When I have accumulated to a certain extent (according to my experience, it is more than one semester), when I read ancient Chinese, I know some uncommon content words, so general reading is not a problem. Read more, recite more, accumulate more, and you will get better gradually.
As for the introductory textbook, the text in the textbook is the best and the difficulty is moderate, which is suitable for beginners. When you are good at learning, you can refer to ancient prose, 300 poems of Tang and Song Dynasties, small windows, night talk around the stove and so on.
I wish you a happy study! First, speak like a book. Chewing on words means reading and studying every word and sentence carefully and understanding it thoroughly.
Chewing words is a serious and important job. Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following two points.
(1) Explain the meanings of words, meanings and sentences. Cheng Hao, a scholar in Song Dynasty, said: To read a text, you must first understand its meaning, and then you can ask its meaning.
Literally means the meaning of words and sentences, which is very superficial. To understand the meaning of the text, we must first remove the obstacles of the text, which is a thing that cannot be ignored.
In particular, some words and sentences seem easy to understand at first glance, but they are specious in real understanding. You have to understand everything, especially junior high school students need to understand the meaning of every word, such as the sentence in lesson 16 of the two-volume textbook Wolf: When I was a child, a wolf walked away and its dog sat in front. Less time: a little while.
Path: front, front: front. After a while, one of the wolves went straight away, and the other wolf squatted in front like a dog.
The poet Cang Kejia has been studying "China's view of ancient literature" for decades. He said: I read those ancient books with dense circles and dense notes. I am very serious. In order to eat up the taste of the books, I don't miss a word.
Writer Sun Li has been reading Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio for fifteen years. He just recited, read and pondered carefully, without exception, and applied what he had learned. The importance and necessity of speaking like a book.
(2) Break through the barriers of individual writing. As the saying goes, the thief gets the king first, and the whole sentence is easy to understand. Before reading, put forward specific requirements for students: combined with the notes under the text, try to say the general meaning of each sentence, and mark the meaningless places with question marks to prepare for improving quality. On the basis of being familiar with the text, junior high school students will first break the difficult words in the sentence.
Second, the reading method China has a fine tradition of reading poetry, and learning classical Chinese is also inseparable from the reading method. There are two kinds of reading: reciting and reading aloud.
The former is reading quietly and rhythmically, and the latter is also called reading aloud, which means reading aloud. China's excellent classic works are profound in artistic conception, exquisite in language, sonorous in tone and harmonious in sound and rhyme. They are very musical and suitable for reading.
Reading helps to think. When reading, you must use your mouth, your eyes, and your heart will touch your mouth. Reading is to turn written language into spoken language, so when reading, pay attention and don't be distracted. You should listen to your heart, read your mouth, listen to your ears, think in your heart, and experience the content and artistic conception of the article while reading.
Climbing mountains is full of feelings, and watching the sea is full of feelings. Instructing students to read repeatedly can not only appreciate the beauty of the scenery, but also understand the author's writing intention.
In class, students are not only required to read repeatedly, but also pay attention to teaching students the methods of reading. Instruct students to read texts from easy to difficult levels, and strive to achieve three levels of reading.
(a) is accurate and clear reading, the so-called correct and reasonable is the sentence read clearly, reasonable rhythm. To reach the most basic reading level, the key is to practice casually at ordinary times. (2) Fluent reading means fluent sentences and sonorous phonology. For example, there are many antithetical sentences and four sentences in Peach Blossom Garden, which have a sense of contrast. For example, if a forest runs out of water, a mountain with a small mouth will appear.
(3) It is realized on the basis of understanding the meaning of the text at a higher reading level. Reading aloud should be done naturally on the basis of familiarity with reading aloud.
We should read widely and intensively, as Su Dongpo said: read seven out of three poems. A good study will get twice the result with half the effort.
After junior high school students learn the above two methods and form habits, they can help themselves to dredge the meaning of the text and develop the habit of sorting out special classical Chinese phenomena in the text, and many a mickle makes a mickle. As long as the method is proper, we will make these obscure and static classical Chinese activities into an audible, visible and tangible artistic conception, laying a solid foundation for further study in the future.
The study of classical Chinese in junior high school is just "reading, memorizing, without making specific requirements". The study of classical Chinese in senior high school should not only "memorize", accumulate language materials, increase perceptual knowledge, but also guide students to accumulate relevant knowledge of classical Chinese words and expressions.
Only by attaching importance to the accumulation of basic knowledge such as classical Chinese words can we effectively cultivate students' ability to read simple classical Chinese. In view of this, how should we learn classical Chinese? First of all, learning classical Chinese should achieve "three more": reading more, reciting more and practicing more.
The ancients learned classical Chinese by heart. Recite 300 Tang poems, and you can recite them even if you can't write poems! Although we don't have to shake our heads like the ancients, their habit of attaching importance to reading is undoubtedly worth learning and learning from. When we say "read more", we should not only read textbooks, but also read books. If there is an opportunity, we should also read as many works in classical Chinese as possible, such as Four Books, Five Classics, and Zi Tong Zhi Jian, so as to broaden our horizons as much as possible.
"Recite more" means that all the texts that need to be memorized must be memorized by letters, and it is best to write them down word by word, and even punctuation marks should not be wrong! You must not think that this is just "rote learning". If you can persist, then, imperceptibly, you will naturally master the ancient language habits and methods of choosing words and making sentences, and your ability to read classical Chinese will naturally be cultivated. "Practice more" is one of the shortcuts to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. We should not only complete the after-school training seriously, but also do more classification training of related words, so as to broaden our horizons and improve our comprehensive quality.
Secondly, learning classical Chinese should not only learn to attend classes, but also pay attention to preview and review. Preview before class.
2. Is there any good way to read classical Chinese? Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, and classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of college entrance examination. Students often ask how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination. I think if we can pay attention to the following points, we can learn classical Chinese well and improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination.
First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river. Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao.
Second, have relevant cultural common sense. China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times. Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams.
Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present." We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain. In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese.
Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese. When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech. ③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination.
3. How to read the custom of preferring boys to girls in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
As the saying goes. China's ancient culture is extensive and profound, so when we study ancient Chinese.
Second, there are great differences between ancient and modern times. Therefore, we must be proficient in the knowledge points and geographical common sense appearing in textbooks and bully Zhang Yi. "
In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain, Wen Tianxiang wrote; In the face of ugliness, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients and the present, and hope that Chu will be strong and United as one. (3) The contents involved in eight aspects, such as sentence patterns in classical Chinese and annotation styles in ancient books, are frozen on the road, so we should grasp the article as a whole.
Such as the title: "No one has died since ancient times; Thirdly, grasp the textbooks, but what you encounter in your study at ordinary times should also be accumulated as your own knowledge reserve. In the face of external humiliation, Du Fu wrote, learn classical Chinese well.
Third, official positions and imperial examinations are the belly of the ancients. With relevant cultural knowledge, including the differences between ancient and modern times, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao. Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching. Only when literature and history are indistinguishable can we understand the connotation of his works? I think we can pay attention to the following points: classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of the college entrance examination: first of all. The study of classical Chinese in peacetime is rich in connotation, and it has a lot of content that evolves with the development of history. Calendar and criminal law face the sufferings of the people directly.
Although these contents do not require all students to master and lash. In short, we should use the politics and parts of speech of this era flexibly, further understand the deep meaning of the article, and learn to confuse Zheng Xiu with "the heart of today is only the king of Chu" and advocate reform.
Fifth, on the basis of the first three conditions, learning classical Chinese should do the following. Only by knowing this person's age and culture will it affect him. Finally. First, to understand the main content of the article, first alienate Qu Yuan, unite as one, practice strict economy, further understand the words and phrases related to the context, and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese, so as to call them at any time in the study and examination of classical Chinese, so as to try to figure out the ancient people's thoughts: ① Phonological sounds, including polyphonic words and heteronymic words, face disasters and polysemy in a specific language environment.
We live in today's society, and we should understand paragraphs in the overall grasp of the text. Understand this history; Second, keep Dan Xin as a historical record. "
2 word meaning. Fourth; We will work together to resist external humiliation.
For example, Qu Yuan accurately understood the essence, costumes and artifacts reflected in classical Chinese: "Zhu Men's wine and meat are smelly, and they must be attacked, so that their ambition of political reform cannot be realized. He must have relevant historical knowledge, and then exiled him to the Miluo River. Everyone lives in an era, and it is no problem to improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination. How to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination? Students often ask, if you can do the above points in your usual study, it will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination.
4. How can I read classical Chinese? The first is the general view. Up and down. In other words, as a whole, think as a whole, and be good at thinking in connection with the second half. Reading articles is most afraid of taking them out of context, and reading classical Chinese is no exception. Only by looking at it as a whole, thinking about it as a whole and thinking about it in the last six months can we grasp the specific meaning of the sentences in the text. It is difficult to understand a word or sentence if we look at it alone and in isolation. For example, what does this sentence mean? In 2008, the National College Entrance Examination Volume I Classical Chinese Sentences, the same below, omitted? If you look at this sentence in isolation, you can't figure out what it means anyway. You must contact its context and put this sentence into the full text to deliberate and think, so as to grasp its exact meaning. The previous article said that those who have the ability to farm and fight should be given extra rewards, and every hectare of farmland should be given. How much should they be given? One pass, ah, means "give a bag of materials" Another example is the phrase "re-lease tax", which is hard to understand in itself. Then, those who have the ability to farm and fight in the school should be given extra rewards. What about the people? Those who are willing to farm should be tax-free. Ah, it turns out that "restoring tax" means "exempting tax". This is incomprehensible to a single sentence, and it must be connected from front to back, from left to right, from top to bottom, and become a whole.
Any paragraph of classical Chinese is difficult to understand if you read a sentence in isolation. Suitable for reading various genres of classical Chinese paragraphs (including biographies, travel notes, essays, essays, prefaces and postscripts, letters, etc.).
The second is to look at the questions first and get inspiration from them. Although the fourth question in classical Chinese is also a multiple-choice question, it is often an analysis, understanding and generalization of the full text. Although one item in it is wrong, let's take it as right. Reading the questions in advance is very helpful for understanding and reading the original text.
For example, "the ancient emperors should have their own soldiers, so they should be prepared for danger in times of peace and strengthen their main force ... Please run Jiankang, support the six divisions as a stick, and take Du Jinren as a spy." When reading these words, you don't understand them very well, or you don't understand them accurately At this point, you can read item b of question 4. "Liao Gang thought that the ancient emperor personally led the army to strengthen the main force in order to guard against it. Today, we should also choose pro-soldiers, guard at ordinary times and fight in wartime. He also believes that the current national disaster should lead the army to Jiankang to guard against the invasion of the Jin people. " Once you read it, you will understand it accurately. This is the inspiration given by asking questions, which helps us understand the original text accurately.
The third is to be good at clarifying the relationship between characters. Although a classical Chinese is written about a major character, it is more or less related to other minor characters, which is also an indispensable part of understanding classical Chinese. Imagine, if you don't even know who said this sentence and where it ended, how can you understand its meaning? If you can't understand the meaning of the text, how can you answer the questions accurately?
5. How to read classical Chinese well, the key is to accumulate the usage and interpretation of classical Chinese words. In addition, we should read more books and cultivate the ability to punctuate sentences accurately, so that no one can fully understand those articles and it won't help, so we should try our best to do the questions well even if we don't understand them.
The test of notional words can be done by substitution. Look at the part of speech, see if the meaning is logical, and see if the plot conflicts before and after substitution in the original text, so it is easy to find mistakes.
The last overall topic is basically the translation of some sentences in the original text, but there may be jumps. As long as you find the approximate position, you can understand many sentences, because after all, those sentences are only a little wrong. And this error basically appears in the supplement and evaluation of the original text. Basically understand its literal meaning. In order to prevent the understanding from being too blunt, we should also pay attention to the background of the article.
6. What are the skills to read classical Chinese quickly? First, look at the problem first, and contact the problem to read the article. Although the fourth question in classical Chinese is also a multiple-choice question, it is often an analysis, understanding and generalization. Full text. Although there are mistakes in it, let's treat it as a correct item.
Reading the questions in advance is very helpful for understanding and reading the original text. Second, read through the full text and think as a whole, that is, look at it as a whole and think as a whole, and be good at thinking in connection with the last part.
Reading articles is most afraid of taking them out of context, and reading classical Chinese is no exception. Only by looking at it as a whole, thinking about it as a whole and thinking about it in the last six months can we grasp the specific meaning of the sentences in the text. It is difficult to understand a word or sentence if we look at it alone and in isolation.
Suitable for reading various genres of classical Chinese paragraphs (including biographies, travel notes, essays, essays, prefaces and postscripts, letters, etc.). Third, understand the necessary common sense of ancient culture. Common sense of ancient culture includes the following eight categories.
First, names and titles, such as names, courtesy names, honorific names, base names, names, figures, serial numbers, posthumous title, temple numbers, year numbers, change of yuan, honorific names, emblem numbers, age appellation, naming of works, etc. The second is official position and imperial examination.
Third, geographical knowledge, such as the names of regions, administrative regions and mountain passes. Fourth, patriarchal manners and customs, such as patriarchal clan system, manners and customs, respect and inferiority, taboos, taboos and so on.
The fifth is clothing appliances. Sixth, calendar criminal law, such as calendar, calendar, calendar, calendar, calendar and so on.
Seventh, ancient music, such as eight tones, five tones, six tones, elegant music, pop music, Jing Shou, Liu Yao, Nishang, Sanglin, Wushe, musicians, Yangchun Baixue and Xialiba people. Eight is the annotation style of ancient books, such as biography, annotation, writing, thinning and interpretation.
Fourth, clarify the relationship between characters. Although writing a classical Chinese, although it is the main character, it will also be more or less in contact with other minor characters. It is also an indispensable part of understanding classical Chinese. Imagine, if you don't even know who said this sentence and where it ended, how can you understand its meaning? If you can't understand the meaning of the text, how can you answer the questions accurately? When we read classical Chinese, we must have in mind the concept of the relationship between people. We must first understand who said a sentence and who did an action or a thing, so as to understand the meaning of the text. Otherwise, you will grab your eyebrows and beard and have no idea.
5. It is good to master some concrete notional words in classical Chinese, and it is also good to master a large number of notional words in classical Chinese. However, sometimes we must highlight some idiomatic meanings of notional words in classical Chinese, because these idiomatic meanings are used frequently, and they can show the connection before and after.
For example, the change and transfer of official positions, too long time, actions related to the emperor and so on. The word "except" is frequently used in the conversion and transfer of official positions. If it is placed before or after the official position, it must mean "conferring an official position". Don't misinterpret it as "dismissal", it will misinterpret the meaning.
In addition, such as "promotion", "relocation" (transfer), knowledge (appointment, work), demotion (appointment), change (job change), division (relevant officials), etc. In terms of the length of excessive time, such as the word "Qiu", which means "soon or just", this word is also used frequently and must be mastered.
In addition, such as "for a while", "for a while" (for a while, soon), "rotation" (soon), "tilt" (for a while) and so on. As far as the behavior related to the emperor is concerned, such as the word "imperial edict", it must refer to the orders, instructions, imperial edicts and proclamations of the emperor or the court. Anyway, it has something to do with the emperor. When reading classical Chinese, you must understand this meaning.
In addition, there are "troublesome" (especially the emperor's orders or imperial edicts), "monarch" (monarch or conscription system), "strategy" (documents of the emperor's fief, knighthood or dismissal from office), "minister" (the place where the emperor lives, palace), "pilgrimage" (appearing in front of the emperor) and "crown" (.
6. Know how to supplement, delete, copy, change, adjust, merge, expand and communicate. The so-called "supplement" is "supplement". Because classical Chinese, like poetry, is a very concise style, when interpreting or translating, we must make up those omitted elements to make it smooth, otherwise it will be awkward and unreasonable.
The so-called "deletion" means "deletion". What should be deleted from classical Chinese? Of course, it is a function word with no practical meaning in classical Chinese.
For example, the word "fu" is generally not translated and can be deleted. For example, some function words at the end of tone, such as "zhi, fu, zhe, ye, Yu, Yan and zai", can be deleted in translation.
The so-called "copying" means "copying". There are many contents in classical Chinese that can be copied and recorded.
Specifically, it includes the names of people, places, officials, titles, years, months, days, posthumous title, posthumous title and temples. Can be recorded without translation. The so-called "change" is "transformation".
It is to turn ancient and modern meanings into words and sentences in modern Chinese. The so-called "merger" means "merger".
For some fine and intertextual sentences, they can be merged, just like merging similar items in mathematics. The so-called "adjustment" means "adjustment".
It is to adjust special sentence patterns or inverted sentence patterns to make them conform to the sentence patterns of modern Chinese. There are many adverbial postpositions, attributive postpositions, prepositional object sentences and subject-predicate inversion sentences in classical Chinese, all of which belong to special sentence patterns or inversion sentences and need to be adjusted.
The so-called "expansion" means "expansion and expansion". Is to expand precision.
The so-called "communication" means "communication". Of course, it is to connect some words and sentences with incoherent meanings to make the meaning smooth.
Connect some words and sentences with incoherent meanings to make their meanings smooth. Connect some words and sentences with incoherent meanings to make their meanings smooth.
Connect some words and sentences with incoherent meanings to make their meanings smooth.
7. How to understand and know ancient Chinese is very simple. First of all, you should lay a good foundation (nominal words, interchangeable words, special sentence patterns, polysemy, compound words with partial correction, literary common sense, ancient rhetoric). Without basic skills, you are reading ancient Chinese.
Then there is the need to grasp the overall meaning and central idea, which is the application of your language sense and skills:
The skill is to learn to judge the meaning according to the context, determine the words through association and analogy, and combine literal translation with free translation to pursue faithfulness, elegance and expressiveness (that is, accuracy, fluency and fluency).
For example, Historical Records and Twenty-four History mainly introduce characters, for example, The View of Ancient Chinese is mainly in the form of ancient Chinese. Mastering this law of writing books is helpful to understand the theme and significance of literature.
In fact, the most important thing in reading ancient Chinese is persistence. I don't know where to start reading when I first came into contact with ancient Chinese, but I will be proficient if I keep reading.
8. How to make students understand the classical Chinese language outline points out that "they can understand the meaning of common words in simple classical Chinese and translate simple classical Chinese sentences".
This shows the importance of basic teaching such as understanding the meaning of words and translating sentences in ancient Chinese teaching. However, when students are doing classical Chinese, they can still do some multiple-choice questions, but the translation questions are difficult to grasp. Is it really difficult to translate classical Chinese? In fact, as long as you master the method, you can certainly do better.
As teachers, we can guide students to start from the following aspects: First, through reading, we can perceive that the ancients paid attention to rhythm and rhyme when writing articles, so most of the parallel prose in classical Chinese is mixed with prose, and long and short sentences are staggered, so many articles read smoothly and are very suitable for reading and reciting. The first task of learning classical Chinese is to be familiar with the text.
Only in this way can we effectively accumulate language materials and form a sense of language. "Read it a hundred times, and the meaning is self-evident." Read more books, be familiar with it, and appreciate it repeatedly in the process of reading, so as to understand it.
Moreover, classical Chinese is relatively divorced from real life, and its pronunciation, sentence reading and grammatical structure are different from those of modern times, so it is even more necessary to read it repeatedly, that is, to read it aloud over and over again. But when reading, we should pay attention to the pronunciation of words, especially words with different pronunciations and loanwords.
For example, in Ma Shuo, "horse eaters don't know that they can eat thousands of miles away", and both "food" means "feed". As a verb, it should be pronounced "Si", and "eat all the corn and stones at once" means "rice and rice". As a quantifier, it should be pronounced "shí". It should be emphasized that reading classical Chinese must be read aloud. On the basis of preliminary understanding, the understanding of words, sentences and articles should be gradually deepened through repeated reading until they are thoroughly understood.
There are many ways to read: teachers can give examples to read, and guide them when necessary to help students read correctly and distinguish sentences; Students can read aloud in groups or individually to solve problems in reading. You can read the whole article, several paragraphs or a paragraph or a few sentences, and deepen your understanding in reading. If the story is strong and there is dialogue between the characters, students can read aloud in different roles, such as "oil seller" and "Dai Zhen is difficult to teach"; Prose with simple words can be boldly released, guiding students to read the correct pronunciation, rhythm, tone and intonation, and then reading the author's feelings, which can be felt through repeated reading, such as Ailian Shuo and Humble Room Ming.
In order to better stimulate students' reading interest, we can also read aloud in the competition to stimulate students' reading interest. Second, by pulling the point and mastering the method, the ancients often said that "it is better to teach people to fish than to teach people to fish."
It is very important for teachers to pay attention to the teaching of classical Chinese in time and let students master the basic methods of learning classical Chinese. Students master the method, just like mastering the "golden key" to learn classical Chinese.
(1) The basic method does not need translated words. In classical Chinese, all country names, place names, personal names, official names, emperor names, year numbers, object names, weights and measures, etc. It can be preserved intact when translated, because these words can't be translated into modern Chinese in general.
For example, in the first sentence of Jin Zhong Yong in the Book of Jin, Jin and Jin were in the Shang Dynasty. Monosyllabic to disyllabic.
Classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, while modern Chinese is dominated by disyllabic words. When translating classical Chinese, many monosyllabic words in the original text are replaced by suitable disyllabic words in modern Chinese.
For example, the five monosyllabic words in the sentence "take a boat" have been replaced by five disyllabic words "so", "carry", "save" and "as if" in modern Chinese. Words with different meanings in ancient and modern times
Language is developing and changing. Due to the progress of society and the change of people's understanding, the meanings of many words have gradually changed.
One of the main problems in the translation of classical Chinese is the understanding obstacle caused by the difference of word meanings between ancient and modern times. When translating classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to words with different meanings in ancient and modern times.
For example, the word "tired of learning" in the Six Classics of The Analects of Confucius means "satisfied" here, but now it usually means "disgusted" or "bored". Universal character.
The common words in classical Chinese are because some words have not been specially created for them before, but only a word with the same or similar pronunciation is selected from the existing words to replace them. Later, when they got used to it, the word was used by it, also called "borrowing". It is somewhat similar to our modern homophones or similar words.
Therefore, translation should not be understood as the original word, but as the meaning. For example, in The Analects of Confucius and Six Classics, "Why not learn from Xi?" "Say" means "Yue", which can't be understood as "say", but should be understood as "happy, happy"
Complement the omitted components. Ellipsis is a grammatical phenomenon in ancient and modern Chinese, but it is more common and complicated in ancient Chinese.
When reading classical Chinese, we must contact the context to understand and complete the omitted components. For example, in Take a Boat, the subject "on board" is omitted before this sentence, and it should be completed in translation.
Delete meaningless function words. In classical Chinese, some auxiliary words or function words just indicate pause, make do with syllables, or play the role of mood, which has no practical significance. Although they are indispensable in the original text, they should be deleted in translation because there is no equivalent word to express them.
For example, the word "ye" in the sentence "I have heard for a long time" in Shang is an auxiliary word of mood, which plays a role in calming emotions and has no practical significance, so it should be deleted in translation. Add the appropriate content.
The language of classical Chinese is very concise. Sometimes in translation, in order to make sentences coherent or conform to the habits of modern Chinese, it is necessary to add some content to make them read smoothly and completely.
For example, if the sentence "I am humble, but I am virtuous" in My Humble Room Inscription is translated into "This is a humble room, as long as I am virtuous", it is incomplete fluency, and it is complete fluency to add "I don't feel humble" after it. Flexible use of parts of speech.
The flexible use of parts of speech in ancient Chinese is very common, including noun as verb, noun as predicative word, verb as noun, adjective as verb, numeral as verb and causative, intentional and passive usage. For example, the word "difficult" in Boating refers to the adjective "difficult" and is interpreted as "feeling embarrassed".
Change the word order. In ancient Chinese, inverted sentences are very common, mainly with subjects.