The palace examination was held in the year after the reunion, initially on the first day of March. Since the eighth year of Emperor Xianzong's founding in the Ming Dynasty, it has been changed to March 15th. Candidates are Gongshi. None of the Gongshi failed in the palace examination, but the emperor rearranged their rankings. The palace examination was presided over by the emperor Xin himself, and only one subject, current affairs policy, was tested. After the palace examination, the papers were read the next day, and the results were released the next day. The admissions are divided into three grades: first grade and third grade, and the first grade is awarded as Jinshi. The first grade is named the number one scholar and Ding Yuan, the second grade is the second grade, and the third grade is the top prize. Together they are called the third grade grade. The second grade is given to a person with a Jinshi background, and the third grade is given to a person with the same Jinshi background. The first place finishers in the second and third place are all called Chuanlu. The first, second and third graders are collectively called Jinshi. The Jinshi list is called Jiabang, or Jiake. The list of Jinshi is written on yellow paper, so it is called Huangjia, also known as the Jinbang, and the title of the Jinshi is called the Jinbang.
The first place in the provincial examination is called Jieyuan, the first place in the general examination is called Huiyuan, and the first place in the imperial examination is called Sanyuan. Winning three yuan in a row is a legend in the imperial examination. In the Ming Dynasty, only two people, Xu Guan in the Hongwu period and Shang Ren in the Zhengtong period, succeeded in winning the Three Yuan Dynasty.
After the imperial examination, the number one scholar was awarded the title of editor by the Hanlin Academy, and the number two and the top prize were awarded the title of editor. The remaining Jinshi who pass the examination are called Hanlin Academy Shujishi. Those who pass the examination after three years will be awarded as editors, reviewers and other officers of the Hanlin Academy respectively, and the rest will be assigned to various ministries as directors or other positions, or they will be given priority by the magistrate and county, which is called Sanguan. People who were born in Shujishi were promoted quickly. After Yingzong, the court formed a situation where non-Jinshi could not enter the Hanlin, and non-Hanlin could not join the cabinet.
In the Ming Dynasty, the eight-part essay was the first test in the rural examination and the general examination. Whether you can pass the exam mainly depends on the quality of the eight-legged essay. Therefore, ordinary scholars often spend their whole life on eight-legged essays. Eight-legged essays use passages from the Four Books and Five Classics as titles, and the meaning can only be explained based on the meaning of the title. The wording should be in the tone of the ancients, which is what is called speaking on behalf of the sages. The format is also pretty dead. The structure has a certain formula, the number of words has a certain limit, and the syntax requires duality. Eight-part essay is also called Zhiyi, Zhiyi, Shiwen, Shiyi, Babiwen and Sishuwen. An eight-legged essay is an article composed of eight pairs of pairs, generally divided into six paragraphs. Break the topic with the first sentence, continue the topic with two sentences, and then explain why, which is called the origin. The main parts of the eight-part essay are the four paragraphs: the starting part, the middle part, the back part, and the closing part. Each paragraph has two paragraphs. A large summary is used at the end of the chapter, which is called a comprehensive summary. The eight-part essay evolved from the classic meanings of the Song Dynasty. The eight-part essay was extremely harmful, seriously constrained people's thinking, and was a tool to maintain feudal autocracy. It also led the imperial examination system itself to a dead end. Gu Yanwu, a famous scholar in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, said angrily: "Eighteen chapters are prosperous while the Six Classics are in decline; the eighteenth chapter is prosperous while the twenty-one histories are abandoned." He also said: "A fool thinks that the harm of stereotyped writing is worse than burning books."
▲Qing Dynasty - the demise of the imperial examination system in ancient China
The imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty was basically the same as that in the Ming Dynasty. But it implements a policy of ethnic discrimination. The Manchu people enjoyed various privileges and did not have to go through the imperial examination to become an official. In the Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination was divided into two lists, Manchu and Han, before Yongzheng. Bannermen enjoyed special advantages in the provincial examination and the joint examination. They only took one article on translation, which was called the translation subject. Later, although it was changed to Manchus and Hans taking the exam together, the Han people still took the exam the most.
As the imperial examination system developed into the Qing Dynasty, it gradually declined and had more and more disadvantages. Although the rulers of the Qing Dynasty were particularly harsh in punishing fraud in the imperial examination system, due to the shortcomings of the imperial examination system itself, the fraud became more and more serious, and the imperial examination system finally died out.
In order to obtain the qualifications to participate in the official imperial examination, people in the Qing Dynasty first had to take the child examination. Those who participated in the child examination were called Confucian students or Tongsheng. State studies and county studies are collectively referred to as Confucianism). Confucianism and the Confucian Temple are together called the Academy. After students "enroll", they will be disciplined by instructors (professors, academics, teachings, and instructions).
In the early Qing Dynasty, students who were still studying in the palace (there were monthly classes and quarterly examinations, but later became nominal) were also called students, commonly known as scholars. This is the starting point of "fame".
There are three types of students: those with the best grades are junior students, who have a certain quota, and are provided with food by the government; secondly, there are additional students, who also have a certain quota; and those who are newly "enrolled" are called attached students. Each year, students are promoted and demoted based on their academic performance in the academic examination.
The formal imperial examination is divided into three levels: rural examination, general examination and palace examination.
The rural examination is usually held every three years in each provincial capital, also known as the Grand Competition. Because it is held in autumn, it is also called Qiuwei. Scholars (students) take part in the provincial examination, but before they can take the provincial examination, they must first pass the scientific examination held by the provincial academic administration circuit. Only those with excellent scores can be selected to participate in the provincial examination. Those who pass the provincial examination are called Juren, and those who come first are called Jieyuan.
The examination is held in the Ministry of Rites in the spring of the second year after the provincial examination, so the examination is also called Li Wei or Chun Wei. Those who take part in the examination are Juren. Those who win are called Gongshi, and the first place is called Huiyuan. A re-examination is usually held after the general examination.
The above various examinations mainly test eight-part essays and test poems. The title of the eight-legged essay comes from the Four Books and Five Classics, and is slightly imitated from the meaning of the Song Dynasty, but the wording must be in the ancient tone, so-called sages and sages speak for themselves. The structure has a certain formula, the number of words is limited, and the syntax requires pairing. It is also called Babiwen, Shiwen, Shiyi, and Zhiyi.
The Imperial Examination is an examination conducted by the emperor, and involves questions about policy. Those who participate in the palace examination are Gongshi, and those who win are collectively called Jinshi. The palace examination is divided into top three admissions. The first A is awarded the title of Jinshi, the second A is the Jinshi background, and the third A is the same Jinshi background. Three people are admitted to the first class, the first is commonly known as the number one scholar, the second is commonly known as the second, and the third is commonly known as the third flower, collectively known as Sanding A. The second and first place is commonly known as Chuanlu.
The No. 1 scholar will be assigned to the Hanlin Academy for editing, and the second place winner will be assigned to the Confucian Academy for editing. The rest of the Jinshi took part in the imperial examinations to discuss imperial edicts, poems and poems, and those who were good at literature and calligraphy were selected as Shujishi. The rest were awarded the title of chief minister (staff of various ministries), county magistrate, etc. (In fact, to obtain the title of chief minister, county magistrate, etc., one must Must go through candidate and alternate process, and some may not be allowed to hold office for life). After studying for three years, Shujishi held a "dismissal" examination in the special teaching hall (also known as the Shuchang Hall) within the Hanlin Academy. Those with excellent results were awarded the Hanlin Academy Editor and the Hanlin Academy Review (originally the second-class He was awarded the title of editor and editor of the Hanlin Academy (originally the third grade was awarded the title of reviewer of the Hanlin Academy), and the rest were distributed to various ministries as directors, or to various provinces as magistrates.