Jingjiang Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Jingjiang Wang Zhu Shouqian and his descendants. It is located at the southern foot of Yaoshan Mountain in the eastern suburb of Qixing District, Guilin City, Guangxi Province, 15 kilometers from north to south and 7 kilometers from east to west, and there are more than 3 tombs of Wang's relatives and relatives. The whole cemetery is huge and magnificent. There are thirteen tombs in the north and Jingjiang tombs in the south, among which 11 people are buried in Yaoshan, and there are eleven tombs of King Jingjiang.
History:
Guilin was called Shi 'an in ancient times. In the sixth year of Yuan Ding in Han Dynasty (111 BC), Shi 'an County was first established, belonging to Lingling County of Jingzhou, which was the origin of Guilin City. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was changed to Shi 'an Houguo. In the Three Kingdoms, it belonged to Shu first, and then to Wu. In the first year of Ganlu (AD 265), Shi 'an County, Shi 'an County, was established, and all the counties and counties were located in today's Guilin.
In Sui and Tang Dynasties, Guilin was called Guizhou, because of the Lingnan Guizhou General Administration. In the fourth year of Tang Wude (AD 621), Li Jingxiu built the city in the south of Duxiu Peak. In the eighth year of Zhenguan (AD 634), it was renamed Lingui County, which belonged to Shi 'an County of Guizhou. Guilin City has gradually become the first important town in Lingxi.
In the third year of Tang Guanghua (AD 9), he set up the Jingjiang Army in Guilin, which was a festival in jing jiang. Before Song Gaozong Zhao Gou ascended the throne, he tried to lead the Jingjiang Army to our time. In the third year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1133), it was promoted to jing jiang Prefecture and changed to jing jiang Road in Zhongshu Province in Guangxi in the Yuan Dynasty, so Guilin was also called jing jiang in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
in the Ming dynasty, place names were king titles. In the third year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, when Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, made his grandnephew Zhu Shouqian king, the location of the vassal state was still called jing jiang, so it was called King Jingjiang for the purpose of appeasing the southwest and changing the quietness of jing jiang into quietness. In the fifth year of Hongwu, the Ming government changed jing jiang House to Guilin House. Since then, the name of Guilin has been officially confirmed and has been used ever since. However, King Jingjiang, who was sealed in his original name, did not change his name, so later generations all said that there was King Jingjiang in Guilin.
Zhu Shouqian is the nephew of Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of Ming Dynasty. In order to strengthen centralized rule, in the third year of Hongwu (197), Zhu Yuanzhang made Zhu Shouqian King of Jingjiang, and Hongwujiu (1976) went to Guilin. Later, because of his bad style, he bullied the people and was abolished as Shu Ren.
in the first year of Yongle, Zhu Shouqian's eldest son, Zhu Zanyi, returned to Guilin. From then on, he succeeded to the king of Jingjiang from generation to generation, and it lasted for 28 years until the Qing army captured Guilin (1652).
Impression:
Among Jingjiang's tombs, there are 11 people sitting in the king's tomb, 4 in the second princess's tomb who attacked the throne, and about 32 in the tombs of generals, lieutenants, imperial families, relatives and relatives of the king.
The tombs of King Jingjiang can be divided into six categories according to their ground regulations and the identity of the deceased. The first category is the burial tomb of the princess, which is commonly called the tomb, with ***1 tombs, the highest level. The cemetery area ranges from more than 3 mu to several mu, and the layout is generally rectangular, with two walls. The three-coupon mausoleum door (outer wall), the three-bay middle door (inner wall) and the five-bay enjoyment hall are on the same axis with the tall treasure city (tomb), and they are interlinked by Shinto. The second category is the second princess's tomb, with 4 * * * tombs, ranking second to the princess's tomb. The layout of the cemetery is similar to that of the princess's tomb, but the area and building are slightly smaller, and there are 2 pairs of stone statues. The third category is the tomb of the Prince (the eldest son) who died without being attacked and the tomb of the other son's general who assisted the country. The level is lower than that of the second princess's tomb, and there are only 7 pairs or less stone statues. The fourth category is General Cemetery, a country serving the nation. The cemetery area and stone statue students are less than those of the generals in the auxiliary country. The fifth category is the tomb of the lieutenant, which is divided into three levels: the tomb of the lieutenant in Zhenguo, the tomb of the lieutenant in Fuguo and the tomb of the lieutenant in Fengguo. The cemetery area and the stone statue students are reduced in turn. Generally, there is only one fence and tombstone, and there is no hall and stone statue students. The sixth category is the female imperial tombs such as county monarch and township monarch and the entrance tomb of Jingjiang Palace, with the lowest level, no walls and stone statues, only tombs and tombstones.
According to records, the tomb of King Jingjiang and the tomb of the second princess were built by the Ministry of Rites and the Chief Secretary of Guangxi. However, due to the time of burial, the regulation and scale have changed. Generally speaking, the regulation has changed from complex to simple, the scale has changed from large to small, and the production has changed from rough to refined. Among them, the earliest burial areas of the second-generation mourning tombs and the third-generation Zhuangjian tombs are 315 mu and 87 mu, respectively, both exceeding the requirement of 5 mu for the prince, and the tombs are tall and the stone statues are rough and vigorous. The tombs of Showa, Duanyi, Ansu and Gonghui built during Hongzhi to Qin Long are between 43 and 22 mu, with exquisite and gorgeous stones. The tombs of Kangnuo, Wenyu, Xianding and Rongmu built during Wanli and Chongzhen are reduced to less than 1 mu, and the stones are exquisite and delicate. The other four types of tombs were built by Jingjiang Wangfu or tomb owners' families, and they also showed similar changes due to time. This change is a true reflection of Jingjiang Wangfu and the decline of Ming Dynasty.
Among the tombs of King Jingjiang, the most well-preserved is the ceremonial stone carvings on the surface of the Eleventh Mausoleum, with 334 existing. It is not only rare in the number of imperial tombs in the country, but also basically ends with the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in terms of time. It has both inheritance and development, creating a large group of stone carvings. There are six shapes: Promising Column, Tombstone, Animal Taming, Beast, Beast and Weng Zhong. They show different styles from different times and different angles, which not only shows the dignity of the royal family, but also reflects the pursuit and achievements of ancient artists in art. At the same time, it also provides a set of relatively complete physical data for us to study the tomb instrument regulation of the Ming Dynasty imperial tombs.
From the comparison of regulations, carving techniques and artistic styles, the ceremonial stone carvings in Jingjiang Mausoleum can be divided into four periods. The first period is the initial period, with mourning for the Mausoleum as the representative, and the regulations and art of stone carvings basically follow the Tang and Song styles; The second phase is a transitional period, represented by the simple tomb of Huaishun Wangling Village. The lines of stone carvings are not smooth, and the proportions of various parts of stone figures are not accurate enough. Compared with the first phase, the carving art has changed, but it also has obvious characteristics of the first phase. The third period is the development period, with the tombs of Showa, Duanyi, Ansu and Gonghui as the representatives. While inheriting the tombs of Huaishun and Zhuangjian, the stone carving art also incorporates new techniques, which makes the stone carving regulation more strict, the stone carving modeling simple and realistic, and the carving techniques concise and skillful. The fourth period is the mature period, represented by the four tombs of Kangnuo, Wenyu, Xianding and Rongmu. During this period, the regulations of tombs were mostly shaped, and the stone carvings were basically shaped, and then they moved towards standardization and institutionalization. Moreover, the ceremonial stone carvings in this period were roughly shaped and finely pondered in local treatment, and line carving, semi-relief and relief techniques were used to make the stone carvings look gorgeous and smooth.
Jingjiang Mausoleum Museum:
Jingjiang Mausoleum Museum was opened after the restoration of Zhuang Jian Mausoleum (the third generation of Jingjiang Mausoleum) (in 1987), and it is a part of Jingjiang Mausoleum, displaying cultural relics unearthed from tombs. In the 197s, cultural relics workers carried out archaeological excavations on two royal tombs and departmental imperial tombs. There were a large number of treasures buried in Jingjiang's magnificent underground palace, including ceramics, gold and silver wares, jade articles, metal utensils, etc. Among them, most of them were ceramic utensils, especially blue and white plum bottles, with more than 3 pieces and more than 1 varieties. These funerary objects reveal the extravagant life of King Jingjiang and the funeral system in Ming Dynasty. What's more precious is that about 5 epitaphs unearthed in Jingjiang Mausoleum District are of great historical value because of their true and reliable contents. Because of its exquisite calligraphy, it has high artistic value, and it is an extremely valuable raw material for us to study the local history of Guilin, the feudal system of the Ming Dynasty and the art of calligraphy.
Protection of Jingjiang Mausoleum:
Since the founding of New China, Jingjiang Mausoleum has been attached great importance by National Cultural Heritage Administration and governments at all levels. In 1963, Jingjiang Tombs were announced by the People's Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region as key cultural relics protection units at the autonomous region level. In 1983, Guilin Yaoshan Mausoleum Cultural Relics Management Office was established (now renamed Jingjiang Mausoleum Cultural Relics Management Office of Guilin) to protect and manage Jingjiang Mausoleum. Through archaeological investigation and field survey, the basic situation of Jingjiang Mausoleum was found out, and on this basis, the work of cultural relics protection units was continuously improved. The state invested in the restoration of Jingjiang Mausoleum, which was used as an important window to display Jingjiang Mausoleum cultural relics. In 1996, Jingjiang Mausoleum was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
since p>1998, the government has stepped up efforts to protect the cultural relics of Jingjiang Mausoleum. On the cultural relics protection project, with the support of National Cultural Heritage Administration, Guangxi Cultural Department, Guilin Municipal Government, Municipal Finance, Municipal Planning Commission and Municipal Cultural Bureau, Jingjiang Mausoleum has completed cultural relics protection projects, such as the maintenance of the memorial hall and the imperial palace, the reconstruction of temporary cultural relics warehouse, and the renewal of fire control and technical defense facilities. In 22, the Cultural Relics Management Office of Jingjiang Mausoleum compiled the Implementation Plan for the Maintenance and Renovation of Jingjiang Gonghui Mausoleum and Kangnuo Mausoleum, which was approved by National Cultural Heritage Administration. Now it is ready to start the construction of protective walls of Jingjiang Gonghui Mausoleum, the site cleaning and renovation, and the reinforcement and cleaning of Jingjiang Kangnuo Mausoleum, so as to form the opening pattern of Jingjiang Mausoleum in different periods, with different styles and different display means.
From p>1999 to 2, according to the deployment of National Cultural Heritage Administration and the State Planning Commission, the Cultural Relics Management Office of Jingjiang Mausoleum in Guilin compiled the Protection and Exhibition Plan of Jingjiang Mausoleum Site, which was identified by National Cultural Heritage Administration as one of the 5 key parks for the protection of cultural relics in China and listed in the project libraries of National Cultural Heritage Administration and the State Planning Commission for the record. At the same time, Jingjiang Mausoleum Site Protection and Exhibition Project is also listed as one of the only two key cultural relics protection projects in Guangxi's western development. Since 21, according to the requirements of National Cultural Heritage Administration, the Cultural Relics Management Office of Jingjiang Mausoleum in Guilin has compiled the General Protection Plan of Jingjiang Mausoleum on the basis of the Protection and Exhibition Plan of Jingjiang Mausoleum Site. At present, the plan has passed the two-level evaluation in Guilin and Guangxi, and has been submitted to National Cultural Heritage Administration for approval. In 23, under the arrangement of the Municipal Planning Commission, the Cultural Relics Management Office of Jingjiang Mausoleum in Guilin compiled the Feasibility Study Report of Jingjiang Mausoleum Protection Phase I Project, which turned some of the contents of the two plans into operational concrete projects and implemented them in stages.
over the years, our department has adhered to the cultural relics work policy of giving priority to protection, giving priority to rescue, rational utilization and strengthening management, protecting cultural relics and promoting history and culture. The protection and utilization of Jingjiang Mausoleum have been on the right track and achieved remarkable results, which has won wide acclaim from leaders and experts at all levels.