Zhang Sanfeng (the second year of Guiyou, Dingzong of the Yuan Dynasty (1247) - the second year of Tianshun, Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty (1458)), whose real name was Tong, also named Junshi or Junbao, was born in Yizhou, Liaodong, China (now Fuxin, Liaoning). Confucian and Taoist priests in the Yuan Dynasty. He was good at calligraphy, painting, and poetry. In the first year of Zhongtong, he was appointed as the Boling Order of Zhongshan because of his outstanding talents. When visiting Baoji Mountain, there are three peaks, which are tall, beautiful and moist, so they are called Sanfengzi. There are also people who mistakenly call him "Zhang Sanfeng" because the character "Feng" and the simplified character "Feng" have the same shape. Zhang Sanfeng died in the second year of Tianshun in the Ming Dynasty, that is, 1458 AD, and his life span was 212 years old. Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty bestowed upon him the title of "Tongwei Xianhua Zhenren"; Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty conferred the title of "Zhenxian Taoguang Shangzhi"; Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty bestowed upon him the title "Zhenxu Yuanmiao Zhenjun of Qingxu".
According to comprehensive research by historians, the shortest one said that he lived for 212 years.
Another said that he lived for more than 400 years, and another said that he lived for more than 700 years. There is a saying that Zhang Sanfeng is still alive today and is immortal, living as long as heaven and earth
Wudang Mountain is the Taoist holy land founded by Zhang Sanfeng. Zhang Sanfeng was born in the Song Dynasty and has been practicing Taoism since the Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. They were often ordered to see Zhang Sanfeng by the emperor. Zhu Yuanzhang also ordered to see Zhang Sanfeng many times. This is recorded in official history
Unofficial history Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty also ordered to see Zhang Sanfeng. His life span should be no less than 700 years old. But it seems a bit mythological
The historical academic community generally believes that Zhang Sanfeng lived 212 years old, but some official historical records show that Zhang Sanfeng was at least four to five hundred years old, and unofficial histories can be traced back to thousands of years old
p>There are indeed very few records of Zhang Sanfeng’s birth year in the Ming and Qing dynasties. As for the birth year issue, we can only find clues from Zhang Sanfeng’s poem "Yun Shui Ji". "Yunshui Collection" was not recorded by bibliographers in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The "Yunshui Collection" we have today is the "Complete Works of Zhang Sanfeng" compiled by Wang Xiling in the late Kangxi period and Li Hanxu's reedited edition between Jiaqing and Daoguang. It was hard to find, so I did some research.
First of all, let’s look at the source of the record "Yunshui Ji", Lu Xixingyun: "Zhang Sanfeng,...Zi Daoyi, Sun Mingluan, Minghe. Luan entered the early Ming Dynasty and moved to Huaiyang. The sixth generation Sun Huagu Taoist ( Luan's direct grandson) and Yu were friends from outside the country, and their home had a beautiful forest garden. The old immortal came to his home, told anecdotes about the past, and wrote several poems about his travels, several chapters of imperial edicts, and a letter of elixirs, which were stored in the Ming Dynasty. "The remaining words of Huagu are enough to make people daydream."
If Zhang Sanfeng taught his work to the Huagu Taoist, it would be contrary to historical facts; Zhang Sanfeng had already ascended, how could he come to his home again? Lu Xixing was born in the fifteenth year of Zhengde (1520) and died in the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606). Lu and Huagu Taoist were friends and were probably about the same age. In this way, Huagu Taoist was not born in the Chenghua and Hongzhi eras at the earliest. I never met my ancestor Zhang Sanfeng. If Zhang Sanfeng granted it to his grandson or great-grandson, it would be in line with the situation at that time. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhang Sanfeng did live in Wang Jingyun's home in Huainan, and it was possible to visit his younger generation.
Wang Xiling's "Preface to the Collection of Yunshui" says: "Mr. Sanfeng wrote it during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. During the Yongle period, Hu Guang and others included it in the "Dadian", and its original version is rarely found in the world. During Jiajing, The imperial edict was still issued from the "Dadian", and was issued to the imperial master and so on. In the 59th year of Kangxi (1794), Xiling obtained this copy in a Yangzhou bookstore and hid it as a treasure, which cost a lot of money. During the time, I read the remaining "Yongle Dadian" and searched for Zhang Sanfeng's poems, but found nothing. Perhaps it was related to the fragments. As a recent scholar Li Zhizhong said: "There are only a little more than 3% of the "Yongle Dadian" left. . "You cannot use the current fragments to say that the past "Dadian" does not contain Zhang Sanfeng's poems. That is incorrect and arbitrary. "Yunshui Collection" whether it is a family biography or from "Dadian", has one thing that is basically the same , that is, the Huagu Collection of Books
As for the question of Zhang Sanfeng’s birth year, we should seek the answer from "Yun Shui Ji". The most important thing is "Yu You Ge", written by Bei Yue, in the 31st year of the Yuan Dynasty ( 1294) It’s the year of Jiawu. “You sing, you sing. If forty-eight years is spent in vain, how long can one live? In the sixteen years of Shuuheng Mountain, the exchanges between Yan and Zhao have become waves. It would be better to carry the harp, sword, tidy up the raincoat, and go east to Penglai to sing Taoist songs. "Reflected from the situation of the poem, I haven't been able to meet anyone to pass it on to the end, and I am melancholy and lamenting while wasting away the years. There are also two poems in the collection, "Shangqu" and "Hengyue", including "Looking west to Changshan, only white clouds" and "Jielu Xianling. ". The so-called Beiyue Hengshan by Zhang Sanfeng refers to Quyang County in Hebei Province, not Beiyue Hengshan in Hunyuan Prefecture, Shanxi. It is the place where Hengyue was moved from Quyang Hengyue in the 17th year of Shunzhi (1660).
From this song, he was forty-eight years old. According to Shuo, Zhang Sanfeng was born in Dingweisui, the second year of Guiyou (1247), the reign of Emperor Dingzong in the Yuan Dynasty. This was the seventh year of Chunhu, Emperor Lizong of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty had been dead for 12 years.
There is another poem in "Yunshui Collection". In the late autumn of the 26th year of the Great Yuan Dynasty (1366), I watched the wandering souls on Jintai for seven days, and returned to pay Yang Guishan a verse. The poem is a metaphor for the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. It covers the twenty-eighth year, which is the first year of Hongwu (1368). The verse goes: "The vitality returned to Taiqing in a vast state, and then went to Yaojing with the Suzaku. After seven days of peeling off the bed, the soul came back, and the world was unified. "Look at the bright sun and moon."
The best circumstantial evidence for Zhang's poems is the "Remains of Zhang Sanfeng" in Jintaiguan, Baoji. In this stele, there is a poem written by Zhang Yonghuan: "Oneself ascends. In the past hundred springs, dust has grown in the fairy cave in Lingyuan." (see above). This stele dates from the sixth year of Tianshun (1462). Going backwards, it happens to be the twenty-sixth year of Yuan Zhizheng, which is exactly the ninety-eighth year. Therefore, the poem has the line "One self has soared for nearly a hundred springs." This shows that some poems in "Yun Shui Ji" are completely trustworthy. Therefore, I think Zhang Sanfeng, the wandering soul at the end of the Zheng Dynasty, is more credible and consistent with historical facts.
As for the wandering souls recorded in documents, most of them were written in the 26th year of Hongwu (1393), except for the theory at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Those who advocated the end of the Yuan Dynasty include "Gaopo Yizuo" written by Yang Yi, Wang Qi's "Tongkao of Xuwenwen", and Jia Hanfu and others' revision of "Shaanxi Tongzhi" and other documents. There are fewer people who advocate this theory.
Hongwu theory is Yang Pu's "Zen Xuan Xian Jiao Compilation", followed by "Daming Yitong Zhi", "Zhang Sanfeng Zhenzhen Biography" in "Xianzheng Lu", and Baoji Jintai Guanfan. The monuments erected in Zongzhen, the "Collection of Barnyard History", and "History of Ming Dynasty" and other documents are impressive, but in fact they are just following Yang Pu's theory.
Some documents believe that Zhang Sanfeng was from the Jin Dynasty. The more famous ones are Lu Shen's "Yutang Manbi" and He Qiaoyuan's "Mingshan Zang". The Jin Dynasty fell in the first month of the sixth year of Taizong in the Yuan Dynasty (1234), the third year of Tianxing in the Jin Dynasty, and the first year of Duanping of Lizong in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhang Sanfeng had not yet been born at this time, so this theory is self-defeating and cannot be established at all.
Some poems in "The Collection of Clouds and Waters" are still true epics and are completely admissible. For example, "Rescuing Mr. Liu Zhonghui from afar": "It was the first ten days of winter in the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty (1274). He was erudite in other things, and he is now an ancient minister. He forgot about his desires and desires, and was free from the world. Who in the world knows me? I have been recommended to the court many times. People. After the eight days have passed, drink wine to pay homage to the gods." The rectifiers include "Bo Ling Shang Zhonghui Xianggong" and "Reply to Liu Xianggong", as well as "Lian Ping Zhang recommended Yu Ming to Liu Zhonghui as Taibao and chanted this". of poetry.
The poems written by Zhang Sanfeng are also completely consistent with the official history. "History of the Yuan Dynasty? Biography of Liu Bingzhong": "When Shizu was in Qiandi, Zen Master Haiyun was called across the clouds, and I heard that Zhongyu read everything in the book. ... In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1264), Wang E, a scholar of the Imperial Academy, wrote: "Yan Bingzhong has served the vassal for a long time, and has accumulated many years of experience. He has participated in Weiwei's plot and made great plans for the country...but Bingzhong still wears his wild clothes and has a deep reputation." If he is not in peace, he should straighten his clothes and show his rank. The emperor read the report and paid homage to Dr. Guanglu on the same day. He was appointed as the Taibao to attend Zhongshu to save trouble... In the eleventh year (1274), the subordinates went to Shangdu, and Nanping Mountain was built. Living in the Jingshe, in the eighth month of autumn, Bingzhong died sitting upright at the age of fifty-nine. When the emperor heard about it, he was shocked and mourned... He left the inner palace to carry a coffin, and sent Zhao Bingwen, the Minister of Rites, to protect his funeral and bury him in Dadu. Liu Bingzhong wrote "Zangchun Collection" with an appendix at the end, and Wang Pan wrote "Liu Taibao's Shinto Stele Inscription" which says: "Send Zhao Bingwen, the minister of the Ministry of Rites, to protect his appearance and return him to Dadu. He will be buried twenty miles southwest of Dadu in Renshen in the tenth month of winter." Chong, the origin of Fuxing. ”
The year Liu Bingzhong died is completely consistent with Zhang Sanfeng’s poem, but Zhang Sanfeng’s poem refers to the burial time, not the passing month. Liu Bingzhong was born in the eleventh year of Yuan Taizu (1216) Bingzi. Zhang Sanfeng wrote the elegy when he was in office, and the other two poems were also sung when he was the county magistrate. Only "Lian Pingzhang chanted this poem for recommending Yu Ming to Liu Zhonghui as Taibao". Judging from the content of the poem, Zhang Sanfeng was younger than him at this time. Liu Bingzhong was thirty-one years old, and Zhang Sanfeng was twenty-eight when he wrote the elegy. Liu Bingzhong was from Xingtai, and his clothes were changed later. The poem "Cheng Lian Ge Lao" says: "The real person does not reveal the true, and the Taoist does not reveal the mysterious." There is no doubt about what an alchemist is. Yao and Shun lived long lives, and it was auspicious to be quiet and inactive. I have used gold and stone as bait several times, but I have gained a long life. I love Mr. Lian, I am loyal and sincere. Writing a letter to attack heretics makes your liver as strong as iron. There are two elders in my family who are still immortals. The master of the house took refuge in the valley, and Zhihe hid in the fishing boat. He was always close to the emperor and did not talk about mercury and lead. Retreat bravely after success, and the hero will remain. The emperor has his own one, and it is beside the white clouds. Anyone who is a minister should be vigilant. I love honest, upright and wise men.
People at that time had an eye for integrity and Meng. "Another song, "Farewell to Mr. Lian in Jiangling", "I have an old relative whose head is already white. I am a minor official and have the virtue of being a public official. I love my talents, I am not greedy for salary. When the Duke goes to Jiangling, the people will be blessed. "
"History of the Yuan Dynasty? Biography of Lian Xixian", "Lian Xixian, courtesy name Shanfu, was the son of Bru Haiya... His maid lived in Zhongshan. ... Shizu was the emperor, and he became a servant in the 19th year of Xixian. Seeing his grace and restraint, he was extremely favored and favored. One day, I was reading Mencius, and when I heard the call, I was eager to make progress. The ancestor asked him what he said, so he responded with the purpose of being kind, righteous, beneficial, benevolent and cruel. The ancestor praised him and called him Lian Mencius. ...The alchemist asked me to refine the great elixir. The emperor said: "Yes, so he refused." At that time, Fang respected the imperial master, and the emperor ordered Xi Xian to receive the precepts. He said to him, "I have received the precepts from Confucius." The emperor said: Confucius also has precepts? He said: Be loyal to your ministers, be filial to your children, this is the precept of Confucius. ... In the twelfth year, You Cheng Ali went to Jiangling from The Hague to map the topography of the Zi Dynasty. He asked his important ministers to open a large mansion to control it. The emperor urgently summoned Xixian to return and sent him to the province of Jingnan. ...Xixian's illness persisted for a long time. In the spring of the fifteenth year (1278), Dong Wenzhong, a close minister, warned that Jiangling was hot and humid. What was Ruxixian's illness? That is to say, Xixian was called back. ...November 19, seventeenth year (1280). ... He died at the age of fifty. "
Zhang Sanfeng's poem is completely consistent with the historical facts of Lian Xixian. "Chengliange Lao" may be in the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty, when Lian Xixian was edicted to be the Pingzhang of Beijing Province. At the time of political affairs, he was sent to Liaodong and served as a secretary in Liaoyang and other places. Later, he was called back to Jiangling. In May of the 12th year of the Yuan Dynasty, Lian Xixian traveled south through Zhending Road. Zhongshan Prefecture, (now Ding County). Therefore, there is a poem written by Zhang Sanfeng to see him off. It is reflected in the poem that Zhang Sanfeng was serving as the magistrate of Anxi County at this time, so there is a sentence "I am not greedy for wealth". In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was called Zhongshan Prefecture Boling County. . The Yuan Dynasty was Zhongshan Prefecture, and the three counties were: Anxi County, Xinle County, and Wuji County. Zhang Sanfeng was the magistrate of Boling County, and he was actually called Lian Mencius. The alchemist's alchemy refining and ordination are all in line with Lian Xixian's biography, and Lian Xixian "lived in the mountains to serve his mother" when he was young. When he took up the post of Jiangling Mansion, he passed through Zhongshan to visit his hometown and friends, which was also a natural trend. It also shows that Zhang Sanfeng's poems are true records and reliable historical materials.
Lian Xixian was born in the third year of Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty (1231) and died in the seventeenth year of Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty (1280). So Lian Xixian. Xian was 16 years older than Zhang Sanfeng. When did Zhang Sanfeng resign from the county magistrate? It is confirmed by his poem "Ladder to Heaven": "I abandoned my official position and traveled to Haiyue to search for the secret of elixir." I can't leave the tombs of my dead relatives in my hometown. Farewell to me, a middle-aged woman, it’s getting daylight when I go out. Leave me alone, turn around and leave the burning house. "There is also the poem "Traveling to the North at the Age of Thirty-two", so there is the chant "The black gauze was changed into a Taoist costume, and I went to the Ming Dynasty with a sword and a harp". The thirty-two-year-old was the fifteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty. At this time, Lian Xixian lived in In Dadu, did Zhang Sanfeng go to visit his old friend? After all, he stopped working as an official. He left home at night and began to travel around to seek advice from teachers and Taoists.
There is another thing that has little to do with the year of birth and death, but it is indispensable in Zhang Sanfeng's life because literati in the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to it and cannot be ignored. It is Zhang Sanfeng's postscript "Penglai Xianyi Picture", which is also important for studying Zhang Sanfeng. Valuable historical data, this picture was presented to Qi Guogong Qiu Fu in the second year of Yongle (1404), and it is also recorded that it was the tenth year of Yongle. This historical fact needs to be clarified.
The first record of this matter is "Zen". According to the "Biography of Leng Qian" edited by Xuanxian Jiao, "Leng Qian, whose courtesy name was Qijing and whose nickname was Longyangzi, was from Wuling. At the beginning of the reign of the Yuan Dynasty, he and Liu Bingzhong traveled from the Salmon Sea. They were erudite and proficient in Yi, especially the alchemy of hundreds of schools of thought. In the Yuan Dynasty, Bing Zhong became the prime minister, but Qian gave up his studies in Buddhism and traveled to Yunchuan to meet Zhao Mengfu. They also went to the Siming Dynasty together. Therefore, the Song Prime Minister Shi Miyuan visited Li Sixun's paintings at home and began to imitate them. He was deeply interested in them and was good at them. Picture name. ... In the early days of the country, he served as an official in the court and became Dr. Taichang. If a traveler is poor, give him a modest sum. One day, I went to the wall of the museum, which was painted in the shape of a public gate. I said to the people in the museum: "I will come in with you." ... Qian opened the door with his hand, and opened it to let people in. It was a large house, and Jinbao Department Store was full of money. Qian ordered him to take whatever he wanted. ... It is a good fortune to enter the palace to reveal the truth, but to be modest is to miss the point. On May 5th, the sixth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1340), Qianchang made the "Picture of Immortal Yi", which was passed down to Sanfengjuanlao. The man who had Sanfengjuanlao was the so-called Zhang Citao. In the second year of Yongle (1404), Sanfeng inscribed this picture and attributed it to Qiu Gong of Qi State, Taishi. The picture depicts strange mountains and swamps, woods and houses, various kinds of ceilings, and fairy lights inside the house. The lotus flowers are blooming in the marsh, and a group of immortals are picking them beside them. Zhang's title and Qian's end. Dan Yun: During the restoration of the Celestial Dynasty, you were accused of painting cranes, and the immortal passed away in hiding. I will visit you on ten continents and three islands. I am afraid that people in the future will not recognize it. The strange and unique pens of immortals have been mixed with ordinary people, so I know this. It's taboo.
”
The "Wild Notes" written by Zhu Yunming (1460--1526) is completely consistent with the "Zen Xuan Xian Jiao Bian", but at the end of Zhu Yunming there is "The immortal traces of this dynasty, calling Zhou Dian and Zhang the most important." In the book, the story of the strange escape was praised by Qian and Shanxi gold foil Zhang. "Huan Lang's "Qixiu Reading Manuscript" and Zha Jizuo's "Guiweilu" were both written in the second year of Yongle, and "Barnyard History Collection" was written in the third year of Yongle. However, Lang Jing raised doubts about this picture, but the basis for his argument was Insufficient, it is difficult to overturn the theory of "Ye Ji"
"Shuanghuai Sui Chao" and Wang Ao's "Zhen Ze Chang Yu" both say: This picture was owned by Qiu Fu and dated to the 10th year of Yongle. "The Complete Works of Zhang Sanfeng" also says the same thing.
The question is, did Zhang Sanfeng give "Xianyi Tu" to Qiu Fu in the second year of Yongle? In the seventh year of autumn (1409), in the seventh month of Guiyou, Qi State Duke Qiu Fu was appointed as the chief military officer of the general who conquered the captives. ...Jiayin, the eighth month of the lunar month, was Qiu Fu, the commander-in-chief of the Japanese army. ... He was defeated and died at the age of seventy-six. "After Qiu Fu's death, he pursued the title and moved his family to Lingnan. Records of this matter include Xue Yingqi's "Zhao Zhang Lu", Ye Xianggao's "Yikao", Zhu Guozhen's "Historical Summary of the Ming Dynasty", and Tan Qian's "Guoyan" In the second year of Yongle, Qiu Fu was a prominent figure among the heroes of the Jingnan. The date of Zhang Sanfeng's inscription of "Xianyi Tu" and the donation were in the second year of Yongle, which is very consistent with the actual situation at that time. Fu has been dead for more than two years. Is it impossible to give it to Yuanshu's family? It means that the Yongle year cannot be established at all, and we think that the Yongle year is correct. p>
Some people may ask: Emperor Yongle sent an envoy to visit Zhang Sanfeng, why did Qiu Fu not report to Emperor Yongle? On the other hand, he killed the old officials of Jianwen. During this period, the throne was not very strong, so there was no time to take into account Jianwen's departure. After the imperial power was consolidated, Hu Ke was sent to Hu Ke in December of the seventh year of Yongle (1409). After visiting Zhang Sanfeng, the historical period of this period was clarified, and the date of the inscription and postscript of "Xianyi Tu" was also solved. Leng Qian painted it for Zhang Sanfeng.
The issue of Zhang Sanfeng’s death is also a long-standing problem. However, there are still some sporadic records in the literature. Du Muyun said: “The orthodox period still exists. "(see above) Yang Yiyun said: "At the end of Tianshun, it may be hidden or appear. "Dayi County Chronicle", Zuo Qiao, a native of the city in the 34th year of Jiajing (1555), wrote "Heming Guan Ji" and said: "Perhaps he was promoted to yellow and white while living here, and Mr. Zhang Sanfeng died here." Fan Zongzhen said when observing the stele at the Golden Platform in Baoji: "The sky is in harmony, and the fairy music welcomes the strange fragrance for seven days, and then it is promoted." "(Transcribed stele) Lang Jingyun said: "In the third year of Tianshun (1459), I came to pay homage to the emperor again and found his image. He had an upright beard, a bun hanging down his back, a purple face and a big belly, and he was carrying a hat. "Xiangfu County Chronicle" written during the Shunzhi period says: "In the second year of Tianshun's reign, he emerged in Heming Mountain, Chengdu, and was granted the title of Tongwei to become a real person. "Henan Tongzhi" in the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729) is the same as that of the county. And "Shengjing Tongzhi" says: "He became famous in Zhang Commander's Garden in Ganzhou, and then went to other places many times." "Chenzhou General Chronicles" written during the Jiaqing Period says: "Zhang Sanfeng once settled here and became immortal, referring to Shushi as a place of farewell to fellow villagers." "There is also Lu Shenyun: "The end of Tianshun may disappear or appear. "He Qiaoyuan and Wang Qi also hold this view. According to the orthodox "General Chronicles of Chenzhou", Zhang Sanfeng married Mao Guidong and went to Jishan.
It can be seen from the above that Chongju was in the Tianshun period, which is credible. As for "Hou Repeatedly" "See other places" is really not trustworthy. If the lower limit is the eighth year of Tianshun (1464), and the second year of Guiyou (1247), then Zhang Sanfeng lived 218 years. It is incredible. Can people really have This long life can only be answered by health experts and medical scientists. We are just basing our opinions on the literature. Zhuangzi said: "Save it and don't care." "
In addition, there is an anonymous "Exian Master Zhang Sanfeng's Gaiden", which is also mentioned in passing. "The Gaiden" says: "Fang Hu Shenghui Picture", "Sanfeng, Shaoxing, Xinmao, August 15th" "Risheng". There is no Xinmao in Shaoxing, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty. It is Xinmao in the seventh year of Emperor Qiandao of the Song Dynasty (1171), which is the eleventh year of Dading of Emperor Shizong of the Jin Dynasty. "Wai Zhuan" is a book of Shuobu, which is difficult to trust as history, so it is not verified. Fang Hu is Fang Congyi, a Taoist priest from Longhu Mountain and a painter of the Yuan Dynasty. Wu Boli, who was ordered to visit Zhang Sanfeng, was mentioned in some anthologies of the Yuan and Ming dynasties as a disciple of Fang Hu. > Regarding the issue of the year of Zhang Sanfeng’s death, we should still rely on the imperial edict in Zhu Qizhen’s “Yugang Zhang Sanfeng Bronze Stele”, because the imperial edict was written for a living person, indicating that Zhang Sanfeng was still in the world at that time.
Based on the date of the imperial edict and the literature, we believe that Zhang Sanfeng died in the late Tianshun years, which is more in line with the actual situation.