Among the five major dosage forms of traditional Chinese medicine, the method of external application of plaster and the method of swallowing the powder have their origins quite early, much earlier than the method of decoction and juice extraction which was only fully matured in the Han Dynasty. In the unearthed medical bamboo slips and silk books, people mainly used the method of swallowing the powder and applying the plaster externally. The method of decoction and juice extraction widely appeared in Zhang Zhongjing's "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases". As for the "decoction" that appears in the "Huangdi Neijing", it is not a decoction in the strict sense, but a kind of food medicine, that is, a paste soup containing medicine. Based on the theory of mutual generation and mutual restraint, the ancients realized that human diseases were caused by blockage of Qi and blood, and the treatment was to use smoothing and smoothing agents, and put forward the theory of "using slippery to nourish the orifices". For example, "Lingshu" "Banxia Decoction" uses long running water, rice, reed wood and Chinese medicine to treat people's stasis and blockage. "Historical Records·Bian Quecang Gongzhuan" records that the famous doctor Chun Yuyi's prescription in the Western Han Dynasty is also of this type, which is called "Huo Qi porridge" or "Huo Qi rice porridge". This situation is also the same in "Mawangdui Han Tomb Silk Books" and "Wuwei Han Dynasty Medical Slips". The medical prescriptions in the bamboo slips and silk books are for internal use. Those medicines are to be swallowed at the end, while those for food are to be made into "decoction" and taken as juice.
Based on the existing data, early plasters were composed of animal fat alone or animal fat as the base material, mixed with other drugs, and were used for external application, and some were also used for oral administration. It is mostly named after ointment, horse ointment, pig (pork) ointment, and square (fat) ointment. For example, "Lingshu: Carbuncle Chapter": "Treat it with Bianstone. If you want it to be thin and long, loosen the Bianstone, apply pig ointment, do not wrap it up after six days." "Lingshu Jingjin Chapter": Treat the tendons. If the pulse is slack, "treat it with horse paste (paste). If it is urgent, use white wine and cinnamon to relieve it." It should be pointed out that the pig paste, horse paste, and fat paste here may be mostly simple animal fat. , because it is often used for coating, it is also used to describe white. For example, "Suwen·Wuzang Shengpian": "A person with white desires is like pig paste." "Mawangdui Silk Book·Fifty-two Disease Prescriptions" mainly uses animals. The fat is the base material and is used in combination with other medicines to treat diseases. For example:
If the injury is not normal (scar), take pig ointment, □ and sulfate and smelt it, then apply it.
For those with gold injuries, use Fang (fat) ointment and black beak □□, all of which are fried together, ?Ye (apply).
Yehuangqian (qin) and licorice are mixed in half, that is, the pork paste is enough to fry it. When it is boiled, use a piece of cloth to catch it and pour out its juice.
Zhang Zhongjing, a famous physician of the Eastern Han Dynasty, used a large number of decoctions and pills, and occasionally ointments, in his "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases". For example: "When the limbs feel sluggish and heavy, they should be guided to breathe in and out, acupuncture, and the ointment should not block the nine orifices." "Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Fang Shu Biography" records that after Hua Tuo had a surgical operation, "After suturing, apply divine ointment, four It took five days for the wound to heal, and it took a month for it to heal. "The "paste" and "sacred ointment" here are probably not simple animal fats, but plasters containing medicine.
For the name of the plaster, see "Wuwei Medical Slips of the Han Dynasty".
In 1972, cultural relics workers unearthed a batch of lost Han Dynasty medical prescriptions in the Hanpotan Han Tomb in Wuwei County, Gansu Province. According to the textual research on the burial artifacts, the Han tomb was dated to the early Eastern Han Dynasty. According to Fangzhong 84 B slip "Jianwei Gengjun", General Weigeng was examined as Geng Xi in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. He was named during the reign of Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty. General Jianwei died in the 13th year of Jianwu (AD 37) ("Book of the Later Han·Biography of Geng Xi"). It can be inferred from this that the medical achievements of this batch of medical slips were made earlier than 37 AD; at the same time, according to the sentence "Since the Jian'an era, there are still no Shimin" in Zhang Ji's "Treatise on Febrile Diseases·Automatic Preface", Zhang Ji's "Miscellaneous Treatise on Febrile Diseases" "Disease Treatise" was written before the 10th year of Jian'an (AD 205) in the Eastern Han Dynasty. So, this batch of medical briefs is more than 100 years earlier than "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases". In 57-67, 88 A and B, and 89 A and B of this batch of medical slips, there are records of the use of plasters to treat diseases. The prescriptions not only record what diseases are treated, but also the compatibility, weight and method of making the plaster. This is the earliest plaster prescription named "plaster" seen today. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, plasters were widely used, and the production methods were greatly improved, and gradually evolved from animal fat plasters to black plasters. This article focuses on discussing the earliest name of the plaster and its previous evolution, so I will not go into details hereafter.
Since the "Wuwei Han Dynasty Medical Slips" were interpreted and read by the compiler, only simple annotations were made. This article arranges and punctuates the "Qianjin Plaster Prescription" slips as follows, and does not make any annotations or explanations to the compiler. , correct any errors in comments.
Attached is the original text of the plaster prescription:
Yeqianjin plaster prescription (1): four liters of Sichuan pepper, one liter of Gongqiong, one liter of white sorghum, and thirty fruits of fuzi. All four things are smelted (2), and the father put it in a copper vessel, soaked it with three liters of pure acyl, and when it was done, take three pounds of pig fat and fry it first (3). First, take the yellow part of the chicken and place it in the middle of the Wu. Take three hundred pieces of it, take the medicine and use it to make a five-point dagger (4). Place it in the middle of the chicken and add two hundred pieces of five-nine pieces of it. Apply it thinly to the Yong part. The upper part is left in the center, as big as money. Dry the medicine and reapply it, as before 60 years ago. Apply three times to remove the old medicine. Those who are not farmers are doing it (5), those who are already farmers are unable to do their best, and they are fasting (6). 61 Niqi swallows it, Hou Bi swallows it and rubs it, confidants urge it to swallow (7), Xuefu urges it to swallow it and rubs it, Swallow 63 [Stem] rubs it (8), Teeth encourages it to rub it, Apply it (9) if you have dizziness or bleeding, apply it (10) if you have a bad wound in your nose. You can also swallow them, which are as big as 64 wild jujubes. Swallow them a little, and they will be beneficial in the intestines. Those who rub it will stop after three stems. This prescription also contains excess breast milk from women. 65□Swallow it, Qi Long wraps medicine in it and plugs the ears, and then it is easy to remove. Apply it to gold wounds, apply it to 66 on the head, rub it with three fingers and swallow it, and apply it to the body to generate bad qi. This plaster is so good that it should not be passed on. 67 (□□The best is very good, and the creation, excitation, and convulsions are all included, and the good should not be passed down.)
(1) This article is selected from the 1975 edition of "Wuwei Han Dynasty Medical Slips" published by Wenwu Publishing House. □ is the number of words that have been lost or cannot be read now. Ye, configuration. That is to prepare a very valuable plaster recipe. Medical slips often have the words "qianjin" or "good enough" at the beginning or end of the prescription, indicating that the prescription is effective and valuable.
(2) Fruit, that is, fruit. Ye: mash, crush. Jane 15 "Metalizing the Dragon Bone with Three Fingers".
(3) acyl, "Yupian·Youbu" "acyl, also has a sour taste." "The Analects of Confucius Gongye Chang": "Maybe begging for acyl, begging for it from its neighbors and giving it to them." : "acyl, vinegar." Chun acyl, that is, strong vinegar. Time of death: Death is at the end of the day. Xu Shi, one day and night. "Lingshu·Shang Diaphragm": "Those who lower the diaphragm will come out when eating rice." Bi is a borrowed word for "豮", which means boar. Boar fat is called "boar fat" in the "Mawangdui Han Tomb Silk Book: Fifty-Two Disease Prescriptions".
(4) The chicken is yellow: that is, the egg yolk. Wu is the fault of the cup. Cheng, pronounced as Sheng. Five points and one dagger, the fraction representation in bamboo slips and silk. Dagger, square inch dagger. One fifth of a dagger is one fifth of a square inch dagger. This representation of fractions is also found in "Mawangdui Han Tomb Silk Book" and "Suihudi Qin Tomb Bamboo Slips". "Fifty-two Prescriptions for Diseases" 115 "Salt is divided into twenty-two points and one is divided into one", "Eighteen Kinds of Qin Code: Food Law": "There is a soup collection, and twenty-two points of salt are divided into two." This kind of fractional expression has not been handed down from generation to generation. Ancient books.
(5) Tu: The original simplified version is called "Tu". Yong, Tong carbuncle. Carbuncle is a swollen place. Nong, pronounced as pus. (Shangstei + Xiaxin), the more secular body. The slips also write "steal". "Juyan Han Bian Jia Bian" Bian 427 "The year, month and day of the illness, the person who is sick is not secretly registered to wait for the official, as is the law."
(6) [Zhu] Cai: Zhu, the organizer does not know it. . The shape of "Zhu" in the picture plate is in cursive script. This shape is also found in "Juyan Han Jia Bian". It should be interpreted as "Zhu" and pronounced as "菹". Amaranth, pickled pickles. "Book of Rites Nei Principles" "Peach Blossoms and Plum Blossoms" Kong Yingdashu: "Zhu, Jingye. They are called peach chrysanthemums and plum chrysanthemums. They are today's Tibetan peaches and Tibetan plums." That is to say, do not eat spicy pickles. Collected and compiled by the Medical Education Network
(7) Incite: The organizer thought it was a variant of "pain", which was a mistake. The variant character of "Yu" is "Yong", which means "Tongtong". "Shuowen": "Courage means energy. In ancient Chinese literature, courage comes from the heart." "Bamboo Slips from Qin Dynasty Tomb in Sleeping Tiger Land: The Way of Being an Official": "Strength can be weak, instigation can be yielding, hardness can be soft." Xing, throat.
(8) Qian: The organizer failed to interpret it. After examining the plates, the handwriting is still legible. It is the same as the calligraphy of the word "Qian" in the 12 bamboo slips of "Qian Danggui" and the 60 bamboo slips of "Dried Medicine". It should be explained. For "dry".
(9) faint: faint, the picture plate is "people's day". In ancient books, Minri and Mi are connected. "Book of Mu's Oath" says, "Faint abandons all sacrifices and does not answer." Wang Yinzhi's "Jing Yi Shu Wen": "Faint, scornful." Fainting, that is, bloody bleeding. "Pian Hai Lei Bian": "Blood contempt, nose bleeding."
(10) Evil: The font of the plate is the custom writing style of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, which is consistent with Yang Jun's Ode to the Stone Gate in "Li Bian Duo Yun" The figures for "evil" in the middle are the same, so they should be interpreted as evil. "Su Wen·Four Qi Regulates the Spirit" "Evil Qi does not arise" Wang Bing notes: "Evil refers to harmful Qi."