Cultural relics level
Cultural relics in the collection are usually divided into three levels: first-class, second-class and third-class. Among them, the first-class cultural relics with the highest level are divided into two levels: A and B, and only the first-class cultural relics can be called "national treasures". Whether a cultural relic is first-class or not, in other words, whether it is a "national treasure", must be appraised by the National Cultural Relics Appraisal Committee, and the appraisal experts must be present at the same time. As for the standards held in the appraisal, the first thing is not the value geometry of cultural relics, and the most important thing is that it must be an important witness to the development of Chinese civilization. Only with this meaning can it be recognized as a "national treasure".
Strictly speaking, "national treasure" is not a standardized scientific term. It is probably influenced by Japan to call precious cultural relics "national treasure". Because they have already formulated the National Treasure Preservation Order by the state, collectors have absolutely no right to dispose of precious cultural relics, whether public or private, which are designated as "national treasures" by state specialized agencies.
classification standard
Ming painting
The evaluation standard of existing cultural relics in China is mainly divided into one, two and three levels according to the relevant provisions of the state, according to their years, artistic level and academic value. Regardless of the second and third grades for the time being, the reference standards for first-class calligraphy and painting works of art are:
relatively complete calligraphy and painting before Yuan Dynasty; Before the Tang Dynasty, there was a high artistic level, complete beginning and end, and a year's edition; Before the Song Dynasty, there were books with authors or dates and high calligraphy level: famous ones in the Song and Yuan Dynasties or famous ones with extremely high artistic level: famous handwriting with important historical value; Important art schools or masterpieces of famous painters since Ming and Qing Dynasties. (Recorded from "Grading Standards for Cultural Relics Collection".
according to this standard, only a few excellent works in the first class can be called national treasures. Therefore, although there are a large number of ancient paintings and calligraphy works that have been circulated so far, there are not many that really qualify as "national treasures", especially those that have been circulated for more than a thousand years. Zhang Boju, a famous collector who donated a large number of fine ancient paintings and calligraphy to the country, once said with emotion, "With the long history of our country, culture comes first, but none of the paintings before Sui Dynasty have been circulated, which is also a pity!" Indeed, it is not because the evaluation conditions are too harsh, but because of the age, there are too few works that can be passed down to today and are currently preserved in China!
Ming Painting
Speaking of this, we cannot but pay high tribute to the great collectors who have given their lives to save treasures in modern times. In modern China, after the catastrophe, the fate of national treasure painting and calligraphy was even more disastrous: some were reduced to ashes in the war; Some were plundered by the great powers in the artillery fire; Some were appropriated by princes and nobles, and then used as the capital of debt-paying pawn; Some of them were stolen and sold by greedy villains, so that they disappeared. In such a harsh era environment, those collectors would rather be short of food and clothing, sell their houses and land, and even save the national treasures that may be lost at any time at all costs. It seems that they are addicted to treasure, but they are not. Please listen to the appeal of the painter Fu Baoshi and hit the floor: "It doesn't matter if the treasures left to us by our ancestors are still painful. If you want to build your own national culture, I will be disrespectful and dare to say that it is a dream and a joke. There is absolutely no gain at all."