As early as 31 years before Japan's modernization (623), Hui Qi, a Japanese monk studying abroad who returned from the Tang Dynasty, wrote to the imperial court that all students studying in the Tang Dynasty had academic achievements and should be recalled, and said, "A country in the Tang Dynasty should be prepared by law, and a country in the Tang Dynasty should be cherished forever." The court accepted this suggestion and made active preparations. In the fourth year of Zhenguan (AD 630, the second year of Japanese Imperial Uncle Ming), he sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty for the first time. Since then, in 208, in the third year of Kaicheng (AD 838, the fifth year of Japan's He Cheng), there were 12 official envoys to the Tang Dynasty. In the first year of Ganning (AD 894, the sixth year of Kuanping in Japan), an envoy was prepared to be sent to the Tang Dynasty, and the main officials of the envoy had been appointed. Sugawara no michizane, who has just been appointed as the ambassador to the Tang Dynasty, wrote a letter suggesting to suspend the dispatch, and then formally stopped sending special envoys to the Tang Dynasty. From 630 to 894, in 264, in addition to the above-mentioned 12 envoys who officially went to the Tang Dynasty, there were three Japanese envoys who were ordered but failed to make it to Chang 'an, twice as "Tang envoys to see the guests off" and once as "Tang envoys to welcome guests", so the total number was eighteen.
The missions to Tang Dynasty are well organized, with ambassadors, deputy ambassadors, judges and clerks (official diplomats). In addition to about half of the helmsman and sailors, the members of the mission also include people who know how to sail (captain), shipbuilders (technical leaders of shipbuilding), translators (translators), gods (godfearing people), fortune tellers (people who determine the direction of navigation and measure the wind), yin and yang teachers, doctors, painters, musicians, historians (documents) and boatmen. The entourage includes foreign students who have lived in Tang for a long time, monks who have studied abroad, and foreign students and monks who will return to China with the group in the short term. There are also security shooters. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there were generally more than 200 Japanese envoys to the Tang Dynasty, with two ships. Since the beginning of the eighth century, the number of people has doubled, with four ships and five or six hundred people. In 7 17, there were 557 envoys in Tang dynasty, 594 in 733 and 65 1 in 838. Some of these ships were wrecked midway, and only a few dignitaries who entered the Tang Dynasty were allowed to enter Chang 'an.
During the 40 years from 1930s to 1970s, the route of sending envoys of Tang Dynasty was the North Road, that is, boarding from Nanpu (now Osaka), passing through Seto Inland Sea, starting from Hakata (now Fukuoka), going north along the west coast of Korean Peninsula, then going west along the south coast of Liaodong Peninsula, crossing Bohai Sea and landing in Shandong Peninsula, and then passing through Luxi to Luoyang and Chang 'an. Most of this route is sailing along the coast, which is safer and less shipwrecked. After Silla destroyed Baekje and Koguryo and unified the Korean Peninsula, relations with Japan were once tense. Therefore, during the period of 100 in the 1970s and 1960s, Tang envoys were sent to Nandao Road, that is, from Kyushu to the south, along Tanegashima, Yakushima and Amami Islands in the south, across the East China Sea of China to the northwest, landed at the Yangtze River estuary, and then went north through the canal. This route mainly sails in the endless East China Sea, and landing is difficult and dangerous. The sailing time of North Road and South Island Road takes about 30 days, or even longer. In the late Tang Dynasty, it was changed to the south road, that is, from Wudao Islands in the west of Kyushu to the southwest, crossing the East China Sea, landing in Suzhou and Mingzhou at the mouth of the Yangtze River, and then going north through the canal. The sailing time is short, usually about ten days, or even only three days, but the risk of wind and waves is basically the same as that of Nandao Road.
The purpose of sending famous ancient paintings to the Tang Dynasty is to learn and absorb the culture of the Tang Dynasty, so we are very cautious about the selection of mission personnel, especially the selection of ambassadors, deputy ambassadors, judges and clerks. For example, in addition to diplomatic skills, diplomats should also have gorgeous appearance, elegant manners, and profound knowledge and etiquette of China. For example, Gao Xiang, who was sent to Tang for the third time, studied in Sui for 35 years and later became the highest political adviser of Dahua Technology. Kibi No Asomi Makibi, the tenth deputy ambassador to Tang Dynasty, lived in Tang for seventeen years. In addition, Tajihi, a full-time ambassador, became an excellent writer and poet. Frequent travel to the university, able to read Shangshu and Korean, familiar with Selected Works; Xiao Ye Huang, an emissary without a trip, has an unparalleled article, which is both a grass official and a fine official; Yi Liang, a clerk on the mountain, is a famous singer in Ye Wan. Because of their education and experience, father and son were appointed envoys one after another, which was beneficial to learn from the Tang Dynasty. In a word, those who participated in the mission to the Tang Dynasty, whether in Confucian classics, articles or calligraphy, were knowledgeable, personable and knowledgeable. Even doctors, craftsmen, musicians, sailors, etc. It is also outstanding in this industry.
The diplomatic envoys in Tang Dynasty not only completed the diplomatic mission, but also undertook the task of cultural and trade activities. They are both cultural messengers and national businessmen. Culturally, they wanted to learn, learn from and introduce, and the Tang Empire enthusiastically provided convenience. For example, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered the Tang envoy to visit the treasures in the treasury, and at the request of the Tang envoy, he ordered four teaching assistants, Zhao, to give lectures at the crack temple. They bought a lot of books, and Ji Changdan and others were rewarded by the emperor because they brought back many books and treasures from the Tang Dynasty. The technical and artistic talents in the mission also studied hard during the Tang Dynasty. Quasi-judge Fujiwara Zhenmin is good at playing pipa. After the Tang Dynasty, he studied under the famous pipa player Liu Erlang and married Liu Erlang's daughter. After returning to Japan, Zhenmin became the assistant of Yayue and the head of the sweeping department, and became a tribute to Japanese court music. Tang doctor Sugawara was sent to teach famous doctors in the Tang Dynasty. After returning to China, he became an acupuncturist and later a physician. Other carpenters, forgers and casters all visited Tang to learn the latest technology in this industry. As for ambassadors, deputy envoys, judges, clerks, etc. Many people later held important positions in the court. Because they were close to the political center of the imperial court to varying degrees, they were able to flexibly integrate what they learned in the Tang Dynasty into various Japanese systems and political policies. In a word, the envoys in the Tang Dynasty played a very positive role in learning and introducing Tang Wenhua. The Tang Dynasty was also a trade delegation. Because it carries a large number of Japanese "national treasures" (gifts for Tang Dynasty) and a large number of "gifts for Japan" in Tang Dynasty, it essentially undertakes the task of product exchange between Tang Dynasty and Japan. The envoys of the Tang Dynasty brought precious gifts such as pearl silk, amber, agate and water weaving, which were discovered by 1970 in Xi 'an. The Tang government returned high-grade silk, porcelain, musical instruments, cultural classics and so on. Some precious Tang Dynasty cultural relics preserved in Masakura Hospital of Toda Temple in Nara were returned by Tang Shi. Such gifts and gifts are actually exchange of needed goods between the two countries.
In order to absorb the cultural achievements of China, Japanese sent many overseas students to study in the Tang Dynasty. These international students can be divided into general international students, international students invited to benefit from medical treatment and returned international students according to their learning methods and years. Please ask Yi Sheng, a graduate student or visiting scholar similar to today, to come to the Tang Dynasty for further study. The same is true for returned students, but they went with the envoys of the Tang Dynasty. Twenty-six people left their names in the history books, which is only a small part of them. They were assigned to Chang 'an imperial academy, and most of them went to imperial academy to study. Generally speaking, international students have a long study life, and they have forged a deep friendship with poets and scholars in China for ten or twenty years. Some participated in the "Ji" of the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty and entered the official career. After studying abroad, overseas students also search for China classics, calligraphy and painting, musical instruments, handicrafts, stationery, clothes and even weapons, so that they can bring them back to China. In the second year of Tang Zhaozong Dashun (89 1), according to the Japanese Book Catalogue written by Fujiwara Sasuke, there are 40 kinds of China books preserved in Japan, such as Yi, Shi and Yue, 1579 16790. Most of these Han people were brought back by Tang envoys and overseas students. After returning to China, overseas students were arranged by Japanese courts to work in different departments such as education, medicine, criminal law and art, which enabled them to give full play to their academic and technical expertise and played a very important role in Japan's social progress and cultural development. Together with the Japanese people, they have made great contributions to the rapid development of this originally backward island country and also made historic contributions to strengthening Sino-Japanese friendship. A famous foreign student, Abel Ma Zhong Lu Han, was named Chao Heng or Chao Heng. /kloc-entered the Tang Dynasty at the age of 0/7, and was admitted to imperial academy Imperial College with excellent results. He passed the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty and set foot on his official career. He lived in China for a long time and was good at poetry. In the Tang Dynasty, he served as Zuo Shiyi, Zuo Buque, Dr. Guanglu, Cheng, Wei, secretary supervisor, Zuo Sanqi, and Annan. In the 11th year of Tianbao (752), Fujiwara Qinghe went to Chang 'an, and Chao Heng applied for returning to Japan again (for the first time in the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, without permission), and finally got permission from Xuanzong. He missed his friends who had lived in China and China for many years, and wrote: "I look forward to Wynn Day in the west and feel grateful in the east. A sword is a lifetime, leave it to make friends. Wang Wei wrote "Preface to Send Minister Chao Jian back to Japan";
There is a lot of water there, you know the sea in the east.
Where is Kyushu? If Wan Li is empty.
Looking at Japan from the country, returning to the sails but believing in the wind.
The aojiang is dark and the fish's eyes are red.
Outside the village tree, in the owner's island.
If you leave a foreign country, you will be able to communicate with each other.
In the preface, he praised Tang's friendship with Japan and looked forward to Chao Heng's return to China. However, his boat was caught in a storm on the way and drifted to Annan. Everyone thought the ship was wrecked. Li Bai wrote a touching poem, "Crying for Chaoqingheng": "Japan celebrates its imperial city and sails around the kettle. The bright moon does not return to Shen Bihai, and the white clouds are full of sorrow. " However, after many difficulties and dangers, Chao Heng returned to Chang 'an and died in the Tang Dynasty. More than 200 years after his death/KLOC-0, the people of China and Japan erected monuments for him in Xi and Nara respectively, in recognition of his historical contribution to Sino-Japanese friendship. Tang, 22, from China, studied 17 years, studied classics, calendars, Yin and Yang, astronomy and other disciplines, and brought back a large number of China books and cultural relics. The Dayan Calendar, made by a group of monks, was adopted by the Japanese soon after it was brought back to Kibi No Asomi Makibi. As an international student, he was appointed as an official of Minister Zuo after returning from the Tang Dynasty in Japan, and vigorously promoted the culture of the Tang Dynasty. He was one of the influential figures in the early Sino-Japanese exchanges.
It is found in the literature that 90 monks were sent to study in the Tang Dynasty. Like foreign students, they are also divided into general learning monks, please benefit monks and returning monks. They traveled to the famous mountains in China, sought advice from their teachers, brought back a large number of Buddhist scriptures, statues and utensils, and introduced paintings and sculptures related to Buddhism, which promoted the development of Japanese culture. Zuicheng and Konghai founded Tiantai Sect and Yanarray Sect in Japan respectively, and imitated the Tang Dynasty, creating the atmosphere of Japanese Buddhism building temples in the mountains. After returning to China, Konghai brought back 180 Buddhist scriptures. Besides studying Buddhist scriptures, he also absorbed China culture extensively and was an outstanding writer, calligrapher and educator. His poems, essays, inscriptions, etc. are included in Soul Collection (volume 10) compiled by his disciples, and his most sincere personal letter is called "Letter to the Heart", which has been designated as a national treasure of Japan. He made an in-depth study of Japanese literature and writing and made important contributions to the cultural exchange between China and Japan. Chinese and Japanese literary criticism, philology and history are important documents written by Kong Hai, such as The Secret Room in the Mirror, The Name of the Printing Officer and Ren Yuan's Reading Diary for Ten Years in the Tang Dynasty.
Just as Japanese people like Ma Lu Abe were officials and engaged in cultural and religious activities in the Tang Dynasty, many Tang people were officials and engaged in cultural and religious activities in Japan. When Tang envoys were sent back to Japan, the Tang Dynasty sometimes sent "envoys" to accompany them, eight times before and after, often with dozens of people each time. The emissary should have returned to China after completing his mission, but many people stayed and naturalized in Japan because of the difficulties and obstacles in sailing. Such as Shen and Yuan Jinqing, there are eighteen people in Japanese history books. Shen was awarded the right of art design from the fifth place, and Yuan Jinqing was awarded the position of doctor of university sound from the fifth place, and successively served as president and security guard of the university. These Tang people contributed to introducing Tang Wenhua and promoting the development of Japanese culture.
Monks in the Tang Dynasty also sent envoys to Japan, and Jian Zhen, a monk in the Tang Dynasty, made the most outstanding contribution to the cultural exchange between China and Japan in ancient times.
Jian Zhen (688-763) is often called "Master Crossing the Sea" and "Great Monk of the Tang Dynasty" in Japan, and his common name is Chunyu, a native of Jiangyang County, Yangzhou (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu). His father makes a living by doing business and believes in Buddhism. I studied Zen from Zen master Zhiman in Dayun Temple in Yangzhou. Jian Zhen is deeply influenced by his family. 14 (16) years old, went on a pilgrimage to Dayun Temple with his father. Seeing the Buddha statue, he was tempted and asked to become a monk. His father was curious about his ambition and allowed him to become a monk, so he shaved his hair and became a monk (a monk who just became a monk). He was assigned to Dayun Temple. Jian Zhen is his legal name. Since then, I have started my career in Buddhism research. At the age of eighteen, he was ordained by a bodhisattva (indicating the basic conditions for becoming a monk). Since then, when he was young, Jian Zhen visited Du Dong and Chang 'an, visited famous teachers and devoted himself to studying Buddhist classics. At the same time, I have deep research on Buddhist art, architecture and medicine, and I am very literate. Twenty-one years old, ordained in Chang 'an. After staying in Beijing for six years, Jian Zhen became a learned monk. In the first year of Kaiyuan (7 13), 26-year-old Jian Zhen returned to Yangzhou from Beijing and settled in daming temple (now Fajing Temple in Yangzhou). In the next 40 years, he preached dharma collections in the Jianghuai area and taught more than 40,000 people's commandments, including more than 230 famous monks. Jianghuai made Jian Zhen a master of discipline. At the same time, he presided over the restoration of Chongfu Temple, Fengfa Temple and other temples, presided over the construction of more than 80 temples, guided the shaping and drawing of a large number of Buddha statues and murals, and copied thousands of Buddhist scriptures. Jian Zhen became a respected and famous monk in the world.
At that time, Buddhism was highly respected by the feudal court in Japan and flourished for a while. However, the Buddhist precepts in Japan are incomplete. Monks can't be ordained according to the ordained ceremony. Generally speaking, they only accepted the precepts of Bodhisattva or self-discipline. There are no "three teachers and seven certificates" of ten monks to prove that a monk has enough precepts. Many people became monks without certain formalities, and many farmers fled to temples to shave their hair in order to avoid tax rent, which made the feudal court lose its renters. By virtue of the power of the imperial court, the upper-class monks did whatever they wanted and became corrupt. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a strict ordained system, control the blind increase of the number of people who hate their companions, make monks abide by the rules and regulations they should abide by, curb illegal acts and improve Buddhist cultivation.
In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733 AD, Tianping five years in Japan), Japanese monks Rong Rui and Pu Zhao successively sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty to study the precepts and pay their respects to famous monks. On behalf of Emperor Shengwu and Japan, they invited eminent monks to give lectures in Japan. In the winter of the first year of Tianbao (742), Rong Rui and Pu Zhao went to Yangzhou daming temple to worship (kneeling at the feet of the venerable one). ..... I would like to travel to Xinghua with Shandong. "The disciples thought that Japan was too far away, the sea was vast, the wind and waves were monstrous, and the salt was silent. Jian Zhen said, "Why do you cherish your life" to promote Buddhism? Resolutely invited, determined to cross the east, at the age of 55. Xiang Yan, Daoxing, Enwa and other 2 1 disciples are willing to work with one heart and one mind.
Jian Zhen, Rong Rui, Zhao Pu, Daoxing, etc. Step up the preparation of navigation equipment, food, etc. Daoxing was once the monk of Li, the brother of Li, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty. He asked Li to set off from Yangzhou and land to the Congress Temple in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province, so that he could fly directly to Japan after going out to sea. Because in the Tang Dynasty, private individuals could not go abroad without the approval of the government. As for Li's boat, he also wrote to his nephew "Cang Cao" Li Cuo in Yangzhou, asking him for help. Just as the preparatory work was going smoothly, an accident happened in April of the second year of Tianbao (743). Yin Daoxing said: This trip to Japan is to preach the precepts, and people who need to be respected and admired, Korean monks are like the sea, and they have little knowledge and cannot go with them! As angry as the sea, he falsely accused Daohang of collaborating with pirates and was building a ship to prepare food. As a result, Daohang, Rong Rui and Zhao Pu were arrested and their ships and dry food were confiscated. Although he was later released, his first trip to the East failed.
After being released, Rong Rui and Pu Zhao went to daming temple to prepare for another eastward advance. Jian Zhen used all his savings to buy a warship, hired 18 sailors, prepared seafood, Buddhist scriptures and cassock, and recruited 85 craftsmen. In December of the second year of Tianbao (743), Jian Zhen, Rong Rui, Pu Zhao, Siwei and more than 100 people were in the same boat and set sail for the east. The Grand Canal starts from Yangzhou, enters the Yangtze River, and reaches Langgoupu (now Langgang near Liuhe Estuary in Taicang, Jiangsu). In the storm, the waves broke on the boat, left the boat and boarded the shallows. The tide receded and the water was waist-deep. It's the middle of winter, the wind is biting, and it's hard to get ready with cold water. The second crossing to the east failed without sailing.
Jian Zhen personally organized and directed the ship to be repaired. After the repair, a group of people boarded the ship again and started the third eastward crossing, leaving the Yangtze River estuary to point to Japan. Unfortunately, the ship ran aground in Zhoushan. Although people went ashore, the ship sank to the bottom of the sea, and all the food and water were exhausted. 100 people spent three days and nights in hunger, thirst and cold on a deserted island, and were rescued and placed in Asoka Temple in Langzhou (now Ningbo, Zhejiang). The third eastward crossing failed again.
After the failure of the third crusade, Jian Zhen and others temporarily lived in Asoka Temple in Mingzhou, and toured nearby states to preach laws and precepts. When the monks in Yuezhou knew that Jian Zhen was going to cross eastward, they told the state officials: "Japanese monk Rong Rui lured Yamato and wanted to return to his old country." Rong Rui was arrested in prison and was released only after he was seriously ill. Jian Zhen Xiangrongrui and Zhao Pu asked for advice, and they went through hardships without any regrets. Admire his ambition, so Du Dong's determination to spread Buddhism is firm. In the third year of Tianbao (744), he prepared to cross the east for the fourth time and sent Fajin to Fuzhou to buy grain and boats. He intends to board the ship from Fuzhou to avoid the eyes and ears of the government in Jianghuai area. Jian Zhen led more than 30 disciples, including Xiang Yan, Rong Rui, Zhao Pu and Siva, to bid farewell to Ashoka Temple and began to visit the relics and enter Tiantai Mountain. After the pilgrimage to Buddha, there was another accident on the way to Fujian. Ling Hu, a disciple of Jian Zhen in Yangzhou, said to monks in various temples, "Master and I made a vow to climb mountains and cross the sea in Japan. After years of hard work, Wan Li's life and death are unpredictable. I can sue that official and cover it up. " Out of love for the master, all the monks signed the petition, asking the government to stop Jian Zhen from crossing eastward. Jiang Dongdao's interviewer ordered the investigation and went to zenrinji, Huangyan County to detain Jian Zhen and his party. Send troops to defend and send them back to Chongfu Temple in Yangzhou. The fourth eastward crossing failed. Jian Zhen reprimanded Hu Ling, repented every day, and made excuses from one stop to five shifts every night, winning Jian Zhen's understanding for 60 consecutive days.
In the spring of the seventh year of Tianbao (748), Rong Rui and Pu Zhao once again came to Chongfu Temple in Yangzhou from Tongan County (now Anqing, Anhui Province). Although Jian Zhen is 6 1 year old, his ambition to go to Du Dong has not diminished. He decided to build a boat and prepare a hundred things at once, just as he did in Tianbao for two years. Fourteen people, including monks Xiang Yan, Rong Rui, Pu Zhao and Yi Gi, were accompanied by 18 sailors and 35 others. On June 27th of that year, I set out from Chongfu Temple, left the Yangtze River estuary and set sail for the sea, starting my fifth eastward crossing. In order to wait for the downwind, we stopped at Santashan (now Xiaoyangshan in Dinghai) on the border of Yuezhou for a month. The wind is strong, starting from Xiafeng Mountain (near Zhoushan Island) and ending in January. 1October 16, the wind blew and suddenly an island mountain appeared in the southeast sea. At noon, the island mountain suddenly disappeared, and then it was dark, the clouds were overcast, the wind blew and the waves were high. Islands and mountains are actually gas accumulation, which indicates that a hurricane is coming. Jian Zhen and his team, ignorant of the weather, continued to sail to the storm warning, far away from the summer monsoon mountain, and could not return. When the wind was rushing and the water was black as ink, the boat floated in the rough waves, suddenly washed to the mountains and thrown into a deep valley. Everyone is dizzy and drunk. The boat drifted on the sea and crossed the snake sea in three days. This snake is more than ten feet long, and the smallest one is more than five feet. It's dark in color, with white spots and all over the sea. One-day flying fish, white flying fish, one foot long, covering the sea and air. One day, after passing through the sea of birds, birds were as big as people, flying on the boat. The boat was heavy and sinking. If you push it with your hand, the bird will grab it. The fresh water on the ship is exhausted, and every meal is made of a little raw rice. If you chew rice, your throat is dry and you can't swallow it and spit it out. Drinking seawater is abdominal distension. Everyone is dying of thirst. The next day, clouds came from the boat in Nantian, and it rained. Everyone filled the bowl with water and drank it sweetly, which solved the crisis. It rained again the next day, and everyone was full. After drifting at sea 14 days, I landed on an island in the South China Sea. Although it is winter and 1 1 month, the flowers are still in full bloom and the trees are covered with bamboo shoots. After four brokers led the way, they arrived in Zhou Zhen (now Yaxian County at the southern tip of Hainan Island) in three days. After that, under the escort of local officials, Jian Zhen returned to Hainan from Hainan via Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong, Guangxi and Jiangxi. Tianbao returned to Yangzhou for ten years (75 1). The fifth eastward crossing failed again. Thirty-six Chinese and Japanese personnel have died. Rong Rui went to prison several times, drifted in distress, broke down from overwork and died in Duanzhou (now Guangdong Gaoyao). Jian Zhen mourned and sent him away. On the way to the north, people generally see that Jian Zhen has been bumpy for many years and its health is deteriorating. Unable to bear the hardships of Master in his later years, he decided to leave reluctantly and go to Asoka Temple to wait for the boat to return home. Jian Zhen held the general's hand and said with tears: "In order to preach the precepts, I made a vow to cross the sea and never arrived in Japan." I am grateful for the break-up between teachers and students. Xiang Yan, who followed Jian Zhen for many years, also died unfortunately. Jian Zhen grief-stricken, caressing the body even shouted "what! Yan! " Due to long-term hard life and frequent light and heat weather, Jian Zhen's eyesight is declining day by day, but after treatment, it failed, and he finally became blind.
After 12 years' efforts, in the winter of the twelfth year of Tianbao (753), Jian Zhen finally came to Dongdu with more than 20 disciples at the age of 66. His fellow disciples are Nisen, An Rubao, Kunlun People's Army, Zhan Boren, etc. Jian Zhen arrived in Akimokpo, Kawabe Prefecture, Samoyed State (now Akimokpo, Kawabe Prefecture, Kagoshima Prefecture) by boat on the following year 1 month 17 (the fifth year of Tianping Shengbao, Japan1February 20th). More than a month later, he entered the capital Nara with a grand welcome and stayed in the famous Dongda Temple. In those days, Jian Zhen set up a ring altar in Toda Temple in Nara to present rings to the Japanese Emperor, Empress Dowager and Kejsarinnan Koken. Japanese monks were ordained by ten monks, known as "three teachers and seven certificates", which was the beginning of Japan's formal ordained. The Emperor appointed Jian Zhen as the capital of big monks and became the ancestor of Japanese legalists. Under his personal design and leadership, Nara built the Tang and Zhao Temple. The Golden Temple in the temple adopts a three-story bucket arch, and the two ends of the roof are tall. The whole building is simple and beautiful. It is the largest and most beautiful Japanese building in Tian Ping's era, reflecting the latest achievements of architectural technology in the Tang Dynasty at that time, and it is one of the most precious "specimen" buildings for studying Tang Dynasty architecture. The statue of Buddha in Zhao Ti Temple in Tang Dynasty was also completed by his disciples and Japanese craftsmen under the guidance of Jian Zhen. Spreading the sculpture art of the Tang Dynasty, the Jian Zhen ink painting folder created by Jian Zhen's disciples is like a very excellent art treasure. Jian Zhen carried more than 300 volumes of 84 kinds of Buddhist scriptures, a large number of Buddha statues and Buddhist tools with him, and corrected the mistakes of Japanese classics one by one with his profound knowledge. Although Jian Zhen is blind, he can identify the herbs in Zhengcang Hospital by touching, smelling and tasting them. In the second year of Baoying in Tang Suzong (763 AD, the seventh year of Tianping Baozi in Japan), Jian Zhen passed away and was buried in Tangzhaoti Temple in Nara. He is called "the benefactor of Japanese culture". His dry lacquer statue has been placed in the temple and has been designated as Japan's "national treasure". 1200 has been admired by the Japanese people for more than 200 years. 1980, Japan sent this statue to China for a short time, returned to his hometown Yangzhou to visit relatives, and toured in Beijing, which became a much-told story in the history of Sino-Japanese friendly relations.
Through the above-mentioned exchanges, the cultural exchanges between China and Japan have developed to an unprecedented and extensive new stage. Advanced Tang Wenhua has exerted a positive, extensive and far-reaching influence on Japanese culture.
1. On the political front, in the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), a great change was made in Japan. Gaoxiang Hyunri and Sengman, who had studied in China for a long time, were appointed as national doctors and participated in state affairs. Referring to the land equalization system and tenancy system in Sui and Tang Dynasties, the land expropriation method and tenancy system were implemented. Imitating the official system of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the official system from central to local governments was reformed. Referring to the laws of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Dabao Law and the Pension Law were formulated.
Second, in education, many people copy the Tang system. During the reign of Emperor Tianzhi, a university was established in Kyoto. Since then, the academic system has been gradually improved, and courses such as Ming Jing, Ji Chuan, Fa Ming, Calligraphy and Arithmetic have been offered. All courses are taught by doctors and teaching assistants, and the textbooks are Confucian classics of China. Because of the door-to-door politics, senior officials in Japan had to leave the door of power, so they did not accept the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty intact.
3. In terms of language and writing, there was no writing in ancient Japan. Before the eighth century, Chinese characters were used as a tool to express and describe. Kibi No Asomi Makibi, an overseas student, and Konghai, a monk, created two sets of "pseudonyms" (letters) based on the Japanese use of phonetic Chinese characters. Kibi No Asomi Makibi created Katakana with italic Chinese characters (film is film), while Konghai created Hiragana with cursive Chinese characters. The development of these new characters has greatly promoted the development of Japanese culture. At the same time, Chinese is still respected, and Japanese vocabulary and grammar are also influenced by Chinese.
4. In terms of literature, the colorful literature of the Tang Dynasty was transplanted to Japan and flourished, especially the Tang poetry. From emperors to ordinary aristocrats, it is fashionable to appreciate and write China's poems. Self-styled Yi poetry is particularly popular among Japanese. Overseas students, Huang Xiaoye, all have deep attainments in China's poems. Literary works written in Chinese, such as Huaifengzao, Ling and Guo Jingji, appear constantly.
In terms of art, music, painting, sculpture, calligraphy and arts and crafts of the Tang Dynasty were also introduced to Japan. Japan absorbed the music system of the Tang Dynasty and sent overseas students to study Tang Le in the Tang Dynasty. The Japanese court invited musicians from the Tang Dynasty to teach music, and musical instruments from the Tang Dynasty were introduced to Japan. Painting in the Tang Dynasty had a great influence on Japanese painting. The paintings painted by Japanese painters in the Tang Dynasty are called "Tang paintings". The murals of maids in Takamatsu's tomb are very similar to those in Prince Zhang Huai's tomb and Prince Yide's tomb in Tang Dynasty. Jian Zhen brought the original works of Wang Xizhi's father and son to Japan, which caused an upsurge of learning calligraphy in Japan, and so-called "three strokes" such as Konghai, Orange Yi and Gui E Huang appeared. Due to the advanced technology and design of Tang dynasty crafts, many Japanese handicrafts (furniture, utensils, stationery, musical instruments, etc. ) I'm not even sure whether they are from the Tang Dynasty or Japan.
6. In terms of science and technology, the advanced production technology, astronomical calendar, medicine, mathematics, architecture, block printing and so on in the Tang Dynasty were successively spread to Japan.
7. In terms of living habits, polo, corner kick, Go and other sports activities were first introduced to Japan. Tea was introduced into Japan, and the wind of drinking tea rose. Tang suit was introduced to Japan and was loved by the Japanese. Dragon Boat Festival, Orchid Festival on July 15th and Double Ninth Festival were also introduced to Japan from the Tang Dynasty. This shows the close relationship between China and Japan.