drunken Recollections of Yuanjiu with Li Shiyi", "Send to Pei Shiba Tunan", "Send to the Twenty-two Members of Qiu", all refer to people by their rank. For example, Li Bai is Li Twelve, Han Yu is Han Shiba, Liu Zongyuan is Liu Ba, Yuan Zhen is Yuan Jiu, etc. The rank can also be called together with the name and official position. For example, Pei Tunan is called Pei Shiba Tunan, Du Fu is called Du Ershiyi, Bai Juyi is called Bai Ershiren, etc. This custom also existed in the Song Dynasty, for example, Qin Guan called Qin Qi, Ouyang Xiu called Ou Jiu, Huang Tingjian called Huang Jiu, etc.
The names and trade names mentioned above in feudal society are all part of the feudal patriarchal system and ethics and morals. Today we can just use names as code names for ancient people, and we no longer need these things. However, since they have existed for a long time in history and have been widely used, we cannot completely avoid them. For example, the author of "Song of Righteousness" was Wen Tianxiang, whose courtesy name was Lushan and Songrui (the three characters of Xiang, Shan and Rui are synonymous). In the past dynasties, he was often called "Wenwenshan" (self-titled) and "Prime Minister Wen" ( Official position), "Wen Xin Guo" (title), etc. His works are also titled "Wen Shan Collection", "Wen Prime Minister Collection", "Wen Xin Guo Gong Collection", "Wen Xin Gong Ti Du Shi", etc. Another example is that there are more than fifty kinds of works titled with "王" as the first word in "Sikuquanshu", most of which are titled with font names or other pronouns, such as "Zi An Ji" (the name of Wang Bo of Tang Dynasty), " "Wang Tianyou Ji" (the title of Wang Da of the Ming Dynasty), "Wang Yangming Ji" (the title of Wang Shouren of the Ming Dynasty), "Wang Wencheng Gongquan Shu" (the posthumous title of Wang Shouren of the Ming Dynasty), "Notes on Wang Jinggong's Poems" (the title of Wang Anshi of the Song Dynasty), Collection of Wang Youcheng" (the official position of Wang Wei of Tang Dynasty), etc. There are also many collections of works by people named Wang with no names at all on the titles, such as "Linchuan Collection" (Wang Anshi of the Song Dynasty was originally from Linchuan), "Fengzhou Notes", "Yanzhou Mountain Man's Inscriptions and Postscripts" (Ming Dynasty Wang Shizhen, no. Fengzhou, also known as Yanzhou Shanren), "Yuyang Wenlu" (Qing Wang Shizhen, also known as Yuyangshanren), "The Complete Works of Chuanshan" (Qing Wang Fuzhi, honorific as Mr. Chuanshan), etc. If we don’t know anything about ancient people’s names and numbers, we have no way of identifying them. Therefore, in order to read ancient books and study ancient thoughts and styles, we still need to understand it.
① Scholars of ancient history in the world call this clan symbol (also the object of clan worship) "totem".
② In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Di, the king of Yan, raised troops to attack Nanjing in the name of crusade against Huang Zicheng and others, overthrew Emperor Jianwen, and became the emperor himself (that is, Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty). At that time, he was called "Jingnan".