In ancient times, barbarians generally referred to ethnic minorities other than the Chinese nation.
Including Nan Man and Dong Yi. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River have mild climate, moderate rainfall and fertile soil, and entered the farming society within the city wall earlier, which is called China and Huaxia.
The natural conditions in the border areas are poor, and most of them make a living by hunting and animal husbandry, so they are called Yi. "Book of Rites": "There are foreigners in the east, Rong in the west, barbarians in the south and Di in the north".
Yi Rong, China, a five-party people, has gender and cannot be changed. In the east, there are tattoos of foreigners, and there are people who don't eat with fire.
In the south, it looks good, and some people don't eat with fire. The west is called Rong, standing in clothes, and some people don't eat.
There are clothes and feathers caves in the north, and there are people who don't eat grains. Refers to the nation with patterns on its forehead in the south, that is, Na Man.
I like lettuce, salad and vinegar. Li Hanguang's Brief Biography: "Surrender to barbarians."
"The Warring States Policy Yance": "I am the humble of the northern barbarians." "Historical Records of Five Emperors": "So smooth and even, seek four mountains, open four doors, know the eyes and ears of all directions, and make the twelve pastors talk about emperor virtue, do good deeds, be far away from people, be barbaric and obedient.
Han Yu said: "China and Yi Di also, then Yi Di also;" Yi Di, China also, China also. " .
2. Why did China call the surrounding areas barbarians in ancient times?
Barbarians originally came from Gong Yu, which refers to the division of surrounding areas centered on the capital.
500 Li Dianyi: 100 Li Gong, 200,300 Li Na Cao Yi, 400,500.
Five hundred fu: one hundred, two hundred sticks, three hundred princes Li.
500 Li Suifu: 300 Li Yan Wen jiao, 200 Wei.
500 Li served: 300 Li Yi, 200.
500 Li clothes: 300 Li full, 200.
From the above, it can be concluded that barbarians originally refer to remote areas far away from the ruling center: barbarians are located within the range of 1500~2000 miles from the capital, and barbarians are further away. In Xia Dynasty, there were nine Yi people distributed in the east, southeast, northeast, north and northwest, so Yi people did not refer to the uncivilized people in the east. So is beauty. By the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, barbarians (barbarians other than Dongyi were called "so-and-so" in Shang Dynasty) had become the appellation of ethnic minorities, no longer based on distance. For example, there was a barbarian country in the Zhou Dynasty (namely Luhun, located in Songxian County, Henan Province), not far from Zhouyi. Germany is closer, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty has repeatedly committed crimes.
3. What was the ancient barbarian land?
Yellow River and Yangtze River valley areas.
The Yellow River and Yangtze River valley areas, with mild climate, moderate rainfall and fertile soil, entered the agricultural society outside the city earlier, and were called China and Huaxia. The natural conditions in the border areas are harsh, and most of them are inhabited by nomadic people, so they are called barbarians.
In ancient times, it generally referred to other nationalities except Huaxia, including Naman, Beidi, Xirong and Dongyi. In most cases, the barbarians Rongdi are collectively referred to as barbarians or Siyi.
Expanding information The rise of barbarian land The State of Wu was founded in the Zhou Dynasty. The State of Wu is divided into two parts, one is Yu State, which was established in the Central Plains, and the other is Wu State, which was established in the barbarian land. In the twelfth generation, the state of Jin wiped out the state of Yu in the Central Plains.
Two generations later, the State of Wu rose in the land of barbarians. Throughout the history of Wu, from the founding of Taibo to the rise of Shoumeng, the total * * * experienced the change of 19 generations. The earliest people were called "Dongyi" in Wu, but in Shang Dynasty, it was changed to "Jiuyi".
Before the Mongolian period, Wu and Yue people lived in the southern plain, and were always regarded as "wild places" by northerners, and wuyue aborigines naturally became "barbarians". The origin of Wu is closely related to the Taihu Lake water network, and it is a fishing and hunting farming tribe.
With the development of past dynasties, Wu has formed a unique water culture, fish culture and boat culture. Affected by this, the names and titles of Wu monarchs in past dynasties are closely related to these cultures.
In their view, the culture originated from the unique region is the soul of Wu and the foundation of survival. Baidu encyclopedia-barbarian.
4. What should we pay attention to when collecting common sense of ancient culture in China?
There are roughly three situations of calling people by their first names: (1) claiming their first names or calling them by their first names.
Such as "Within five steps, please ask the king to spill blood on his neck" and "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poems". (2) for introduction or biography.
For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan" and "Liu Jingting is from Taizhou". (3) people who are disgusted and despised.
For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil in the former, but flattering in the latter". The ancients named it "Cheng Zi" when they were young, and took the word (male 20 years old, female 15 years old) when they came of age. There is a meaningful connection between words and names.
Chinese characters are for the convenience of others, courtesy and respect for peers or elders. For example, Qu Ping is Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is Tao, Li Bai is Du Fu, Han Yu is Han tui, Liu Zongyuan is Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang is Sima Junshi, Su Shi is Su Zizhan, and Su Zhe is Su Ziyuan.
Book names are also called alias numbers and table numbers. The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a number is that the former is decided by the father or elder, while the latter is decided by himself.
Number, generally only used to claim to express some interest or express some emotion; The address of a person is also a kind of honorific title. Such as: Mr. Wu Liu, Li Bai's Qinglian Jushi, Du Fu's Shaoling Yelao, Bai Juyi's Xiangshan Jushi, Li Shangyin's Yuxi Sheng, He's self-proclaimed Siming Fancy in his later years, Ouyang Xiu's Drunk, Liu Yi Jushi in his later years and Wang Anshi's Mid-Levels in his later years.
In ancient posthumous title, after the death of princes, senior officials and famous scribes, they were called posthumous title. For example, Tao Yuanming's name is Jing Shi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Gong, Wang Ao is Su Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong Gong.
Calling Qin Gui Minister is a kind of "evil death". Calling a vegetarian name means calling it by a vegetarian name or room number.
For example, Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, called Zhai Wei, and people called him Yang. Yao Nai is called Mr. Bao and Mr. Bao because of his name. Another example is Pu Songling's name is Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao's name is the owner of the icehouse, and Tan Sitong's name is Tan Zhuangfei (his fasting name is Zhuangfei Building).
According to legend, Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was from Xiangyang, so he was called Meng Xiangyang. Zhang Jiuling is from Qujiang, so he is called Zhang Qujiang. Liu Zongyuan is a native of Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi), so he is called Liu Hedong; Wang Anshi was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, so people called him King Linchuan. Tang Xianzu, a dramatist in the Ming Dynasty, was named Tang Linchuan (Linchuan, Jiangxi). Gu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, was born in Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, and was called Gu. Kang Youwei is a native of Nanhai, Guangdong Province, known as Kang Nanhai; Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang warlord, is called Yuan Xiangcheng (from Xiangcheng, Henan). There is a famous couplet full of irony in the late Qing Dynasty: "Hefei, the prime minister, is thinner than the world, and Changshu, the farmer, is barren."
The first couplet "Hefei" refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei, Anhui), and the second couplet "Changshu" refers to Weng Tonghe who was born in Changshu, Jiangsu. Although Han Yu, known as the king of the county, was born in Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province), Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu", because the Han surname of Changli (now Yixian County, Liaoning Province) was an aristocratic family in the Tang Dynasty, so the world called him Han Changli.
For another example, Su Shi was originally from Meizhou, Sichuan, but he sometimes called himself "Su Shi in Zhao County" and "Su Zhao County" because Su Shi was a noble family in Zhao County. It is called "Sun Qiulu is smart and kind", and "Sun Qiulu" is Sun Quan, so it is called because he was once awarded the position of General Qiu Lu.
In Meihualing, there are some sentences, such as "coming from the north" and "Yan Taishi uses his soldiers wisely, and Wen Shaobao uses his soldiers to make a big light". Running is Hong Chengchou's official position, a surname is the provincial name of Yan Zhenqing's official position, and Shaobao is Wen Tianxiang's official position. "Book with Wife": "Sima Chun shirt, you can't learn too much."
"Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was once a Sima in Jiangzhou. It was quite common to use official names as titles of people in ancient times, such as calling Jia Yi Jia Taifu; Ruan Ji, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", used to be a captain of the infantry and was called Ruan Infantry in the world. Ji Kang once worshipped Zhong Sanyi, who was known as Zhong Sanyi in the world. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a general of the right army, and people still call him Wang Youjun. Wang Wei, formerly known as Shangshu Youcheng, was called Wang Youcheng. Du Fu is called the left scavenger, and he is also called Du Gongbu, because he is a foreign minister. Liu Yuxi used to be a guest of honor of the prince and was called Liu Ke. Liu Yong was the foreign minister of wasteland, known as Liu wasteland; Su Shi was once a bachelor of Hanlin in Duanmingtang, and was called Su.
The title of "training frugality to show health" is "the luxury crown in recent years", the title of Kou Zhun is Lai Guogong, and Lai Gong is a provincial title. In Meihualing, Duoduo was named Prince Yu by the Qing Dynasty.
In the biography of Liu Jingting, "Ningnan goes south, Anhui Shuai wants to marry Ningnan and pay tribute to the shogunate Zhongting". Ningnan was the provincial name of Zuo Liangyu in the late Ming Dynasty. For example, Zhuge Liang was once conferred the title of marquis of Wu, so later generations are commensurate with marquis of Wu; Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, attacked the title of Xie Xuan, his ancestor, and he thanked him in the past. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it was named Zheng Guogong, so it was called Wei in the world. Guo Ziyi, a famous soldier, was named Guo Ziyi and called "Guo Fenyang" for putting down the Anshi Rebellion. Chu Suiliang, a great calligrapher, was named Duke of Henan, known as Chu Henan in the world; In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi was named King Gong Jing. Sima Guang was once named the Duke of Wen, and the world called Sima Wengong. In the early Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji, the minister of Zhu Yuanzhang, was knighted with sincerity, and people were commensurate with sincerity.
Official land refers to the place name of official land. Such as "Battle of Red Cliffs": "What does Yuzhou want now?" Because Liu Bei used to be the secretariat of Yuzhou, he called it an official place.
Another example is Jia Yi, who was once dismissed as Teacher Wang of Changsha, and was known as Jia Changsha in the world. Kong Rong, one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an", was once a Beihai phase, known as Kong Beihai in the world; Tao Yuanming was once the magistrate of Pengze County, and was known as Tao Pengze in the world. Luo was once the magistrate of Linhai County, and was known as Luo Linhai in the world. Cen Can used to be a secretariat, known as CenJiaZhou; Wei was once the secretariat of Suzhou, known as Wei Suzhou in history; Liu Zongyuan used to be the secretariat of Liuzhou, known as Liu Liuzhou in the world; Jia Dao used to be the master book of Changjiang County, known as Jia Changjiang in the world, and his poetry collection was called Changjiang Collection. Also known as "Travel to the Mountain", there are four people, Lu's father, his father and Changle Wang.
5. Common sense of ancient culture in Cang Li
granary
Pinyin: Chinese Pinyin
Source: The Book of Rites
Explanation: A warehouse for storing rice grains.
Lin: Mi Zang is called Lin.
A warehouse for storing rice grains.
1, "Mozi Le Fei Merchants": "A gentleman ... manages his own affairs internally and collects the benefits of Guancheng Mountain Forest externally, which is actually put into storage. This is also a problem of division. "
2. "The Book of Rites and the Moon Order": "The moon in Ji Chun ... is destined to send warehouses, give poverty and be exhausted." Kong Ying Da said to Cai Yong: "The grain is in the warehouse and the rice is in the warehouse."
3. Historical Records of the Five Emperors: "Yao Nai gave clothes to Shun, built granaries with Qin, and gave cattle and sheep."
4. Tang Yuanzhen's "Fan Shouhu's Shangshu System as a Foreign Minister": "Take my autumn and enter the big warehouse."
5. Song Fan Zhongyan's "Two Offensive and Defensive Strategies": "In a few years, the corn warehouse is full."
6. Chapter 71 of "Biography of Feng Ming Menglong in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty": "(Qi) Get rid of annoying punishment, set up warehouses to lend money to the poor, and make people feel happy. So I recruited from the eastern princes. "
7. Qing Zhao Zhuo Xiaoting Zalu Chundi loves the people: "Occasionally, there are local disasters, that is, the granary is ordered to be opened free of rent."
6. Why are barbarians called barbarians?
The Yellow River and Yangtze River valley areas, with mild climate, moderate rainfall and fertile soil, entered the farming society within the city walls earlier and were called China and Huaxia.
The natural conditions in the border areas are harsh, and most of them are inhabited by nomadic people, so they are called barbarians. Ancient China people thought they were the center of world civilization, the center of the world and a country within a country, so they called themselves China.
The backward and uncivilized places around "China" are called De, Hu, Man, Yi and Rong. These appellations are obviously discriminatory and derogatory.
However, the original China people's views on barbarians were not discriminatory or derogatory. Extended data:
Man: Qun Man and Bai Pu live in the south of Chu State.
Chu and Jin fought in Yanling, and barbarians also sent troops with Chu. Pu is in the south of Jianghan, which is today's Yunnan.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many nationalities in Chu who called themselves "barbarians". At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Chu attacked foreigners on a large scale, and Chu Wuwang was called "the great sense among foreigners" in history.
When Chu Zhuangwang was in China, the nationalities around Chu took advantage of Chu's great hunger to "invade the southwest and southeast, and the mediocrity led the group to rebel against Chu, and the people led hundreds of people to gather in the election, so they would attack Chu". When Qin Zhao was king, after Bai Qi attacked and destroyed Chu State, he "slightly took barbarians and set them in Qianzhong County".
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Pan Hu, Lin Jun and Ban Xie were the biggest barbarians. Living in Wuling County (now western Hunan, eastern Guizhou and southwestern edge of Hubei) and Changsha County (now central Hunan and southern Hunan), also known as "Wu Lingren" or "Changsha people"; Also known as "Wuxi people" because of their male, female, unitary and Wuxi people.
Yi people: Yi people are distributed in Shandong, Anhui and northern Jiangsu. Lion is in the east of Qi, and Huaiyi is located in the middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River.
Dongyi mentioned in Zuo Zhuan and Jiuyi mentioned in The Analects of Confucius are all Yi people living in Shandong now. The solution and intrigue in Zuo Zhuan were created by Dongyi people.
Of all the barbarians, it is the most powerful, and it often conflicts with Lu. He also participated in the alliance meeting hosted by Chu State, and then attacked Wu with Chu State.