Tao Yuanming had high ideals about politics, but he couldn't find the way and possibility to realize this ideal at that time. Facing the dirty officialdom and dark politics at that time, he felt that there was no way to serve the country and there was no hope of making progress. Seeing that officials are full of selfish desires and hypocrisy in the power competition, Tao Yuanming is constrained everywhere and finds it difficult to agree. Forced to live in peace, Tao Yuanming resigned and retired, and ploughed the fields. At all times and all over the world, people who are knowledgeable and versatile are all people who are eager to make contributions at first, but only when they hit a wall everywhere, they are disheartened and demoralized. Examining the trajectory of their lives, there is often such a rule that when they have the opportunity to show their talents to "use the world", most of them tend to be pragmatic, and most of them are dominated by Confucian ideas; However, when they grasp their talents and are not appointed and put to good use, especially when they feel depressed, their thoughts often fall to Laozi and Zhuangzi. Starting life with the idea of "joining the WTO" and ending life with the idea of "being born"-this is the typical life path of China traditional literati.
In China, it is almost impossible for a scholar to get rid of the traditional Confucian thought of actively using the world and helping the poor. Confucius can't do it, Mencius can't do it, Tao Yuanming can't do it, and Li Bai can't do it. Tao Yuanming's tragedy lies in "incomplete entry into the WTO, unwilling to be born" and "being at both ends with one heart". In the contradiction between ideal and reality in his life, he struggled between the dilemma of not advancing enough to seek the country and retreating enough to make a living. Whether Tao Yuanming entered the WTO or was born, it was not only a process of seeking a path for practicing his social ideal, but also a conscious process of the conflict between ideal and system. From actively participating in the system for social ideal, to being unwilling to harm the society and leaving the system, and then going to the opposite of the system, it shows that there is no way for a gentleman under the autocratic system, and Tao Yuanming has also completed the transformation of his triple identity as a social reformer, a reclusive poet and a thinker.
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What the ancients called "birth" and.
1. Birth: 1. Birth; The poem "Xie Kou's Eleven Hui Duanyan" by Chen Shidao in Song Dynasty was produced: "The heavens are full of flowers and a hundred gods are happy, knowing that a saint is born." All the gods are happy because they know that the saint has just been born. 2, detached from the world. Song Sushi's Biography of the Book Huang Luzhi and Li Shi: "If you don't hate leaving, how can you be born?" There is nothing to dislike and deviate from, so how can it be said that it is beyond the world? 3. Point out the home. Tang Huangfu once wrote a poem, "Autumn Evening sends a message to a distinguished person": "A true monk was born with nothing in mind, and a famous incense burner set himself on fire in the quiet night." A real monk has nothing to worry about when he becomes a monk. He must work hard and bear it himself. No one can replace him, and the Buddha can't give him. 4, to the world. Tang Liu Zongyuan's "Longcheng Lu Ren Zhong Xuan Meng Shui Shen holds a mirror": "This mirror is the water house, and it was born a while ago. Now it belongs to me." This mirror is the treasure of Shuifu, and there is a time limit for it to come into the world. Now it belongs to me. 5. Being an official; Li Bai, who became famous in Tang Dynasty, wrote the poem "Wandering Yelang stayed in Wujiang for 16 years": "The wanderer was not born, but he moved the capital in vain." I've been wandering around the world for so long without being an official, and I've alarmed the capital in name only. 6, beyond the world. Tang Lu Lun's "Shooting the Xiaqu with Zhang Servant": "Adjusting the arrow and calling the eagle, all of them are heard to be born." It is beyond the ability of the world to adjust the bow and arrow and call the eagle. 2. Entering the WTO 1. Stepping into the society; He is a fledgling who has just joined the WTO. 2. Buddhist language, as opposed to "being born" (leaving the secular world), was born in the world with lofty spirit and often stayed between heaven and earth, so why should it be born into the world? -Qing Quan Zuwang's translation of Plum Blossom Ridge: That kind of awe-inspiring and majestic, which will remain forever between heaven and earth, why does it have to be (asked) whether he was born into a fairy or a human being?
Extended information: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have different understandings on the issue of birth and accession to the WTO. As a matter of fact, Taoism is talking about joining the WTO. Although Laozi has repeatedly emphasized the idea of inaction in Tao Te Ching, Laozi's inaction is not aimed at inaction, but at doing something, and in the end, inaction will be transformed into doing something. Confucianism has always been the knowledge of joining the WTO, but Confucianism's entry into the WTO is to rule the country and level the world, which narrows the entry into the WTO, and only to be an official is to join the WTO. Therefore, Confucianism is keen on being an official, but has a negative attitude towards the people's entry into the WTO. What's more, when they become officials, they advocate for the tiger and suppress the people together with those in power. In this way, Confucianism's entry into the WTO has become a competition in the power field and a foundation stone for an official-based society. The real knowledge of birth is actually Buddhism. The principle of Buddhism's birth thought is to be sad and not to abandon the world, that is to say, to understand the impermanence, emptiness and illusory nature of the world and give up all lust, but you need to be merciful and compassionate, and you can't give up all beings in distress and seek nirvana silence on the other side. The essence of the real Buddhist thought of being born is to eliminate the lust, stay awake with wisdom in the five desires, and not lust for wealth, not to hate and escape from reality, but to seek pure pleasure.
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-Entering WTO
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-Born
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Views on Tao Yuanming's seclusion
Tao Yuanming decided to retire to the countryside and lead a leisurely civilian life every day because he didn't like the darkness of officialdom at that time and didn't want to go along with corrupt officials. Different people have different views on his seclusion, and generally there are two different views on his seclusion. 1. positive attitude: in order not to collude with those corrupt officials, he retired to the countryside. Instead of pursuing a prosperous life, I am indifferent to fame and fortune, but I love a plain life. 2. Negative attitude: He didn't dare to confront the corrupt officials in the officialdom alone, and he didn't dare to point out the darkness of officialdom, but turned a blind eye to these bad things. He chose to escape, choose to stay away from the officialdom, and live a plain life among the people. He did not want to openly confront corrupt officials and seek benefits for the people. : Tao Yuanming (352 or 365-427), with bright characters, is also known as "Jingjie", known as Mr. Jingjie in the world and a native of Xunyang Chaisang (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province). A great poet and lyricist from the end of Eastern Jin Dynasty to the beginning of Southern Song Dynasty. He served as Jiangzhou wine-offering, Jianwei army, Zhenjun army, and pengze county magistrate, and his last official position was Pengze county magistrate. He left his post for more than 8 days, and since then he has retired to the countryside. He is the first pastoral poet in China, known as the "Sect of Hermit Poets in Ancient and Modern Times", and has The Collection of Tao Yuanming. In August of the first year of Yixi (A.D. 45), Yuan Ming was appointed as an official for the last time, and Peng Zeling. In November, Cheng Shimei died in Wuchang. Yuan Ming wrote "Going Back to Xi Ci", released the seal and resigned, and officially began his life of seclusion until the end of his life. At this time, the profound understanding, the political attitude entered a clear period, and the thought also entered a mature period. Different from his previous life of ploughing, he is conscious now: he does it and understands why he does it. His rural life in the past seems to be a small and medium-sized landlord, but now he has more labor, which is closer to the life of ordinary farmers. During this period, he created many poems reflecting the rural life, such as five "Returning to the Garden" and twelve "Miscellaneous Poems". In the fourth year of Yixi (AD 48), in mid-June, Yuanming's home caught fire, and his house was completely destroyed, so he was forced to move. In the 11th year of Yixi (AD 415), the imperial court summoned him as a work assistant, but Yuan Ming said he was ill and didn't apply. In the 14th year of Yixi (AD 418), Wang Hong was the secretariat of Jiangzhou, and made friends with Yuan Ming about this year or a year or two later. There were anecdotes between them, and they sent wine in white. In the first year of Yuanjia (AD 424), Yan Yanzhi made friends with Yuanming for the first time, and there was an anecdote that Yan Gong paid for drinks. In the fourth year of Yuanjia (AD 427), Tan Daoji heard the name of Yuanming, went to see him and gave him Liang meat, and advised him to be an official Yuanming, but he refused, and the Liang meat he gave was not accepted. In the same year, Yuan Ming died in Xunyang. After his death, his friends privately called it "Jing Festival" and later called it "Tao Jing Festival".
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"Entering the WTO" and "Being Born" Senior One Composition
1. The choice of the soul, Zhuangzi compared himself with the tortoise and chose to be born; At the time of Longzhong, Wolong went out of the cottage and chose to join the WTO. Picking chrysanthemums in Dongli, Tao Qian lived in seclusion and chose to be born; In the east, Jieshi, Meng De expressed his ambition and chose to join the WTO. Entering WTO and being born are two different choices and attitudes towards life. Saints wandering in the world need to have a broad mind and great ambition of "self-cultivation, family harmony and world peace". For example, Du Fu, a "poet saint", had a rough life, but he never forgot to worry about the country and the people. In order to seek a tight job and display his ambition, he set up a "gate to the rich and go with the fat horse at dusk" in Chang 'an. Broken cups and cold roasting, hidden sorrow and sorrow everywhere ". "An Shi Rebellion" completely isolated Du Fu from his official career. He was full of ambition, but he had no way to serve the country and still wandered around the world. He witnessed the luxury of the powerful people in Beijing and the misery of the people, and wrote down "three officials" and "three farewells"; He was torn by the wind in the hut, and there was no dry place in the house because of the heavy rain. He was still thinking, "There are thousands of spacious buildings in Ande, which is a great shelter for all the poor people in the world." He was "worried about Li Yuan in poor years" and wrote an immortal chapter known as "the history of poetry". Du Fu has tasted hardships and tribulations in the world. He knows this world, so he touches the inside and bottom of society. He feels that it hurts the world, and the spirit of caring for the people and patriotism is just a feeling of actively joining the WTO. The birth of the soul in the depths of the bamboo forest is an avoidance of the contradictions in the world and a disdain for the struggle in the world. For example, Ji Kang is well-read, self-taught and knowledgeable. He likes guqin, and his playing skills are very good. His calligraphy is elegant and wild, just like his arrogant and unruly character. It is his pampering, willful and far-sighted personality that deeply affects his life. In the face of Cao Wei's political struggle, he avoided the sharp edge, left the capital, came to Shanyang to live in seclusion, released his soul in the depths of the bamboo forest, and wrote an essay alone. "There is a fence in the depths of the bamboo forest" is his refusal poem to Ruan Ji and others; In the face of Shan Tao's recommendation, regardless of the friendship of the "seven sages", he flatly broke up with him. I would rather continue to strike iron in the depths of bamboo forests; Faced with the entanglement of realistic contradictions, he drank and sang wildly, forgetting the world in drunkenness. A bamboo forest has made him live a secluded life; A hammer, forging his iron personality; A pot of turbid wine casts his wild nature; A guqin brought him thousands of years of loneliness. Ji Kang, a lonely hermit. Being born and joining the WTO is a collision of souls and a choice of souls. Du Fu chose to join the WTO, Ji Kang chose to be born, and I prefer the latter. Buddha said, "Bodhi has no trees, and the mirror is not a platform. There was nothing, and where was the dust? " The world has his original appearance, bodhi without trees, mirror is not Taiwan, where I am stained with dust. There is another poem: "There is nothing in the world, and mediocrity bothers me." Since there is nothing in the world, why should I bother it? In the end, I became a mediocrity. It's up to you to choose whether to be born or join the WTO, as long as your soul has no regrets! Born and Joined WTO Zou Shifang On the eve of my graduation from Peking University in the winter of 1981, my teacher, Professor Zhu Guangqian, an aesthetic master, wrote an inscription to me: Do the cause of joining WTO with the spirit of being born, and use it to encourage Zhu Guangqian, a scholar of Shifang, in the winter of 1981. As far as I know, Mr. Zhu first commented on Li Shutong, a master of Hongyi. Li Shutong experienced many twists and turns in his life, experienced the joys and sorrows of the world, and finally became a generation of eminent monks. During the Anti-Japanese War, he wrote "Remembering Buddhism and Saving the Country" to warn the world. Li Shutong influenced a generation of intellectuals with his lofty moral demeanor, personality strength and strong patriotism. Soon I showed Zhu Lao's handwriting to his friend, the famous writer Feng Yidai, and Mr. Feng happily wrote an inscription for me: You can only be born after joining the WTO, but you can't be born if you don't want to join the WTO. The occasional book on illness was presented to Comrade Zou Shifang, Feng Yidai. On March 24, 1982, the inscription presented by Mr. Zhu and Mr. Feng Er was memorable. When we are alive, we really need to deal with the relationship between birth and entry and exit. Only by looking at this problem from a dialectical point of view can we have a correct answer. The inscriptions of Mr. Zhu and Mr. Feng Er are the crystallization of this dialectical thought. A person's entry into the WTO is too deep. Over time, the authorities are fascinated, caught in the complicated details of life, and pay too much attention to the actual interests. The reality is reality, but it is always impossible to jump out, and it is difficult to achieve much because of prejudice. This requires a little spirit of being born. Stand higher, look farther, and look down on some things. Only in this way can selfish distractions be ruled out, and it will get twice the result with half the effort to do the cause of joining the WTO with this spirit of being born. On the other hand, a person who is born blindly in the world, looks on coldly blindly, dislikes blindly, stands on top blindly, and doesn't want to do anything practical about joining the WTO. In the end, he is also "idle and white." It's like pulling your hair to get away from the earth. It is said that Confucianism advocates joining the WTO, Buddhism and Taoism advocate being born, but it is not entirely true. Take Zhuangzi's thoughts of Taoism as an example. Isn't it WTO accession? Only when you can deny it can you be sure. Only when you get rid of trivial things can you concentrate on truly valuable events. His heart is cold, because his heart is white-hot. In order to go deep into this world, he must first go out of this world, which is the true nature of Taoism. Realism and romanticism in literary creation can also be regarded as a question of entering the WTO and being born. Realism is mainly about joining the WTO, and romanticism is mainly about being born. In fact, great writers and poets also coexist with each other. Even Li Bai, a great romantic poet, has a realistic Guan Shanyue: "the bright moon lifts from the Mountain of Heaven, in an infinite haze of cloud and sea. The mighty wind blows tens of thousands of miles, passing through the Yumen pass. The garrison soldiers looked into the remote border town, and his hometown could not help but look sad. And of those tonight in the upper chambers, who toss and sigh and cannot rest. " And Midnight Wu Ge: "a slip of the moon hangs over the capital, ten thousand washing-mallets are pounding. ..... "That is, Mr. Tao Yuanming of Wuliu, who is" picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely ",will also write very realistic and affectionate love poems. Mr. Lu Xun has long commented on his Leisure Fu. September 19th this year is the 11th anniversary of Professor Zhu Guangqian's birth. This article is republished to show my memory of him. (Excerpted from "Prose") Material: Mr. Zizhongyun in "The Birth of the Scholar"