Brief introduction of the three kingdoms
wai cao
With the unification of Cao Cao, the prime minister of Han Dynasty, and the implementation of land reclamation and rent adjustment, Cao Cao (word Meng De), the emperor of Wei Dynasty, tended to be stable in the northern society and his production gradually resumed. The government builds roads and water conservancy projects, which facilitates transportation. In the restored iron smelting industry, drainage has been popularized and silk weaving industry has flourished. Commodity exchange gradually improved, and coins were reissued in Wei Mingdi. Luoyang and yecheng are increasingly prosperous. After Cao Cao entered Jizhou, he promulgated the rent adjustment. In the 21st year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao called Wang Wei the capital of all powers. In the first month of 220, Cao died; In October, Zi Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor and established the State of Wei, the title of which was Wei, with Luoyang as its capital and its capital. Wei is in the north. Division, Yu, Yan, Qing, Xu, Liang, Yong, Ji, You, He, Jing and Yang. Among them, Liangzhou led a black-bone chicken captain to protect the western regions; The land of Youzhou reaches Liaodong; Southern countries are connected with Han and Wu through Qinling and Huaihe rivers respectively. Wei has more than 660,000 households with a population of more than 4.4 million. Shortly after the establishment of Wei, power was marginalized. During the period of Wang Fang in the State of Qi, there was a power struggle between Cao Shuang, the imperial clan of Fuzheng, and Sima Yi, the imperial commander of Taiwei. Cao Shuang re-used celebrities, three dogs, Bi Gui, and others, changed the code and refused to change. Sima's family is an aristocratic family since the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Yi himself is resourceful and has made many achievements in the military. In 238, he led an army to pacify Gongsun Yuan and brought Liaodong into the territory of Wei. In 249 AD, taking advantage of Cao Shuang's invitation to visit Luoyang Gao Ping Ling, he staged a coup, forced Cao Shuang to surrender, executed Cao Shuang and his henchmen, and monopolized state affairs, which was known as the Gao Ping Ling incident. Later, Yi's father and son Sima Shi successively put down the military rebellion of the tombs (25 1), Wu (255) and Zhuge Dan (257) and the resistance of other courtiers in Huainan, thus consolidating Sima Shi's rule. A group of metaphysical celebrities, represented by the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, held a negative attitude towards Sima's family, among which Ji Kang was killed by Sima's family on charges of immortality and helping others. Most of them surrendered to the Sima family in the early Wei and Western Jin Dynasties. When all the resistance forces were eliminated, Sima Shi made meritorious deeds and sent troops to destroy the Han Dynasty in 263. Two years later, he replaced Wei as Jin in the name of accepting abdication. Through five emperors, * * * forty-six years.
Tan Poulnot. Posthumous title title, name, year, tenure.
No high emperor, no Cao Teng, no.
No emperor, no Cao Song, no.
Emperor (founder of Wei State, king in 2 16, reigned for 4 years).
(7) Emperor Chu was a master (founding emperor in 220-226, reigned for 7 years)
Cao Rui Taihe (7), the king of the plains in the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
Qinglong (5)
Jingchu (3) (226-239, in office 13)
Wu Wu Wang Qi steamed food in the grass house (10)
Jia Ping (6) (239-254 in office 15)
No noble country male Cao Mao Jacky (3)
Mana ⑤(254-260 reigned for 6 years)
Wu Yuan Emperor Chen Liuwang Cao Huan Jingyuan (5)
Xi 'an Xi ② (reigned for 6 years from 260 to 265)
Shuhan kingdom
188, Ada, the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty, became Yizhou Pastoral. How did you die? Emperor Liu Bei (word Xuande) of Han Zhaolie succeeded to the throne. Yan and Zhang successively suppressed the resistance of local strongmen. In 2007, Liu Bei invited Zhuge Liang to assist him and put forward the strategic thought of "Long Zhong Dui". 2 1 1 year, Zhang invited Liu Bei to Shu, keeping him in Zhang Lu, Hanzhong. 2 14 years, ready to occupy Yizhou; In 2 19, he entered Hanzhong, calling himself King of Hanzhong. That year, Guan Yu who stayed in Jingzhou was killed by Sun Quanjun's sneak attack. 22 1 year, proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the name of Han, known as Shu in history, and also known as Jianyuan Zhangwu. The Han Dynasty set up Yizhou, from Qinling to Nanzhong. There are 280,000 households with 940,000 people, 40,000 officials and more than 0,000 soldiers/kloc-0. In order to prepare for the loss of Jingzhou, he went out of the gorge the following year, and the battle of Yiling was defeated by Shu and died of illness. Liu Chan succeeded. Be prepared for death, Liangfu Liu Chan, in a difficult situation. Southwest yi rebelled one after another. Yizhou county, a powerful person, insisted on being a satrap and demanded to be attached to Wu. Magistrates in Zhang Ke and Zhang Yue responded highly, and the unrest in South China expanded. In 225, Liang Nan entered and occupied, Xiping crossed the river and Dongping, and then * * * returned to Yizhou County referred to by his subordinates. At this time, Meng Huo has taken over the county seat on behalf of Lv Yong. Bright defeat, and according to Ma Su's "best policy", seven capture Meng Huo seven times, finally make him come to their senses, pacify the south. Liang moved Qu Shuai to Chengdu as an official, and organized the southern, middle and Qing Qiang into an army, allowing the surname to attract foreigners and make a trilogy; The cattle and horses in Nanzhong enriched the military assets of the Han Dynasty. The closed state of the Yi nationality area in southwest China has changed since then. After the Southern Han War, the Sino-Wu Alliance also achieved satisfactory results. In 227 AD, Liang led an army into Hanzhong to compete with Wei for Guanlong. Liang was eager to fight when Yizhou was tired. On the one hand, he tried to consolidate the orthodox position of "reviving the Han Dynasty and returning to the old capital" with the help of the Northern Expedition. On the one hand, attack is defense, so as to survive. In 228, Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition began. In the following three years, Liang made many northern expeditions, all of which were fruitless because of insufficient rations. In 234, he went north again and marched into Wuzhangyuan, south of Weishui. When he died, the Han army retreated and the Northern Expedition stopped. After Liang's death, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others followed suit. 258 years later, the eunuch was arrogant and politically corrupt. Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition was futile. In 263, the battle of Wei destroying Shu began, and Han was destroyed in the winter of 2006. Through the second emperor, * * * forty-three years.
Tan Poulnot. Posthumous title title, name, year, tenure.
Emperor Wang Hanzhong, Liu Bei and Zhang Wu (the founding emperor). 22 1-223 。 For 3 years)
Emperor An Le Gong unfilial Liu Chan Jianxing (15)
Yan Xi (20)
Jing Yao (6)
Yan Xing (1) (223-263 reigned for 4 1 year)
Wu Dong
During the Yellow turban insurrectionary, Sun Jian went to the Central Plains with Zhu to suppress the Yellow turban insurrectionary, and then moved to Liangzhou and Jingzhou Jiangnan counties, where the emperor Sun Quan (Zhong Mou). During Dong Zhuo's rebellion, the Kanto Allied Forces firmly participated in the crusade against Dong Zhuo, which belonged to Yuan Shu and was active in Huainan. They died resolutely, and Zice led the ministries and began to develop to Jiangdong in about 194. With the help of Zhou Yu and others, Liu You was expelled and Wang Lang was forced to surrender. After the relocation of 196, he refused to join Cao Cao and was named marquis of Wu. 199, Liu Xun, the satrap of Lujiang, was defeated, his department was annexed, and Zhang Yu County was acquired. 200 years after his death, his younger brother Sun Quan ruled Jiangdong. In 2008, Wu moved to the capital. Planning Battle of Red Cliffs, the forces reached Jingzhou; In 2 10, he recruited talents and captured half of the southeast. 2 1 1 year, moved to Moling for governance, and the next year, Moling was changed to Jianye. In 2 19, Guan Yu was defeated and occupied Jingzhou. The victory of Yiling War limited the possibility of the development of Hanchu Gorge. In 229, Dawu, rising of sun, moved its capital to Jianye and established Sun Wu. There are three states: Yang, Jing and Jiao. More than 520,000 households, 2.3 million people, 30,000 officials and 230,000 soldiers. The remaining difficulty of the Rightists is to deal with the agitation of Shan Yue and resist the pressure of Cao Wei in Chaohu area. The Shanyue people in the mountainous areas of southeast counties blocked the separatist forces and even formed an alliance with Cao Wei in the north, opposing the expansion of Sun Quan's forces to the southern mainland. Quan and Shan Yue fought many battles and won many victories. In 234, Zhuge led an army to attack Danyang Shanyue. After three years of siege, 100,000 people surrendered, among whom 40,000 people applied, and the rest became supernumerary. During the decades of Sun Wu's rule, the Shanyue people generally merged with the Han people. The main military activities of the whole country are in Huainan. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao attacked Hehai many times, and both sides won and lost. There are many residents crossing the river in Jiangbei, and several counties along the river have become empty areas. When Zhuge Liang died, the Wei-Han War stopped, and Wei strengthened Huainan's attack on Wu. In addition to stationing troops along the Yangtze River and setting up beacon towers, Wu Jun also built the ruxu Wharf at the south entrance of Chaohu Lake, which is heavily guarded. Wei navy division is limited, and the attack is difficult to work. Wei and Wu Xiang took it for several years. During the period of power rule, Jiangdong's economy developed remarkably. When northerners came to the south, mountains grew out of the flat land and the labor force increased. There are wasteland on both sides of the Yangtze River, including piling wasteland. Agricultural production in Huiji County is relatively developed. The East Zhejiang Canal and the South Yangtze Canal, which were built in successive dynasties, played a shipping role in the Sun and Wu Dynasties. The section of the Jiangnan Canal from Yunyang to Jingkou passes through the mountains, which is inconvenient for navigation and has not been repaired. To the west of Yunyang, pogangdu opened, connecting Qinhuai River and Jiangnan Canal, which is a convenient waterway from the 3rd Five-Year Plan to Jianye. Silk weaving began to rise in Jiangnan, but the weaving technology was not high, and Shu brocade became an important input material. Copper and iron smelting and casting inherited the scale of the Eastern Han Dynasty and developed regularly, and celadon industry also matured on the basis of glazed pottery manufacturing in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Due to the need of river-sea traffic, the shipbuilding industry is very prosperous, and ships often fly north to Liaodong and Nantong to South China Sea countries. In 230, a fleet of 10,000 people arrived in Yizhou, which was the earliest record of contacts between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province. Wu Shi and Kang Tai sailed to Minnan. Daqin merchants and envoys from Lin Yi also arrived in Jianye. With the improvement of Jiangnan culture, a number of well-known Confucian scholars and scholars of literature and history have emerged. Buddhism began to spread in Jiangnan. The layman Zhi Qian came from the south of Luoyang, and the monk who lived in Tianzhu later went north from his toes. They are translating classics in Jiankang, which has a great influence. Taoism continues to spread among the people in the south. Sun Wu's generals fought Sun Shi as private soldiers, and Sun Wu paid tribute as a state tenant for many times, often with as many as several counties, and gradually formed the system of hereditary leadership of military commanders. At the same time, such as Gu, Lu, Zhu and Zhang have appeared in the south of the Yangtze River. They occupy a lot of land and child servants, each with his own family style and occupy a high position in the world. They are the main pillars of Sun Wu's regime, together with the generals who inherited the legacy and led the troops. After the whole death, wuyue became weaker and weaker, while Wei became stronger and stronger after Sima's three mutinies in Huainan. Sima's national policy was to destroy the Han Dynasty before taking Wu, but after the destruction of the Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty, he was busy with the customization of the new dynasty, so the Wu regime was temporarily extended. In 269, Yang ordered Wang Jun to build a navy division in Yizhou, and planned to attack Wu's military strategy. In the winter of 279, the battle of Jin and Wu started. In March 280, Jianye was captured, Sun Hao fell and Wu died. Through four emperors, * * * fifty-two years.
Tan Poulnot. Posthumous title title, name, year, tenure.
No filial piety, no monarch, no grandson, no clock.
Wu Lie, the ancestor of Emperor Wu Lie, waited for Sun Jian in Wucheng.
No Changsha Wuhou Sun Ce No (founder Wu. Wu Dong was acquired in 199)
MAO emperor prince sun wu (8)
Huanglong no.3
Jiahe (7)
Chiwu (14)
Taiyuan (2)
Kamikaze (1) (the founding emperor. 229-252 reigned for 24 years)
Wu Wu Wang Ji Sun Liang Jianxing (2)
Five Phoenix (3)
Taiping (3) (252-258 reigned for 8 years)
Sun Xiu Yong 'an (7) (reign of 258-264 for 7 years).
Wu Wucheng Hou Sun Yuan Haoxing (2)
Mannan (2)
Baoding (4)
Jianheng (3)
Phoenix (3)
Log (2)
Tianxi (1)
Tianqi (4) (position 264 ~ 280, 17)
Three cultures
academic
During the Han and Jin Dynasties, great changes took place in academic thought, which was mainly related to the changes of traditional thought and political struggle, of which the former accounted for a large proportion. From friendship, attention to seaweed, and response to responsibility, it is all attributed to Shen Han. Because it is hypocritical and reactionary, it is natural and straightforward, and it belongs to Laozi and Zhuangzi.
Due to political corruption in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the situation was chaotic. Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang adopted the ideas of famous artists or legalists to restore social order. Cao Cao advocated reward and punishment and the rule of law. Put forward the concept of "meritocracy" and break the standard of family tradition or famous education. Zhuge Liang also advocated the concept of the rule of law, cultivated the legal system after entering Shu, and enforced justice. Put forward the view that "the key to governing the country is to recommend talents". He also attaches importance to military law. For example, in the Battle of Jieting, Ma Su was beheaded for violating military orders, and he reduced himself to the third class. Wei Chu's thought of name and law at the end of Han Dynasty provided a foundation for the metaphysical trend of thought in Wei and Jin Dynasties, which made celebrities shift their focus from the specific problems of name and law to the abstract speculation of metaphysics based on political darkness.
In the study of Confucian classics, Zheng Xuanzhi's study of Confucian classics at the end of Han Dynasty was highly respected. But in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Wang Su inherited his father's learning and annotated the classics. His views on Confucian classics are different from those of Zheng Xuan, so it is difficult for Zheng and Wang to refute each other. At the end of Cao Wei, Sima Shi usurped Wei as Jin. At that time, politics was dark, intellectuals' thoughts tended to be reactionary, their spirits were depressed, and there was no way out. Those who tend to Cao Shi are mostly people who have lost power and influence. They criticize politics and advocate nature through open talks. It tends to maintain the famous religion and gradually divide the Confucian style. Because Wang Su is the grandson of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, he established an official school, and once denied Shen Zheng and made Wang Xuecheng the patriarch.
"Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and Prosperity", brick painting of tombs in Southern Dynasties. From top to bottom, from left to right are hermits and seven sages of bamboo forest in the Spring and Autumn Period, namely Ruan Xian, Liu Ling, Xiang Embroidery, Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Dan Tao and Wang Rong.
Metaphysics was the most prominent thought in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Its basic teachings are Laozi, Zhuangzi and Zhouyi, collectively known as San Xuan. Metaphysical scholars like to talk about Hyunri, but don't talk about secular things, which is called nonsense and popular in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the gestation period of 240-248, the representatives were Yan He and Wang Bi. Metaphysics holds that a thing needs to know the "origin" of the principle behind it in order to understand the "end" of what is usually seen, and then advocates the theory of "unity of end and origin" He also regards "essence" as "Tao", analogizes it as "nothingness" without form (reason and potential), regards "end" as "existence" of actual phenomena, and thinks that "everything originates from nothingness". After that, Sima Yan usurped the Jin Jian of Wei. Represented by Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and other seven sages of bamboo forest, they turned their focus from ideological theory to life problems. At that time, the politics was dark, and Sima suppressed the literati and decorated himself by advocating fame and education. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang advocated that Confucian ethics suppressed human nature and hypocrisy, and emphasized the liberation of human nature and the sincerity of nature. They took the lead in realizing this theory and formed an atmosphere of emancipating personality. After the Western Jin Dynasty, the discussion spread to the political arena, and the dignitaries who held power also talked about Hyunri, showing a group of dignitaries who were alive and about to be born. Fei Li proposed a revision of "nature" and advocated "advocating ontology" to correct the disadvantages of "false life". Guo Xiang further proved that "Ming Jiao" is "nature" and the development of metaphysics came to an end.
literature
Among the three countries, Cao Wei literature is the most prosperous, which can be divided into early Jian 'an literature and late Zhengshi literature. Jian 'an literature opposes the weak poetic style and is called "Jian 'an Style" or "Han Wei Style" by later generations. This is because since Cao Cao and others loved literature, scholars from all over the world have absorbed it. The representative figures of Jian 'an literature are "Three Caos" and "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an". Other writers include Han Danchun, Chae Yeon, Fan Qin, Lu Cui, Yi Ding, Yang Xiu and Xun Wei. Cao Cao has heroic spirit, simple and desolate style, wrote short songs and stepped out of Xiamen to let the counties know his meaning. Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are brilliant. Cao Pi wrote a literary criticism, Dian Lun, which led the conscious development of literature. Cao Zhi has a romantic temperament, and has written articles such as Luo Shen Fu. Seven sons of Jian 'an, Cai Yan, Yang Xiu and others pay attention to reality and face life directly. Their works reflect the social changes and people's sufferings since the end of Han Dynasty, such as Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia by Cai Yan.
At the beginning of the literary period, because the political situation at that time was controlled by the Sima family, the literati were oppressed and it was difficult to face the reality. Contemporary writers include Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, Yan He, Xia Houxuan and Wang Bi. Most of the first writers knew Laozi and Zhuangzi and had a special liking for metaphysics. They are not as persistent as Jian 'an writers and indifferent to social reality. Ji Kang's prose and Ruan Ji's Poem of Ode to Huaihai still inherit the "Jian 'an Style" and dare to face Sima's regime directly, so their literature has distinctive features. Wen Xin Diao Long mentions "Ming Dow as the beginning, and the poem is mixed with immortal heart. The followers of peace are superficial. However, Ji Zhiqing is beautiful, with a far-reaching purpose and can be marked. It can be seen that Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are both representative poets of Zhengshi literature.
Sun Wu writers include Zhang Hong, Xue Zong, Hua and Zhao Wei. Zhang Hong, who has a long history of Sun Quan, made friends with Kong Rong and Chen Lin, the seven sons of Jian 'an. Xue Zong is a famous Confucian in Jiangdong, ranking as the master of Prince Sun Quan. Hua Tuo was a writer in the last years of Sun Wu. Shu and Han writers include Zhuge Liang, Ying Zheng, Chen Shou and so on. As a generation of politicians, Zhuge Liang's works contain a model. Although his literary color is not as gorgeous as others, its content is simple, sincere and touching, which shows his determination to explore the north. Fu Qin's five-character poem Travel Far is the only reliable poem handed down from Shu to Han. There are also many scholars who annotate this book in Shu, such as Xu Ci, Meng Guang, Yin Mo and Li Chuan. In the late Shu and Han dynasties, both Qiao Zhou and Zheng Zhen were addicted to literature. Qiao Zhou even wrote On the Enemy of the Country to discuss the disadvantages of excessive use of military force, and there was also the Poetry Art that Zheng Zhen expressed his opinions through the text of the previous generation of Confucian scholars. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, scholars who studied fiber drawings and techniques also appeared, such as Ren An and Zhou Shu, followed by Zhou Qun and Du Qiong.
Famous historians in the Three Kingdoms period include Wang Shen, Yu Qian, Zhao Wei and Chen Shou. Wang Shen's Book of Wei was evaluated by historian Liu Zhiji as "most of his books are taboo, not true records", which is related to his dependence on Sima's forces and suppression of Wei Emperor Cao Mao, so the reference value of this book is low. Wei Zhaoshan wrote history, including Twelve Warnings, which covered the whole history of Sun Wu's development and was in sharp contrast with Miao's Twelve Warnings. He also wrote 55 volumes of Wu Shu and so on. The History of the Three Kingdoms compiled by Chen Shou is one of the first four histories. On the basis of Yu Qian's "Wu Shu" and "A Brief Introduction", he innovated the writing mode of biographical history books with three countries juxtaposed. Although there are still some shortcomings, it is one of the indispensable history books for studying the history of the Three Kingdoms.
religion
This period is the development period of Buddhism and Taoism. Due to the constant natural and man-made disasters, people have sought religion to comfort their souls and make them develop gradually. The primitive religion of Yi people in South China and Central China has a strong witchcraft style. Its nature is myth worship, with the characteristics of polytheism and nature worship. It has a long history in the southwest of China, forming an early primitive religion.
Huang Lao's learning in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taiping Dao founded by Zhang Jiao and Wudou Mi Dao founded by Zhang Daoling are all prototypes of Taoism, which was called Shi Tiandao in the Western Jin Dynasty. Taiping Road in Zhangjiao pays more attention to "keeping one" in Taoism. Taiping Jing is the main classic, also known as Taiping Qing Ling Shu. The content is complex, "his words are home to Yin and Yang and five elements, and there are many strange words". His social thought not only protects the interests of the ruling class, but also calls for fairness and sympathy for the poor. After Zhang Jiao had a large congregation, he led his brothers Sean, Zhang Bao and his subordinate Zhang Mancheng to launch the "Yellow Scarf Uprising" at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was finally defeated by the Eastern Han Dynasty court and gradually declined. During the reign of Emperor Shun of Han Dynasty, Zhang Daoling entered Hemingshan, Sichuan Province, created a script and created the Five Doors of Rice Road. This religion may be a combination of Huang Lao's research and local religion, and most of the runes come from Bashu witchcraft. The teachings of Wudou Mi Dao and Taiping Dao are basically the same, serving the study of Huang Lao. Zhang Lu made the "drinking ceremony" in the hall recite 5,000 pieces of Laozi, and the Tao Te Ching became one of the main classics. Jules, an old Xiangzi, reflects the early Taoist interpretation of Qian Wen, an old Woods. Spread by his son Zhang Heng (Taoism) and grandson Zhang Lu, it is popular in Sichuan and Hanzhong. After Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao, Wudou Midao spread from Pakistan and Han to the south of the Yangtze River.
Buddhism was introduced to China as early as the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but Confucianism flourished at that time, with little development, and it only developed in the late Three Kingdoms. At that time, Mahayana Buddhism spread everywhere under the influence of Guishuang Empire. Influenced by it, Buddhism flourished in Khotan and Qiuci. Later, monks such as Tianzhu Tankaro, Rest Tandi and Kangju Senkai Kang went to Luoyang to translate the classics and spread Mahayana Buddhism to China. Tan Kejia Luo's popularization of precepts is the beginning of China monks' observance of precepts, and later generations regard it as the ancestor of legalism. Tan Di's translation of "The Cause of Tanwude (Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism)" was observed by Zhu Shihang and others, and is generally considered as the beginning of China's becoming a monk. Due to the poor translation of Buddhist scriptures at that time, Zhu Shixing set out from Yongzhou in 260 to study the original scriptures in Khotan, becoming the first China monk to seek dharma from the west. He wrote a Brahma version of Great Prajna, which was sent back to Luoyang by his disciples in 282, and finally translated into Prajna Sutra of Light by Zhu Shulan. As far as development is concerned, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Rong Rong worked in Daxing Buddhist Temple in Jiangdong. During the Three Kingdoms period, Luoyang was an important Buddhist town in the north and Jianye in the south. Cao Wei Wei Mingdi Daxing Buddhist Temple, Cao Zhi also likes reading Buddhist scriptures and writing Sanskrit. As for Sun Wu, when Zhi Qian and Kang Sanghui successively entered Wu, they were respected and supported by Sun Quan. When Sun Hao proclaimed himself emperor, he tried to destroy the Buddhist temple, but he finally gave up because of the influence of the Kangsang Society. In Shu Han, Buddhism was not very prosperous and the scale was not large.
art
During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Wu had many celebrities who were good at all kinds of arts, which were called the Eight Wonders of Wu at that time. There are Wu Fan, Liu Dun, Zhao Da, Yanwu, Huang Xiang, Cao Buxing, Song Shou and You Zheng. For example, Yanwu is good at playing Weiqi, and no one of his peers can win, so he is called "Chess Saint". As for Cao Buxing, he is good at painting, while the emperor is good at calligraphy.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and many paintings were destroyed or lost, causing losses. With the development of Buddhism, paintings with the theme of Buddhism began to appear. Painting in the Three Kingdoms period did not achieve greater success because of political turmoil and social chaos. Before the Three Kingdoms, painting mainly belonged to the technical profession of "Garden of All Works", but it was not yet artistic. During this period, the content of realistic themes began to appear, which was also promoted by ethics. His works include Map of Vimalakīrti and Story Map of Sakyamuni. He once connected 50-foot-long silks to draw a portrait of a person, which was agile and dexterous, and spanned the period of religious propaganda. Painters also moved from the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin to the Yangtze River Basin. At that time, the famous painters were Cao Buxing, Mrs. Wu Wangzhao, and Huan Fan,, Cao Mao, Zhuge Zhan and others were good at painting. Sun Wu and Cao Buxing, who are good at sketching and painting Buddhist paintings, are known as "Buddhist calligraphy". His works are full of three-dimensional sense, and are praised by the world as "a grass comes out of water" and nicknamed "Cao Jia Xiang". Sun Wu's wife, Mrs. Zhao, the sister of Prime Minister Wu, was good at calligraphy and landscape painting, and was known as the "needle" at that time. She drew topographic maps of mountains and rivers in various countries for Sun Quan, which was the first of its kind. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Yang Xiu was said to have paintings such as Xijing Map. Cao Fan is good at drawing historical figures of Dan Qing and Cao Mao. Zhuge Zhan of Shu Han also painted.
Calligraphy art rose in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. From the Three Kingdoms to the Western Jin Dynasty, official script was still official script, and most of the inscriptions at that time were written in official script. Cao Wei's inscription is square, solemn and rarely interesting. Sun Wu's famous inscriptions include Tianfa Monument, Zen Mountain Monument and Gulang Monument. Among them, the Tianfa Oracle tablet commands the square in a round shape, which is vast and magnificent. The main calligraphers in this period are Zhang Zhi, Zhang Chang, Dan Wei, Zhong You and Huang Xiang. Zhang Zhi is good at Cao Zhang. He created modern grass. Famous works include "No.1 Scholar's Post" and "I want to reply now". Zhang Zhizhi's younger brother Zhang Chang is good at Cao Zhang and Li Shu. Dan Wei summed up his own experience in calligraphy and wrote "Bi Jing". Among them, "if a husband wants to do a good job, he must first sharpen his tools." This is his famous saying. Zhong You's "Declaration Form", "Recommended Season Table" and other works are all classics in regular script. The emperor was good at seal script and official script, especially Cao Zhang. Popular works include Urgent Chapter, Post of Civil and Military Generals, Monument to the Temple of Heaven and so on.
science and technology
Ma Jun is good at mechanical application, increasing output, and making the lost compass, which has won the reputation of "the world's famous cleverness". He improved the loom of the Han Dynasty, making the pattern three-dimensional, comparable to Shu brocade. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Bilan's dragon bone car was improved, and a keel waterwheel was invented to irrigate higher farmland. Some terraces are still in use now. He also transformed the catapult into a rotary catapult to improve the throwing quantity and speed.
Zhuge Liang invented "Mu Niu Liu Ma" to facilitate transportation on the mountain plank road. Its structure has different opinions in the literature of past dynasties, and scholars generally identify it as a unicycle and a four-wheeled vehicle, but there is no exact answer at present. He invented the crossbow, also known as "Rong Yuan", which can fire ten arrows continuously. In addition, it is said that the Kongming Lantern, which was designed by Zhuge Liang to transmit signals, is recognized as the originator of hot air balloon. According to "The Times of the Later Han Dynasty", Zhuge Liang also made the prototype of the pike at the earliest, gradually replacing the spear.
Liu Hui is a mathematician. He has been interested in mathematics since he was a child. He studied China's ancient mathematical classic Nine Chapters Arithmetic. Cao Wei Jingyuan four years (263), wrote nine chapters of arithmetic notes, plus his own notes, easy to understand. Later, Liu Hui wrote the tenth volume of Nine Chapters Arithmetic Notes, namely "Heavy Difference" (hereinafter referred to as "Calculation Classics of Islands"), which made China's surveying reach its peak.
In medicine, Hua Tuo, Zhang Zhongjing and Huangfu Mi are all famous. Hua Tuo's medical skills are superb and he is good at surgery. He, Dong Feng and Zhang Zhongjing are called "Jian 'an Three Magical Doctors" in history books. But his medical legends, according to historian Chen Yinque, should come from Indian Buddhist legends. However, he may be the first doctor to use the anesthetic "Mafeisan" for surgery. In view of contemporary turmoil and frequent epidemics, Zhang Zhongjing devoted himself to studying diseases and wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases with reference to various books. This book is a collection of medical classics and classic prescriptions in the Han Dynasty, and it is the first classic in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. Yu called this book "the ancestor of many parties". Later generations regarded him as a "medical sage". Huangfu Mi grew up at home, learning to forget all about eating and sleeping. He despises fame and fortune and is unwilling to be an official. He made an in-depth study of acupuncture and moxibustion, and sorted all kinds of meridian theories and acupuncture methods before Jin Dynasty into Acupuncture Classics A and B, which became a model of acupuncture and moxibustion in later generations. He also wrote On Cold Food Powder, which gradually became popular after Wei and Jin Dynasties.
As for other technologies and astronomy, there is Chen Zhuo, who served as Sun Wu and Taishiling of the Western Jin Dynasty. He collected information from various factions, perfected the star official system in China, and drew a star map for future generations. Pei Xiu's "Six Maps" occupies an important position in the map history of China. Puyuan is good at forging chains. He worked as a knife for Zhuge Liang in Gu Jie (now southwest of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province). Its knife can split a bamboo tube full of iron beads, which is called the magic knife. Because Sun Wu is located in the south of the Yangtze River, the waterway is developed and the shipbuilding technology is developed. Some of its warships have five floors up and down, and some can accommodate 3000 soldiers. Han Shu is rich in well salt, and the production capacity is improved by using local natural gas to make salt.