Longmen is located in the tourist center of western Henan, adjacent to Songshan Scenic Area in the east, such as Fengxue Temple, Fan Zhongyan's Tomb, Luhun Reservoir, Ercheng Academy, Quli Hot Spring, Laojunshan and Longchiman Nature Reserve, in the west of Yiyang Lingshan Temple and Xin 'an Qiantang Zhizhai, in the north of Guangwuling Yellow River Tourist Area, and in the east of Baima Temple and Hanwei Ancient City Shopping Center. Longmen Scenic Area is adjacent to Wanan Mountain in the east, yi river Valley in Nantong, Luoyang Basin in the north and Yiyang Mountain in the west. Specific scope: the road from Gaozhuang to cement plant in the east, south to the southern foot of Gan Yuan Mountain and Weiwan, 500 meters to Luoluan Highway in the west, and north to Longmen Town North Highway and Railway Bridge, with an area of 9.2 1 km2.
Longmen Mountain is a branch of Xiong 'er Mountain in the Qinling Mountains. Suddenly it broke from west to east until Longmen, and it was divided into two mountains, east and west, far away from each other. The Yi River flows (valley width150-300m), forming a natural "stone que", so it was called "Yi que" and "que plug" in ancient times.
A quexi Mountain, known as Zhongshan Mountain and Tianzhu Mountain in ancient times, is commonly known as Kunyu Mountain. It is 263.9 meters above sea level, and the height difference with the valley is 1 16 meters. There are Hongshigou in the north, Lianggou, Chazigou and Shishugou in the south. Dongshan was named Xiangshan because it was rich in geraniums in ancient times, with an altitude of 303.5 meters and a height difference of 166 meters from the valley. There are green hills and pipa peaks in the north, and luoquan ditch in the south. Wanfo Valley, Diaoqiao ditch and Ganyuan ditch all break the mountain ridge from west to east.
The north and south slopes of the two mountains are relatively gentle (20-30 & ordm；; ), He Linshan is steep (60-85&; Ordm), the top slope is gentle (at15&; Ordm about). The grotto area on the west bank of Yishui is steep and majestic.
The top of Longmen Mountain has a wide view. It looks at the ancient capitals of Luoyang and Beimang in the north, Gao Ming (also known as Jiu Hao Mountain) in the south, Yiyang Mountain in the west and Songshan Mountain in the east. The mountains are rolling, the full of green and the green hills are faint. 1, geology
Longmen scenic spot is a monoclinic structure, which tends to the northeast. Its strata are composed of Paleozoic CAMBRIAN (500 million years ago), Carboniferous (270 million years ago), Permian (250 million years ago) and Cenozoic Quaternary Holocene (2 million years ago). The geological structure of the scenic spot is simple, and the east and west hills are monoclinic rock structures, which strike Ne80 &；; Ordm, dip NW, dip angle 25-28&; ordm。
Chazigou normal fault is located in Chazigou on the southern edge of the scenic spot. There are hot springs exposed along the fault in the middle of Yihe River, and the water temperature is about 40℃. The normal fault of Longmen Bridge is located on the north side of Longmen Highway Bridge, in Carboniferous stratum. Hydrological station-Xiangshan Temple normal fault, along which rocks are broken and there are many caves.
The joints in the bedrock of the scenic spot develop and become the surface underwater channels. The joints extend far away, and the strata are all piece by piece, which affects its stability. The fracture system is the channel of groundwater movement, and under the action of water, karst caves of different sizes are formed along the fracture.
The rocks exposed in the scenic spot belong to limestone formed by orogeny of Paleozoic Middle Cambrian and Lower Ordovician 500 million years ago. The color is bluish gray and grayish white, and the texture is hard and uniform, which is suitable for carving. The top of the mountain is covered with neutral sandy clay with different thickness, which is fertile and suitable for plant growth.
2. Earthquake
China Academy of Sciences 1955 15 identified Luoyang as an earthquake zone with magnitude 6, and ground fissures were not directly related to the earthquake.
DocumentNo. (1978) the Central Committee of the Communist Party of ChinaNo. 13 stipulates: "cities with an earthquake intensity of more than seven degrees shall prepare earthquake-resistant plans, incorporate them into urban planning, and organize their implementation in a unified manner." According to the prediction and analysis of Seismological Bureau of China, the northwest of Henan Province has become the focus of earthquake prevention. Luoyang earthquake source area, the earthquake intensity was changed from six degrees to seven degrees, and it was included in the seismic fortification city. Longmen construction project should be earthquake-resistant according to the seven-degree fortification stipulated by Luoyang city.
3. Geothermal energy
On the south side of Longmen Bridge, there are cracks exposed in CAMBRIAN and Ordovician limestone-caves and springs. There are nineteen places in the census. Among them, there are nine western hills, six eastern hills and four river valleys, with a total water inflow of 146 tons/hour, among which Yuwangchi, Luogudong, Pearl Spring and Xiangshan Spring have relatively large flows. The water temperature is about 24-26℃ and the salinity is 0.398-0.41g/L. It is fresh water and meets the drinking standard.
1982 south entrance of Longmen, 197 1 drilling and pumping of No.2 well explored. The exploration results show that when the drilling depth is 45 meters from the ground, the air compressor pumps 94 tons/hour and the water temperature is 46℃-52.5℃. The water quality is medical mineral water containing radon.
4. Land
Longmen topsoil is developed from limestone residual parent material, which is thin and contains a lot of gravel and new materials, all of which belong to cinnamon soil. According to soil classification, they all belong to cinnamon soil category: mountain cinnamon soil subcategory, limestone soil genus.
According to the investigation, the soil in Longmen Xishan Mountain is mainly composed of low gravel middle limestone soil and high gravel middle limestone soil, the thickness is generally about 0.5 m, and the soil in some mountainous depressions can reach more than one meter, mixed with gravel and sand, with the content of about 10-30%. The soil is thicker, and the soil humus content is higher.
Longmen Dongshan is mainly composed of thin limestone soil with less gravel and thin limestone soil with more gravel. The soil layer is thin, and bedrock is exposed in many places. The thickness of the soil layer is generally less than 0.3 meters, only slightly thicker in the valley area.
5. Climate
Longmen Scenic Area is located at the junction of Luoyang, Yichuan and Yanshi. Its climate characteristics are basically the same as those of Luoyang, and it belongs to the continental monsoon climate in warm temperate zone. It is characterized by less rain and snow in winter, dry and windy in spring, rainy and concentrated in summer, abundant sunshine in autumn and long sunshine time.
Four distinct seasons: four and a half months in winter, three and a half months in summer, two months in spring and autumn, rainy season from June to September and dry season from October to May.
(1) temperature: the annual average temperature is 14.5℃
The average temperature in the hottest month is 27.4℃,
The average temperature in Leng Yue is 0.5 degrees below zero.
The average daily temperature is below +5℃ for 96 days.
Outdoor calculation is stable -5℃ winter heating.
Ventilation in winter-1℃
The ventilation temperature in summer is 32℃
The extreme maximum temperature is 44.2℃ (June 20th, 66).
Extreme minimum temperature-1 8.2℃ (February 691)
(2) Humidity: 75% in the hottest month.
The coldest yue 63%
Annual average of 65%
(3) Wind power:
Wind direction: prevailing wind direction and frequency ne in summer (16)
The dominant wind direction and frequency in winter are NE( 19).
Wind speed: the average outdoor wind speed in winter: 2.5m/s.
2.2m/s in summer.
The maximum wind force is eight.
(4) Rainfall: The total annual rainfall is 593.8 mm (average for many years), of which 60% is concentrated in summer.
Maximum amount for one day and night:105.0mm.
Maximum quantity per hour: 39. 1 mm
(5) Snow depth: The maximum snow depth is 25cm.
(6) The maximum frozen soil depth is 2 1cm.
(7) The annual thunderstorm days are 28.3 days.
(8) Frost: The frost-free period is 200 days.
First frost period:1late October
Final frost period, mid-April
(9) Ground temperature: extreme maximum ground temperature: 69℃ (1July 6, 968)
Extreme minimum ground temperature:-25.1℃ (1954 65438+1October 26th)
6. Hydrology
The Yihe River originates from the Qinling remnant vein in Luanchuan County and flows through the Wan Tao Valley at the southern foot of Xiong 'er Mountain. It flows through Songxian, Yichuan, Luoyang, Yanshi, Yuetan and Yanshi Yangcun, and flows into the Luohe River, known as Luo Yi, and into the Yellow River. The main stream of the Yi River is 286 kilometers long, with a confluence area of about 6 120 square kilometers. The Yi River freezes in winter, with July and August as flood season and winter as dry season.
Luhun Reservoir is built in the upper reaches of 1963, from the reservoir to Longmen. The main stream is 53km long, with an interval drainage area of1830m2 and a riverbed longitudinal slope ratio of 1∕400. There are many sandy pebbles in the riverbed, with a particle size of 2-5cm in general and a small amount of 10-. Before the completion of Luhun Reservoir, the measured maximum flood peak at Longmen Hydrological Station was 7180m&; Sup3∕ second (1937). The average annual flow is 38.5m &；; Sup3∕ seconds (average in recent 28 years), and the flow in winter and spring is 30m &；; Sup3 seconds. Sediment concentration in non-flood season is 0 ~ 76.5kg∕m & sup 3；; .
The annual average water temperature of the Yi River is 14- 15℃, the summer water temperature is 2 1-26℃, sometimes the river water temperature is as high as 30-35℃, and the winter water temperature is 0. 1-2℃, which basically does not freeze.
The historical highest water level 1958, flood water level 154.35 m, conventional water level 148.5 m and lowest water level 148 m. The calculated 50-year return flood level is152.74m..
The north-south water surface of Longmen Gate is 1.2km long and the east-west water surface is 0.2km wide. ..
7. plants
The vegetation in Longmen area belongs to the warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest belt in China. Longmen belongs to the loess hilly and mountainous area in western Henan, with a continental climate of summer rain.
In 2004, the scenic spot implemented the policy of returning farmland to forests. All farmland in Xishan has been converted into forest, and some farmland in Dongshan has also been converted into forest. Now the whole forestland area reaches 533 hectares. There are young coniferous forest 13.8 hectares, strong coniferous forest 148.3 hectares, young broad-leaved forest 17.9 hectares and mature broad-leaved forest 12 hectares in the scenic spot. The trees in the forest area are Platycladus orientalis and other trees planted one after another since the 1930s, with a total of more than 400,000 trees. Among them, there are about 320,000 Platycladus orientalis, and the green coverage area is more than 1.92 hectares, and the coverage rate of the East-West forest area is 55.68%.
Existing main plant species in Longmen Scenic Area:
(1) Evergreen trees: Platycladus orientalis, Sabina vulgaris, Cupressus orientalis, Pinus tabulaeformis, etc.
(2) Deciduous broad-leaved trees: weeping willow, Salix matsudana, Populus tomentosa, Robinia pseudoacacia, Toona sinensis, Melia azedarach, Gleditsia sinensis, Sapium sebiferum, Wufeng, Cotinus coggygria, Lotus, Elm, Ginkgo biloba, Torch Tree, etc.
(3) Economic tree species: walnut tree, persimmon tree, big jujube tree, soft jujube tree, apple tree, etc.
(4) Flower shrubs: Zinnia, Buxus, Osmanthus fragrans, Bauhinia, Hibiscus, Pomegranate, Magnolia, Winter jasmine, Lilac, Peony, etc.
(5) Wild plants: jujube, Vitex negundo, Hedyotis diffusa, iris, wild chrysanthemum, carrot, Pogostemon cablin, Oxalis, alfalfa, amaranth, etc. There are also Chinese herbal medicines such as Radix Saposhnikoviae, Radix Bupleuri, Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Fructus Lycii, Cortex et Radix Polygalae, Herba Violae, Cirsium japonicum, Radix Platycodonis, Ranunculaceae, etc.
(6) There are more than a dozen lower plants such as mosses and ferns, and there are algae and other plants in Yihe River.
(7) Crops: wheat, corn, sweet potato, beans, etc.