The application of mind maps in junior high school history classes can effectively solve many problems that have been difficult to solve in traditional education. Below I have carefully compiled the mind maps for grade 7 history students for your reference. I hope You like it! Mind map appreciation for grade 7 history. Summary of knowledge points for grade 7 history (volume 1)
★Lesson 1: Ancient residents of the motherland
1. The earliest humans in our country
1. The earliest known human beings in my country are Yuanmou Man, about 1.7 million years ago.
2. The fundamental difference between humans and animals is whether they can make tools.
2. Peking Man
Peking Man is about 700,000 to 200,000 years old. It retains the characteristics of apes, but has a clear division of labor between its hands and feet. It can make and use tools, and use beaten stone tools.
★Lesson 3: The Ancestors of China
1. The ancestors of China? Huangdi and Yandi, the first ancestor of humanities? Huangdi
2. The abdication of Yao, Shun and Yu ?
1. The establishment of the Xia Dynasty marked the beginning of the slavery system. Our country's slave society began in the 21st century BC.
2. Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first dynasty in the history of our country. The establishment of the Xia Dynasty marked the establishment of the early state of my country.
★Lesson 4: The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou
1. The Rise and Fall of Xia Dynasty
1. After the death of Yu, the throne was passed to him His son Qi replaced the abdication system with the hereditary system, and replaced the "Gong Tianxia" with "Jia Jia Tian Xia".
2. Around 1600 BC, Tang defeated Jie and Xia destroyed Shangjian. In 1046 BC, Shang and Zhou fought in Muye. After the Shang Dynasty was destroyed, King Wu established the Zhou Dynasty, with its capital in Hao, also known as Haojing. It was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.
2. The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty
1. Purpose: In order to consolidate rule, the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system.
2. Content: The emperor of Zhou distributed land, civilians, and slaves to relatives, meritorious officials, etc., and made them princes. The princes must obey the orders of the Emperor of Zhou, pay tribute to the Emperor, guard the territory in peacetime, and lead troops to fight with the Emperor in wartime.
3. Function: Developed remote areas, strengthened rule, and made the Western Zhou Dynasty a powerful country.
★Lesson 5: The Splendid Bronze Civilization
1. At the end of primitive society, bronze vessels had appeared in our country. The Shang Dynasty was a glorious period of my country's bronze culture. Famous bronzes include the Simuwu Ding (majestic in shape) and the Siyang Fangzun (exquisite in shape).
2. During the same period as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, a unique bronze culture also prevailed in the Chengdu Plain in southwest my country. This is the world-famous Sanxingdui culture. The bronze masks, large bronze standing figures, bronze sacred trees, etc. unearthed there have attracted the attention of people at home and abroad.
★Lesson 6: Disputes in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods
1. Struggle for hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period
1. In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved eastward to Luoyi, which was known in history as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. . The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
2. Duke Huan of Qi appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister, actively reformed internal affairs and developed production; at the same time, he reformed the military system and formed a powerful army. With the command of "respecting the king and repelling the barbarians", he gradually became the number one overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
3. In the late 7th century BC, after the Chengpu War between Jin and Chu, Duke Wen of Jin became the overlord of the Central Plains. A hundred years later, King Zhuang of Chu became the overlord of the Central Plains.
2. The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period
1. The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period are Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han in order from southeast to northwest to the middle.
2. The decisive battle between Qin and Zhao was the Battle of Changping in 260 BC. The Battle of Changping made the six eastern countries no longer able to resist Qin.
★Lesson 7: The Era of Great Change
1. The use of iron farm tools and oxen for plowing
1. The Spring and Autumn Period was the period of the disintegration of my country’s slavery system, and the Warring States Period It was the period of formation of my country’s feudal system.
2. A revolution in the history of my country’s agricultural development refers to cattle farming. Ox farming: Used in the late Spring and Autumn Period at the latest, popularized during the Warring States Period. Iron farm tools: appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and popularized in the Warring States Period.
2. The famous Dujiangyan
During the Warring States Period, Dujiangyan built by Li Bing for the Qin State was a world-famous flood control and irrigation project. The Chengdu Plain became the "Land of Abundance".
3. Shang Yang’s Reform
1. Time and place: 356 BC, Qin State.
2. Content: ① The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free buying and selling. ② Reward those who work in farming and produce more grain and cloth, and be exempted from corvee service; grant titles and land and houses according to military merit, and abolish the privileges of old nobles without military merit. ③ Establish a county system, with the monarch directly sending officials to govern.
3. Role: After Shang Yang’s reform, Qin’s economy developed, its military combat effectiveness continued to increase, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country in the late Warring States Period.
★Lesson 8 The Rise of Chinese Culture (1)
1. Our country has a written history, starting from the Shang Dynasty.
2. The characters carved on tortoise shells or animal bones by the Shang Dynasty are called "oracle bone inscriptions".
★Lesson 9 The Rise of Chinese Culture (2)
1. Confucius was a man of the late Spring and Autumn Period, and his remarks were recorded in the Analects. He proposed the theory of "benevolence", It advocates "loving others" and "doing government with virtue". In education, it proposes: teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, reviewing the past to learn the new, and an honest learning attitude. The Analects of Confucius was compiled and compiled by Confucius' disciples.
2. Laozi was a man of the late Spring and Autumn Period, and his teachings were recorded in the Tao Te Ching. He believed that everything has its opposite, and that the two opposites can transform into each other. The Tao Te Ching was compiled by the Taoist school during the Warring States Period.
3. Mozi was a man of the Warring States Period. He advocated "universal love" and "non-aggression", opposed the use of the big to bully the small and the strong to bully the weak, and supported just war.
4. Mencius was a man of the Warring States Period. He believed that there were no righteous wars in the Spring and Autumn Period and opposed all wars. He advocated "benevolent government" to govern the country, despised corvee and despised taxes, and emphasized protecting the environment. 5. Han Fei was born in the late Warring States period. He advocated reform, opposed empty talk about benevolence and righteousness, and advocated the rule of law.
6. Sun Wu was a native of the late Spring and Autumn Period. He wrote the book "Sun Tzu's Art of War". His military thought is: "Know your enemy and yourself, and you will never be in danger in a hundred battles." ?
★ Lesson 10? King Qin conquered Liuhe?
1. Qin unified the six kingdoms and established centralized rule
1. Time to destroy the six kingdoms : From 230 BC to 221 BC, King Qin Yingzheng successively destroyed the six countries.
2. The establishment of the Qin Dynasty: In 221 BC, the first unified centralized feudal state in Chinese history was established, the Qin Dynasty, with its capital in Xianyang.
3. The establishment of centralized rule
(1) Purpose: In order to strengthen rule, the centralized system of feudal despotism was created.
(2) The supreme ruler is the emperor, and the central government has prime ministers, prefects, and censors in charge of administration, military affairs, and supervision.
(3) Local governments implement the county system. (The county system originated from Shang Yang’s Reform and is still in use today)
2. Measures taken by the Qin Dynasty to consolidate unification
1. Politically: the first unified system in the history of our country was established Centralized feudal country
2. Economically: unified currency (unified use of copper coins with round and square holes), weights and measures.
3. Culturally: unify the script (making Xiaozhuan the national standard script)
4. Ideologically: burn books and embarrass Confucians.
5. Military: counterattack the Huns and build the Great Wall in the north (from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east). Dig Ling Canal in the south to develop southern Xinjiang.
6. After the unification of Qin, the county system was implemented locally.
★Lesson 12: The Unified Han Dynasty
1. Specific measures for unification by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty:
(1) Politically: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Zhu Fuyan's suggestion was to issue the "Tianen Order", allowing the kings to allocate their fiefdoms to their children and establish smaller vassal states, which weakened the power of the vassal states;
(2) Ideologically: accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone made Confucianism the orthodox thought of feudal society, and the dominance of Confucianism in ancient China was thus established.
(3) Military: Launched many large-scale counterattacks against the Huns, basically eliminating the threat of the Huns to the northern border counties.
(4) Economically: Return the minting rights and salt and iron management rights to the central government, and uniformly mint five baht coins.
To the west of Yumenguan and Yangguan, today's Xinjiang region and beyond.
2. Zhang Qian made two visits to the Western Regions:
(1) In 138 BC, Zhang Qian made his first mission to the Western Regions. (Purpose: to contact the Yueshi people to attack the Xiongnu)
(2) In 119 BC, Zhang Qian made his second mission to the Western Regions. (Purpose: to strengthen friendly exchanges with countries in the Western Regions)
3. The establishment of the Protector of the Western Regions: In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Protector of the Western Regions to take charge of affairs in the Western Regions. Since then, what is now Xinjiang has been under the jurisdiction of the central government and has become an integral part of our country.
4. Silk Road: From Chang'an through the Hexi Corridor, today's Xinjiang region, to West Asia, and then to Europe, this land route connecting China and the West is the famous Silk Road in history. Role: The opening of the Silk Road effectively promoted economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and played a positive role in promoting the prosperity of the Han Dynasty.
★Lesson 16 Prosperous Qin and Han Culture (1)
1. The earliest paper known in the world appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty.
2. The important historical figure who improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty was Cai Lun. Significance: Most of the papermaking techniques in countries around the world were directly or indirectly passed on from our country. The invention of papermaking is a huge contribution of our people to world culture.
3. Seismometer made by Zhang Heng during the Eastern Han Dynasty. Function: Determine the direction of earthquakes. It is recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world.
4. Hua Tuo of the Eastern Han Dynasty was the first to make "Ma Fei Powder", which was a pioneering work in the history of world medicine. His main work is Wu Qin Xi.
5. Zhang Zhongjing wrote "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The book explains the theories and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine. He had noble medical ethics and superb medical skills, and later generations honored him as "Medical Sage".
★Lesson 17: Prosperous Qin and Han Culture (2)
1. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains of my country at the end of the Western Han Dynasty (the end of the 1st century BC) (Zhang Qiantong After the Western Regions, Buddhism gradually spread to China along the Silk Road). It was widely spread in my country during the Eastern Han Dynasty.
2. Taoism is a native religion in my country. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism emerged among the people.
3. Sima Qian was a great historian in ancient my country. He lived in the era of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. He is the author of "Historical Records", which records historical events from the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is the first biographical general history of our country.
4. The level of sculpture art in the Qin and Han Dynasties was very high. Its outstanding representative is the Terracotta Warriors and Horses from the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which shocked the world.
★Lesson 18: The Three Kingdoms
1. The Battle of Chibi: The Battle of Chibi in 208 was a famous battle in the history of our country in which a small number defeated a large number. Laying the foundation for the formation of the Three Kingdoms situation. 2. The formation of the three kingdoms: in 220, Cao Pi deposed the Han Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. The country was named Wei and the capital was Luoyang. The Eastern Han Dynasty ended. In 221, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, his country was named Han, and its history was called Shu. In 222, Sun Quan became king and the country was named Wu, and later the capital was established in Jianye.
3. Economy of the Three Kingdoms: Wei attached great importance to the construction of water conservancy projects, agriculture was developed, the silk industry of Shu was prosperous, and the shipbuilding industry of Wu was developed. In 230, Sun Quan sent general Wei Wen and others with an army of more than 10,000 people. Crossed the Taiwan Strait and arrived at Yizhou (ie Taiwan).
★Lesson 19 Development of the Jiangnan Area
1. Establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty: In 266, Sima Yi’s grandson Sima Yan won the throne, established the Jin Dynasty, and made Luoyang its capital ?Western Jin Dynasty?. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed the Kingdom of Wu.
2. Inward migration of the Five Hus: Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, northern ethnic minorities such as the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di, and Qiang have successively moved inward.
3. The fall of the Western Jin Dynasty: In 316, an armed force of the Huns who moved inland destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty.
4. The establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: In the second year of the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty (317), Sima Rui rebuilt the Jin Dynasty, which was known as the "Eastern Jin Dynasty" in history, and the capital was Jiankang.
In the late 5.4th century, the Di people established the pre-Qin regime. The former Qin king Fu Jian appointed Han Wang Meng as prime minister to unify the Yellow River Basin.
6. Changes in the Southern Dynasties: In 420, general Liu Yu proclaimed himself emperor and named his country Song, ending the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Since then, the south has experienced four dynasties: Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen, collectively known as the Southern Dynasties.
7. Development of the Jiangnan area
(1) Development time: from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty Start
(2) Reasons for development:
①The Jiangnan region has abundant rainfall, a hot climate, fertile land, and has superior conditions for the development of agriculture. (Natural conditions)
②There are fewer wars in the Jiangnan area. Many people fled to the Jiangnan area to avoid the war in the north. (Social reasons)
③The northerners moved southward, bringing labor and advanced production technology to the Jiangnan area. (Root cause)
(3) Performance: Many water conservancy projects were built; large areas of wasteland were reclaimed into fertile fields; green manure began to be used in rice fields, and cattle farming and manure were also promoted; wheat cultivation was extended to Jiangnan.
(4) Significance: It laid the foundation for the southward shift of the economic center of gravity.
★Lesson 20: The great integration of northern ethnic groups
1. The unification of the north and the integration of ethnic groups
In the late 4th century, the Xianbei people in Northeast my country One group became stronger and established the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 439, they unified the Yellow River Basin. At that time, people of all ethnic groups lived together for a long time, and their production and life influenced each other. National integration has become a trend.
2. Reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty
1. Moving the capital: The Northern Wei Dynasty established its capital in Pingcheng (today's Datong, Shanxi). The climate is dry and the food supply is insufficient; the location is too far north, which is not conducive to ruling the Central Plains region and is not conducive to learning and accepting the advanced culture of the Han people. Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang.
2. Emperor Xiaowen’s reform measures include:
① Use Chinese in the court and ban Xianbei language; ② Officials and their families must wear Han costumes; ③ Change the surnames of the Xianbei people For the Han surname, the royal surname was changed from Tuoba to Yuan; ④ Encourage marriages between Xianbei nobles and Han nobles; ⑤ Adopt Han official system and laws; ⑥ Learn Han etiquette, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate respecting and caring for the elderly. ethos, etc.
3. The role of reform: It promoted ethnic integration and accelerated the feudalization process of northern ethnic groups.
★Lesson 21: The culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties as a link between past and present (1)
1. Zu Chongzhi of the Southern Dynasties was a famous mathematician and astronomer in ancient my country. He used and developed the previous The "circle cutting technique" created by man determined the value of pi for the first time in the world to be between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. This achievement leads the world for nearly a thousand years.
2. Jia Sixie of the Northern Dynasties was a famous agriculturist in the history of our country. The "Essentials of Qi Min" written by him is the first complete agricultural scientific work existing in my country, and occupies an important position in world history. "Essentials for Elevating the People" summarizes the long-term accumulated production experience of the northern people and introduces the production technologies and methods of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production, and fishery.
★Lesson 22: The culture of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties as a link between the past and the present (2)
1. The art of calligraphy:
(1) Calligraphy has gradually become an art Time: late Eastern Han Dynasty.
(2) Evolution: During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, calligraphy fonts were transformed from seal script and official script to regular script, and cursive script and running script also gradually became popular.
(3) Calligraphy Sage: Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is the master of calligraphy. His characters may be elegant and fresh, or they may float like floating clouds or be as powerful as a frightening dragon. His representative work "Lanting Preface" has The reputation of "the best running script in the world". Wang Xizhi was called the "Sage of Calligraphy" by later generations.
2. Painting: The art of painting developed greatly during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Gu Kaizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was the most outstanding. His representative works include "Pictures of Admonitions of Women" and "Pictures of Luo Shen Fu"
3. Grotto Art: In order to promote Buddhism, the rulers of the Northern Dynasties dug caves and carved Buddha statues. The Yungang Grottoes near Pingcheng in Datong, Shanxi and the Longmen Grottoes near Luoyang, Henan are two famous grottoes. Key test points for the original inhabitants of the motherland in the seventh grade history volume
1. The earliest known human beings in our country are the (Yuanmou) people, about (1.7 million) years ago.
2. (Stop Cave Man) has learned how to make fire manually.
3. (Cavemen) have mastered polishing and drilling techniques, and can also make bone needles.
4. The use of fire has enhanced people’s ability to adapt to nature and is a major progress in the process of human evolution.
5. Human beings evolved from ancient apes. Whether they can (make tools) is the fundamental difference between humans and animals.
6. Brief answer: What improvements are made between the top cave people and Peking Man?
①. The appearance of Peking Man retains some characteristics of apes, while the top cave man is basically the same as modern humans.
②. Pekingese can only make rough stone tools, while the top cave people have mastered polishing and drilling techniques.
③.Beijing people can only use natural fire, while Shandong cave people can make artificial fire.
④. People in Beijing live in groups, while people in Shandongshan Cave live in clans that are related by blood.