In his article "Overview of Warring States Inscriptions", Li Xueqin divided Warring States characters into five families: Qin, Chu, Qi, Three Jins, and Yan, establishing a basic framework for the study of Warring States characters. This framework is not only suitable for examining the writings of the Warring States Period, but is also generally suitable for examining the regional calligraphy styles of the entire Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Each system is represented by a large country as its core, including the relatively independent features of the surrounding small countries that are politically and culturally affected by it. An overview is as follows: Qin style calligraphy The Qin style is a special and independent system that is different from other styles. In calligraphy, it shows the inheritance of the Western Zhou Dynasty orthodoxy, which is relatively conservative and stable. Bronze inscriptions such as "Qin Gong Zhong", "Qin Gong Bo", "Qin Gong Gui", "Shang Yang Fang Sheng" and "New Wife Tiger Talisman" were passed down through the generations until the small seal script.
Qin Gongzhong