The "Six Arts" refers to the six Confucian classics such as "Yi", "Book", "Poetry", "Li", "Yue", and "Spring and Autumn". "Historical Records·Funny Biographies" says: "Confucius Said: "The six arts are to govern one thing, "Li" is to restrain people, "Music" is to harmonize, "Book" is to do things, "Poetry" is to express ideas, "Yi" is to deify, and "Spring and Autumn" is to moral principles. '" In addition to the Six Classics, the "Six Art Briefs" in "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" also contains three books: The Analects of Confucius, The Classic of Filial Piety, and the Primary School. These three books were all textbooks for school recitation at that time. Wang Mingsheng of the Qing Dynasty once pointed out in the first volume of "Moshu Pian": "The Analects of Confucius and the Classic of Filial Piety both record the words of the Confucius and should be appended to the scriptures. The text is simple and can enlighten children, so they are divided into two parts. Door, in fact, is the same primary school as writing. The young scholar is the first foundation of the classics, so it is also appended to the classics. ”
A, Yi
There are currently nine types of bamboo and silk books related to "Yi" discovered:
1. Chu Bamboo Book of the Warring States Period in the Shanghai Museum "The Book of Changes"
2. "The Book of Changes" on Chu bamboo slips collected by the Chinese University of Hong Kong's Art Museum
The "Book of Changes" on Chu bamboo slips from the Warring States period collected by the Shanghai Museum is the earliest one discovered and the one with the most preserved texts. Text. There are 58 bamboo slips with more than 1,800 characters, covering the contents of 34 hexagrams. The scrolls originally had no title, and the word "Zhouyi" was determined by the organizer based on the content of the bamboo script. It is worth noting that it is collected by the Chinese University of Hong Kong. A fragment of the "Book of Changes" can also be combined in. It can be seen that the Shangbo Collection Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Slips are closely related to the collection of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. According to the organizer, the discovery of the Shangbo Cang Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Slips has helped solve the so-called "Yi" study. Issues such as the "Jiu Liu" dispute are of great significance. Comparative research will enable us to have a more accurate and in-depth understanding of hexagrams, line speech and other issues.
3. Mawangdui Silk Book "Book of Changes"
Mawangdui Silk Book "Book of Changes". The hexagram order of Zhouyi is very different from that of the handed down version. The hexagrams of the handed down version are divided into the upper and lower classics. The thirty hexagrams of the upper classic start from Qian and end at Li; the thirty-four hexagrams of the lower classic start from Xian and end at Weiji. . The silk book is not divided into upper and lower parts, starting from Qian and ending with Yi. Its arrangement is completely different from the Han Shi Jing and the handed down version. Some people think that it is more primitive, and some people think that it may be a biography of another system. He believes: "From the hexagram prefaces in the silk script, we can see at least the following points: first, the scriptures and biographies of the "Book of Changes" in the silk script are combined with each other and inseparable; second, the hexagram prefaces in the silk script already contain the eight trigrams. The concept of taking images; thirdly, the sequence of hexagrams in the silk script fully runs through the concept of the intertwined opposition of yin and yang. He also pointed out: The hexagram sequence in the silk book contains the philosophy of yin and yang.
In terms of embodying the laws of yin and yang, the silk book is obviously better than the handed down version. But "the scriptures in the silk book are later than the modern handed down version." The emergence of sutras
is a different version that rearranges the hexagram sequence based on the Yin and Yang theory. "Xici" is an ancient book that was completed very early, and its date will not be later than the middle of the Warring States Period. As for the silk book "Book of Changes", its overall formation was very late, possibly as late as after the fall of Qin. It should be the result of the arrangement of Chu Di
Yi School. 2
4. The first and second chapters of the Mawangdui silk book "The Questions of the Two and Three Masters"
The silk book "The Questions of the Two and Three Masters" originally had no title. "Questions of the Two and Three Masters" was based on the first sentence of the book by Mr. Zhang Zheng Written text. Its content is in the form of questions and answers, and it provides a very Confucian philosophical explanation of some of the hexagrams and lines of the Qian, Kun, Ding, Jin and other hexagrams. It is obvious that it is a lost book of the Confucian "Yi Zhuan".
5. Mawangdui silk script "Xici"
The silk script "Xici", "Yi Zhiyi", "Yao", "Miao He" and "Zhao Li" The articles are copied on the same piece of silk. "Xici" begins with the first chapter of the first part of the present version and ends with the last chapter of the second part of the present version. However, the silk book "Xici" does not have the eighth chapter of the current version of "Xici" and the fifth chapter of "Xici" , Chapters 6, 8 and part of Chapter 7. Mr. Li Xueqin believes: "Xici is an ancient book that was written very early, and its age will not be as late as the middle of the Warring States Period.
3
6. Mawangdui silk book "The Meaning of Changes"
7. Mawangdui silk book "Yao"
8. Mawangdui silk book "Miao" "He"
9. Mawangdui silk book "Zhao Li"
"The Meaning of the Changes" is a general discussion of the meaning of the "Yi" in the form of Confucius' own account. Some traces of it can also be found in Ci. "Yao", "Miaohe" and "Zhaoli" are three kinds of lost books. "Yao" is also written in the form of Confucius' autobiography.
"Miao He" is divided into three parts. The first part is Miao He, Lu Chang and others discussing "The Book of Changes" with Confucius; the second part is Confucius's autobiography, which is directly written in the form of "Confucius said" Interpretation of "The Book of Changes"; the third part is confirmed by historical legends and historical stories
"The Book of Changes". "Zhaoli" is a question and answer between Zhaoli and Confucius discussing "The Book of Changes". Mr. Li Xueqin believes that the surnames of Miao He and Zhaoli are typical Chu surnames. It is suspected that both of them are Confucian scholars of the Yi School in Chu. Their books are likely to belong to Chu Chuan Yi. system
. 4
B. Books
According to documentary records, several different manuscripts of "Shangshu" have been discovered in history, such as the Kongbi "Shangshu" recorded in "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" ", the "Shang Shu" collected by Liu De recorded in "Han Shu·Hejian Xian Wang Liu De", the lacquer "Shang Shu" recorded in "Han Shu·Du Lin Biography" and "Lun Heng·Zhengshuo Pian" Two "Shangshu" documents found in Hanoi women's old houses, etc.
Among the unearthed bamboo slips and silk documents, no text of "Shang Shu" has yet been found, but references to "Shang Shu" have been found in some unearthed bamboo slips and silk books. For example, in the Guodian Chu bamboo slips and the Warring States Chu Bamboo Book of the Warring States Period in the "Zi Yi" chapter of the Shanghai Museum, there are quotes from "Yin Gao", one from "Jun Ya", three from "Lü Xing", two from "Jun Chen", and "Ji". One article is "Gong Zhi Gu Ming", one article is "Kang Gao", one article is "Jun Shi", and ten articles are ***. Among them, "Yin Gao" is the "Xian Youde" in the "Preface to the Book", which belongs to the so-called "Guwen Shangshu", while "Ji Gong Zhi Gu Ming" is equivalent to "Yi Zhou Shu·Ji Gong". In addition, there are also references to "Shangshu" in "Chengzhiwenzhi" of Guodian Chu Slips, including one from "Dayu", three from "Junxi", one from "□Ming", and one from "Kanggao",* **Six items. Among them, "Gaoming" is a Yishu. Judging from these citations of the text of "Shang Shu", it is very helpful to study the formation and spread of "Shang Shu". 5
C. Poetry
There are two types of bamboo slips related to "The Book of Songs" that have been discovered so far:
1. The Book of Songs, a Chinese bamboo slip in Shuanggudui, Fuyang 》
The Fuyang Han Bamboo Slips "The Book of Songs" is the earliest copy of the "Book of Songs" ever seen. The bamboo slips were severely damaged when they were unearthed. After cleaning, only more than 170 slips of varying lengths remain. No book title. Comparing with the current version of "Mao Shi", we found that there are two types: "Guofeng" and "Xiaoya". "Guofeng" includes "Zhou Nan", "Zhao Nan", "Bei", "阘", "Wei", "Wang", "Zheng", "Qi", "Wei", "Tang", and "Qin" , "Chen", "Cao", "You" and other fragments from 14 countries, only "Huifeng" has not been found. There are 65 fragmentary poems (some of which only have chapter titles); some of them have only fragmentary sentences. For example, in "Xiaoya", there are only fragmentary sentences of 4 poems in "Lu Ming Zhi Shi". 6 Judging from the remaining text of the poem, there are many differences from the current version of "Mao Shi". Mr. Li Xueqin believes that these residual poems "definitely do not belong to the three schools of poetry of Qi, Lu, and Han" and "it does not belong to the traditionally learned system of Confucian classics." Fuyang Shuanggudui is located in the former Chu State. It may be a relic of Chu Confucian classics. It was gradually lost after entering the Han Dynasty. 7
2. "Confucius' Poetry Theory", a Chu bamboo book during the Warring States Period, collected by the Shanghai Museum
The "Confucius' Poetry Theory", a Chu bamboo book during the Warring States Period, collected by the Shanghai Museum, contains 29 slips, *** There are 1006 words saved and 60 poem titles. There was no original book title, but "Confucius' Theory of Poetry" was added by the organizer based on the content. The entire book is composed of Confucius's disciples' recollections of what Confucius taught "Poetry". Some of the contents are Confucius' discussion of poetry, but there is no record of it in handed down documents. The current version of "The Book of Songs" contains "Guofeng", "Xiaoya", "Daya" and "Song", while the order of "Confucius' Poetry" is exactly reversed from that of the handed down version, and is called "Litigation" (Ode), "Da Ya" and "Song". "Xia" (Daya, Xia and Yagu can be interchanged), "Xiaoxia" (Xiaoya) and "Bangfeng" (Han Confucianism changed the state into a country to avoid Liu Bang's taboo). The order of arguments in the preface of "Confucius' Theory of Poetry" is also opposite to that of the main preface in the current "Book of Songs", and the wording of many poems is also different from that in the current "Book of Songs". The simplified version of "Confucius' Theory of Poetry" does not contain the satirical and praising content found in the preface to the current version of "The Book of Songs".
Mr. Li Xueqin believes that the entire "Poetic Theory" can be divided into twelve chapters. "It is not written by Confucius, nor does it directly record Confucius' words and deeds like The Analects of Confucius. It is written by Confucian Confucian scholars, and many of Confucius's own words are quoted in it." "The author of "On Poetry" can quote Confucius on "Poetry" With so many words, there is no doubt that he is as close to Confucius as Zisi. I think the only person who meets this condition and can transmit the study of "Poetry" is Zixia. Author of "On Poetry". 8
As for the "Poetry" in the unearthed bamboo slips and silk books, in addition to the above, we have the "缁衣" chapter from the Chu bamboo slips in Guodian and the Chu Bamboo Book of the Warring States Period in the Shanghai Museum.
It was also found that 19 quotes from "Poetry" were cited, including 1 Yishi. In addition, the Guodian Chu Bamboo Slips "The Way of Yu in the Tang Dynasty" quotes "Wu Kai". Mr. Qiu Xigui's note believes that it should be read as "Yu Shi". The quotation of "Yu Shi" is not recorded in literature, so it should also be regarded as Yi
< p>Poetry. 9Ding, Li
According to literature records, the text of "Book of Rites" has been discovered several times in history. For example, King Gong of Lu destroyed Confucius' house and obtained the ancient text "Book of Rites". " and other books; 10 Liu De, the king of Hejian, got six chapters of "Officials of Zhou", 11 Hanoi folk women demolished old houses and got three chapters of "Li", 12 Lu Yanzhong, the hometown of Confucius, got fifty-six volumes of "The Ancient Book of Rites", etc. 13
There are about five kinds of "Li" books found in bamboo slips and silk slips unearthed in the 20th century:
1. Wuwei Mozuizi Han Bamboo Slips "Yili" A, B, and C
There are 469 bamboo slips in Wuwei Han Bamboo Slips "Rituals", which can be divided into three parts: A, B and C. There are 398 wooden slips in the 14th edition of "Rites". There is no book title, but there are chapter titles and chapter prefaces. They are "The Third Ceremony of Meeting Scholars", "The Eighth Fu Chuan", "The Tenth Special Sacrifice", "The Eleventh Shaolao", " There are seven chapters, "Yousi 12th", "Yanli 13th", and "Taishe 14th", with a total of 22,971 words.
There are 37 wooden slips in the Yiben, which are shorter and narrower than those in the Jiaben. The content is only one chapter of "Fu Zhuan Eighth" in the biography "Yili", and the title of the chapter is written on the back of the first and second bamboo slips of the chapter. ***Save 3042 words.
There are 34 bamboo slips in Bingben, which were badly damaged when they were unearthed. The content is the chapter "Mourning Clothes" in the biography "Yi Li". At the end of the chapter, the suffix is ??titled "Fan Thousand Four Hundred and Seventy-Two", but there are 1,285 words in existence.
Scholars have different views on the text of Wuwei Han Bamboo Slips "Yili". The compiler of the simplified version believes that compared with the modern version of Zheng Xuan's annotations, it is more consistent with the modern version than the ancient version, so it must belong to the system of the modern version, but it is also mixed with some ancient text readings, so it is speculated that the simplified version belongs to The Qingshi (Qingpu) version of the Houshi (Houcang) etiquette was passed down in the late Western Han Dynasty. 15 Mr. Shen Wennao believes that in the late Western Han Dynasty, the only scholars who passed down the Book of Rites were the Hou family. The Da Dai, Xiao Dai and Qing families all came from the Hou family, and their scriptures are actually the same.
They all belong to the modern text system, and the simplified version should read ancient texts in modern texts, so it is another version that combines modern and ancient texts. Mr. Shen Wennao calls it "ancient text or version" , he believes that the current version (Zheng Xuan version) is derived from this version. 16
2. The Shanghai Museum collects the Chu Bamboo Book "Inner Rites" during the Warring States Period.
The Shanghai Museum collects the Chu Bamboo Book "Inner Rites" during the Warring States Period, and there are extant bamboo slips. Its content is closely related to the current "Book of Rites: Zeng Zi's Filial Piety" and "Book of Rites: Nei Principles". 17
3. Mawangdui silk book "Mourning Clothes Picture"
The whole picture of Mawangdui silk book "Mourning Clothes Picture" consists of a vermilion umbrella cover and 19 square color blocks (plus The upper incomplete part should be composed of 24 blocks). From top to bottom, some blocks are connected by ink lines in the middle. Among them, there are 5 vermilion blocks on the left line, and the rest are black. In addition, there are 6 lines and 56 characters in the picture about the mourning dress system. According to Mr. Chen Songchang, these 56 characters mainly describe the relevant regulations on mourning clothes in the early Han Dynasty. They mention mourning periods of three years, first year, September, and July, but do not mention mourning periods of three months or shorter. For a period of time, this is not consistent with the provisions of short mourning issued by Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, and is also different from the traditional records of mourning clothes. Therefore, Mr. Chen Songchang believes that "this may be a graphic record of the mourning system pursued by the Bianhou family themselves." 18
Wu, Yue
The text of "Yue Ji" has not yet been found in the unearthed bamboo slips and silk documents, but two books related to "Yue" have been found.
1. The Chu Bamboo Book "Collecting Styles" collected in the Shanghai Museum
There are only 7 bamboo slips in the Chu Bamboo Book "Collecting Styles" collected in the Warring States Period in the Shanghai Museum. There were no original titles. "Collection of songs" is determined by the organizer based on the content. The brief text records the titles of 40 poems and the various pitches used to sing the poems and songs, which is very peculiar. According to Mr. Ma Chengyuan: "There is a specific sound name written before the title of an article or a group of articles. These sound names are composed of two characters. One is the name of 'sound', that is, It is the name of the pentatonic scale, in which four "tone" names of Gong, Shang, Zheng, and Yu were found, as well as nine changed sound names such as Mu, He, and Shuan
These changed sound names are There are also prefixes and suffixes. It is not known whether these nine music names are the names of Chu music, because the poems and music may be local or imported from other places, but it can be said that this is the capital of Chu State. The key names of popular poems. A
There are one or several poem titles under a specific pitch, indicating that each poem has its own specific pitch and does not use any pitch at will.
p>You can sing freely, which shows that the music at that time had reached a more mature and standardized level." 19 In addition, these seven bamboo slips with tones of poems and tunes also record the four tones and nine tones that accompanied musical instruments when singing poems in ancient my country. This is an important discovery in the history of Chinese music.
2. "Le Shuo" on Dian Chu Bamboo Bamboo Slips
"Le Shuo" on Guodian Chu Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Slips. Everyone knows that there is an article in the Guodian Chu Bamboo Bamboo Slips called "Xing Zi Ming Chu". ***There are 67 bamboo slips in existence. There was no original book title. After research, Mr. Li Xueqin believed that the "Xing Zi Ming Chu" chapter may not have been one chapter, but two chapters. From Slip No. 1 to Slip No. 36 is another article, the central content of which is about "happiness"; from Slip No. 37 to Slip No. 67 is another article, the central content of which is about temperament. He believes that "the basic idea of ??the first half of the music theory is consistent with the "Legends of Music", that is, the sexual nature arises from things and emotions, and music is enough to cultivate temperament and play a role in education. Both Liang Shenyue and Tang Zhang Shoujie once said that "Legends of Music" " was written by Gongsun Nizi. I have discussed that Gongsun Nizi was a disciple of the Seventy-year-old Confucius, and his academic tendency was close to that of Zisi. It may also be related to the Confucianism of the Zhongliang family mentioned by Han Fei. Most of the Confucian bamboo slips in Guodian are related to Zisi. Therefore, Mr. Li "suggested that the first half of "Xing Zi Ming Chu" should be separated and called "Yue Shuo", and the remaining half should be called "Xing Qing" 20
Ji, Spring and Autumn Period
The true "Spring and Autumn" type of bamboo slips and silk books have not yet been discovered, but some historical documents attached to the back of "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" have been unearthed. Since the beginning of "Qilue", there was no dedicated history department, and historical books were all attached to the Spring and Autumn category of "Six Strategies of Art". Some people think that this may have something to do with the fact that historiography was not yet developed at that time and the number of historical works was not large. Therefore, it was attached to the Spring and Autumn Period. Xun Xu, the secretary of the Jin Dynasty, was the secretary of the Wei Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms and wrote the "New Book of the Zhongjing".
The classics were divided into A, B, C, and There are four parts of Ding, among which Part C contains historical records, old affairs, imperial records, and miscellaneous affairs, which is the beginning of the special history department. From the perspective of "Hanshu Yiwenzhi", the recording of historical books is divided into three parts. : Some of them are listed in the book category of "Six Art Briefs"
, some are listed in the Spring and Autumn Period category of "Six Art Briefs", and the other part are listed in the calendrical category of "Shu Shu Lue". Mr. Li Ling believes that < /p>
This is the result of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty’s “exclusive respect for Confucianism”, which may not reflect early academics. 21 Therefore, he separated the history books from the unearthed bamboo slips and classified them as “historical books”. It is not attached to the "Spring and Autumn Period". We believe that this classification is too involved in the "four divisions" classification of later generations. There is a reason why books are attached under "Spring and Autumn Period". We still attach these unearthed bamboo slips and silk books under "Spring and Autumn Period" as before.
Historical books discovered so far. Bamboo slips and silk books mainly fall into two categories: chronology and story.
Chronology includes:
1. Shuihudi Qin Bamboo Slips "Annals"
< p>Suihudi Qin Bamboo Slips "Chronicle" has 53 bamboo slips. The bamboo slips are divided into upper and lower columns and are copied from the first year of King Zhao of Qin (306 BC) to the 30th year of Qin Shihuang (217 BC). The war process and major events of the unification of the country in 1999. It also records the life and related matters of a person named "Xi", which is somewhat like the chronology of later generations. The bamboo slips originally had no title. The "Chronicle" is compiled and compiled based on the bamboo slips. Determined by content.The Warring States Period occupies an important position in Chinese history. "Historical Records: Chronology of the Six Kingdoms" is the main reference material for studying this period of history. However, the "Chronology of the Six Kingdoms" is based on the "Chronology of Qin" which "does not contain the sun and moon, and its text is not complete",22 so there are inherent deficiencies in historical facts or chronology. In the past, some scholars used the "Bamboo Chronicles" unearthed from Jizhong to correct the "Chronology", but the "Bamboo Chronicles" ended in the 20th year of King Xiang of Wei (298 BC) and cannot be used to correct the "Chronology". In the last part, the "Chronicle" unearthed from Shuihudi just makes up for this shortcoming. From the comparison of the historical events recorded in the brief texts with the "Historical Records", many of the records are consistent, but there are also differences in the time of some events recorded in the "Historical Records". There are also some records in the brief texts that are more detailed than those in the "Historical Records", but there are also some Some contents are not recorded in handed down documents. Mr. Li Xueqin believes that the "Chronicles" of Qin bamboo slips in Suihudi are historical books written by Qin people such as "Qin Ji". In terms of philology, it can be regarded as a sequel to the "Bamboo Book Annals" unearthed in Jizhong. 23
2. Fuyang Han Bamboo Slips "Chronology"
Fuyang Han Bamboo Slips "Chronology" was originally called "Chronology" when introduced in the briefing, but later Mr. Hu Pingsheng changed its name to "Chronology" " seems to be a reference to the titles of "Chronology of the Twelve Princes" and "Chronology of the Six Kingdoms" in "Historical Records". The side of the material is full of admonishment and shape. Ostrich courtyard polyps? Marsh thistle thistle is suitable for thin! Gambling Ou and housing evil treatment? Live in ⒁ Yi Street Zheng Hangzi frame Ao Zang? Chang? Zai thorium rate idle protection? suppress frame rake?
Two kings are arranged in the column, with their posthumous titles and years. There is no sign between them. We understand that they should be two generations of kings of the same vassal state, recording the years of their respective reigns." 24
Story categories include:
1. Collection of Shanghai Museum The Chu Bamboo Book "Rong Chengshi" of the Warring States Period
The Chu Bamboo Book "Rong Chengshi" is collected in the Shanghai Museum. There are 53 complete and fragmentary slips in the entire book. The original title is copied at the end of the book, No. 53. On the back of the slip, it is written as "Yi Cheng Di" and pronounced as "Rong Chengshi". According to the organizer, the whole article is divided into seven parts: the first part is about the oldest emperors such as Rong Chengshi (estimated to be about 100 years ago). 21 people); the second part is about an ancient emperor before Emperor Yao. Due to the incompleteness of the bamboo slips, his name was lost. It is estimated that he was Emperor Ku Gaoxin (there may be other emperor names between the first and second parts). , such as Zhuan Xu and others, but unfortunately the brief text is incomplete); the third part is about Emperor Yao; the fourth part is about Emperor Shun; the fifth part is about Xia Yu; the sixth part is about Shang Tang; the seventh part is about Zhou Wen Wang and King Wu of Zhou. These seven parts mainly talk about the legends of ancient emperors. For three generations or more, the virtuous people were awarded without giving sons, and the world was safe; There are many ancient historical records in the book, which may make up for the lack of written records in the 53rd bamboo slip. It is estimated that there are still missing slips in the back, but there is a title on the back of this slip, and it is speculated that there is a book title in the back. There are probably only one or two bamboo slips, and the full text should be narrated until King Wu finally conquered the Shang Dynasty
2. Cili's Warring States Bamboo slips "Guoyu"
Cili's Warring States Bamboo slips "Guoyu". " has not yet been published. According to reports, the content of the brief text is an ancient book of narrative nature, mainly recording the historical events of Wu and Yue, such as the alliance of Huangchi, Wu and Yue's struggle for hegemony, etc. It may be related to the handed down documents "Guoyu" and "Warring States Policy" , "Yue Jueshu"
Some of the records are the same, but some of them are not found in the present edition. 25
3. Mawangdui silk book "Spring and Autumn Shiyu"
< p>The Mawangdui Silk Book "Spring and Autumn Annals" was copied on a half-sheet of silk with a width of 24 cm and a length of 74 cm. There are 97 lines in existence. The first volume was severely damaged when it was unearthed, and the end of the volume was intact, with remaining silk. The copied silk book is divided into approximately 16 chapters, and there are no original titles or chapter titles, and the things recorded in each chapter are not related to each other. It is coherent and does not distinguish between countries. The content covers the affairs of the eight states of Jin, Yan, Qi, Lu, Song, Wei, Wu, and Yue. Except for the war between Yan and Jin in Chapter 2, which is not recorded in extant documents, there are many other historical events. It is found in the Three Biography of Spring and Autumn Annals and Guoyu, but the content of the text is also different. Mr. Zhang Zhengxang once pointed out that each chapter of the book is very brief, but some remarks must be recorded, and the number of words is much more than the text of the record. People can tell at a glance that the focus of this book is not on recording facts, but on recording remarks. This is a typical "language" type of work in the Spring and Autumn Period.26 Mr. Qiu Xigui believes that the book is likely to be a book like "Duo Shi Wei" recorded in "Hanshu Yiwenzhi", while Mr. Tang Lan believes that it is not the "Zuo Zhuan" system, but another ancient book. 27 Mr. Li Xueqin believes: "The book "Spring and Autumn Shiyu" is actually an authentic work of the early "Zuo Zhuan" study. It is based on "Zuo Zhuan" and includes "Gu Liang", which is quite similar to Xunzi's style of study. Xunzi lived in Chu for a long time. Consistent with the silk script originating from Changsha, it is not impossible that it was written by scholars of Xunzi's line." 28
4. "Spring and Autumn Shiyu" in Fuyang Han Dynasty
"Spring and Autumn Shiyu" in Fuyang Han Dynasty. When "Spring and Autumn History" was unearthed, only one wooden slip with an inscription and nearly a hundred scraps were found. Because the text is severely damaged, it cannot be read jointly. The front and back of the wooden tablet are divided into upper, middle and lower columns for copying. There are 37 chapter titles in total, but there is no book title. The title of the book "Spring and Autumn Stories" was determined by the organizer based on the content. The titles of these chapters are:
(1) □□□□□Tai
(2) □□□The disease will not change even after it is gone
(3) Duke Ping of Jin Built Shi (乕) Qizhitai (see "Shuoyuan·Bianwu", "Zuo Zhuan" also has the same record)
(4) Jin Ping's envoy Shu Xiang was employed in Wu (see "Shuoyuan·Zhengjian" 》)
(5)□□□□□□There□□
(6)□□□Tai
(7) The King of Chu summoned Confucius ( See "Shuoyuan·Miscellaneous Words", "Historical Records·Confucius Family" also has the same record)
(8) Wu people entered Ying (see "Shuoyuan·Shanshuo", "Zuo Zhuan", "Historical Records" 》 also has the same record)
(9) Yu Yinshen□ (see "Guoyu·Wu Yu")
(10) Jin Wengong chased the mi (see "New Preface·Miscellaneous Affairs", "Qunshu Zhiyao" and "Taiping Yulan" also have the same records)
(11) During the reign of King Wenjun of Jin Dynasty, the people of Zhai offered fox seals (see "Shuoyuan·Politics", "Han Feizi·Yu Lao") , "Jinlouzi·Liyan"
There is also the same record)
(12) Han Wuzi's field beasts have gathered (see "Shuoyuan·Jundao")
< p>(13) Jian Zichun built a platform (see "Shuoyuan·Guide")(14) Jin Wenjun attacked the guard (see "Shuoyuan·Quanmou")
( 15) Jianzi had his minister Yin Chuo (see "Shuoyuan·Chen Shu")
(16) Jianzi attacked and defended Guo ("Shuoyuan·Fengshi", "Lu Shi Chunqiu·Dayu") "There are similar records in")
(17) Xia Zhengshu killed Chen Linggong ("Zuo Zhuan·Xuan Gong Ten Years" has similar records)
(18) King Ling met the princes (see " "New Preface: Shanmou", "Zuo Zhuan" and "Historical Records" also have similar records)
(19) Jinggong was the founder of Taitai (see "Shuoyuan·Zhengjian")
< p>(20) Yang Hu made things difficult for Lu (see "Shuo Yuan·Quan Mou")?(21) Jin and Han Xuanzi
(22) Qi Jinggong traveled to the sea (see "Shuo Yuan") Yuan·Zhengjian》)
(23)□□Yang Hu
(24) Wei Linggong built□□
(25) Wei Wenhou drank with the doctor (See "Shuoyuan·Shanshuo")
(26) Lu Meng Xianzi was hired by Jin (see "New Preface·Ci She")
(27) Zhao Xiangzi drank for five days Day (see "New Preface·Ci She")
(28) Qi Jinggong drank and had fun (see "New Preface·Ci She")
(29)□□□Tai< /p>
(30)□Tian Zifang asked
(31)King Zhuang is not wild□
(32)King Zhuang of Chu□□
(33) Wei Wenhou and Tian Zi (Fang Yu) (see "Shuoyuan·Fu En")
(34) Or [Zhao Jian] Zi (see "Shuoyuan·Jundao")
(35) Jin Pinggong built a platform in spring (see "Shuoyuan·Guide")
(36) [Uncle Wei] Sun Wenzi (see "Shuoyuan·Quizhi")
p>(37)□□But poor
These titles are all formulated based on the ancient method of selecting the first sentence of the chapter as the title. According to Mr. Han Zhiqiang, the sources of 26 articles can be found, and the sources of 11 articles are unclear or questionable. The sources of the bamboo slips were found for 25 of them, and they were preserved among 51 documents handed down from ancient times. Among them, 33 were in "Shuo Yuan", 14 in "New Preface", 2 in "Zuo Zhuan", and 2 in "Zuo Zhuan". There are 2 articles in Mandarin.
Among these 51 chapters, there are 7 chapters taken from pre-Qin works or processed and adopted by works after the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, including 7 chapters from "Han Feizi", 3 chapters from "Lü Shi Chun Qiu", 5 chapters from "Yan Zi Chun Qiu", 4 chapters from "Huainan Zi", 7 chapters of "Historical Records", 3 chapters of "Taiping Yulan", 3 chapters of "Qunshu Zhiyao", 2 chapters of "Jinlouzi", as well as "Liezi", "Wenzi", "Mencius", and "Confucius Family Language" , "Han Shi Wai Zhuan", "Han Shu", "Book of Rites", "Beitang Shuchao", and "Salt and Iron Theory" each have one article. The 29 inscribed wooden slips are the catalog of the book. Its excavation proves that the manuscript "Spring and Autumn Stories" existed as an independent book in the world at that time. Mr. Zhang Zhengxang believes: "This kind of book about history and narratives was the teaching textbook at that time. Scholars were naturally very familiar with the stories in these textbooks. In the works of later generations, they randomly picked up these familiar stories and processed them into materials for their own works. , no wonder there are many identical stories in these works." 30 This is the fundamental reason why we can see the same stories in different handed down documents. Sometimes when adapting these stories, the author may have changed the story.
5. Mawangdui silk script "Warring States Politicians Family Letters"
Mawangdui silk scripts "Warring States Politicians Family Letters" are copied on a half-length silk with a length of 192 cm and a width of 24 cm.* **Save 325 lines, about 11,000 words. The silk book is basically complete from beginning to end, with some remaining silk at the end of the volume. There was no title or chapter title originally, but "Books from the Warring States Strategists' Family" was determined by the organizer based on the content of the silk book. The text in the book avoids the taboo of Han Emperor Liu Bang but not the taboo of Han Hui Emperor Liu Ying. The copying date should be around 195 BC. The book is divided into 27 chapters. Each chapter has a black dot (·) interval symbol at the beginning, and no lines are mentioned between chapters. 31 The 27 existing articles can be divided into three parts according to their content: The first part is the previous 14 articles, all related to Su Qin, and are Su Qin’s letters and lobbying speeches to King Yan Zhao and King Qi Min. The fifth chapter is found in the current editions of "Historical Records" and "National Policy". Part of the fourth chapter is included in the current version of "Warring States Policy" but contains many errors. The second part is from Chapters 15 to 19, which mainly contains records of lobbying stories during the Warring States Period. There is a statistical word count at the end of each of these articles, and the total word count of these five articles is also at the end of article 19. It is obviously another source and should be a whole in itself. Except for Chapter 17, all of them can be found in the modern "Warring States Policy" and "Historical Records". The third part is the last 8 chapters, that is, the 20th to the 27th. Judging from the fact that the lobbying information about Su Qin is not compiled together with the information about Su Qin in the first 14 chapters, this should be another compilation of lobbying stories during the Warring States Period. and the text of politicians’ lobbying statements. Regarding the nature of the book, some scholars believe that it is a fragment of the strategist "Su Zi" in the "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi". Mr. Li Xueqin believes that: The Mawangdui silk book contains "Warring States Policy", which was called "Warring States Policy" when it was published. "Warring States Strategist's Letters to the Family" contains 27 chapters, 11 of which are found in today's "Warring States Policy" or "Historical Records". The current version of "Warring States Policy" was compiled by Liu Xiang, and his description goes like this: "The title of the book may be called "National Policy", or "State Affairs", or "Short and Long", or "Shiyu", or "Long". "Book", or "Book", the silk version should be one of them, and can only be regarded as part of the current version, but in terms of its nature, it still belongs to the "Warring States Policy". 32
In addition, according to Mr. Li Ling, there are about 20 kinds of books similar to "Spring and Autumn History" and "Warring States Strategist Letters" in the Chu Bamboo Books of the Warring States Period collected by the Shanghai Museum. For example:
(1) Chu State
(1) "Shubai" records the current affairs of King Cheng of Chu (671 BC-626 BC). "Shu Bai" refers to Lu Chen (whose courtesy name is uncle) recommended by Chu officials.
(2) "Ziyu Zhibing" (the title of the chapter is added later, divided into A and B editions), which records the battle of Chengpu between Jin and Chu (633 BC) before Chu Chen became a successful minister ( Ziyu) manages military affairs.
(3) "The Battle of Liangtang" is the first version (the chapter title is added later), which records the battle between Jin and Chu (597 BC). Bi is Bianshui River, and when it enters Xingyang, it is called Langdang Channel, which is simply "Liangtang". "Lu Shi Chun Qiu Zhi Zhong" and Jia Yi's "Xin Shu Xian Xing" mentioned this battle, both saying "battle in Liangtang". This chapter is also included in the "Battle of Liangtang" and other five chapters. "Chen Gongzhi Bing" mentions this battle and also writes it as "Liangtang".
(4) Five types of "The Battle of Liangtang" (the titles of the chapters are all added later), including the second version of "The Battle of Liangtang", "Chu Fen Cai Qi", "Sima Zi Youwen Yu" Bai Yan", "Yan Hub? There are five types of "Pioneer" version A and "Zuo Sima Yan". The second version of "The Battle of Liangtang" is the same as above. "Chu Fen Cai Qi" records that King Chu Ling (540 BC - 529 BC) defeated Cai Linghou Yu Lu (suspected in 531 BC) and ordered Shen Chenggong to take Fen Cai Qi.
"Sima Zi Youwen Yu Baiyan" records the current affairs of King Hui of Chu (488 BC-432 BC). According to Zuo Zhuan, Sima Ziyou met Gongsun Ning (ziguo) in the 16th and 18th years of Duke Ai's reign. "Yan Hub?" "Pioneer" A originally records the extermination of Hu events in the 21st year of King Zhao of Chu (495 BC). "Zuo Sima Yan" records the current affairs of King Hui of Chu.
(5) "King Ling Ji" records the affairs of King Ling of Chu.
(6) Four types of "King Jingping Asks Zheng Shou" (the titles of the chapters are all added later), including: "King Jingping Asks Zheng Shou", "King Jingping Asks Zheng Shou", "King Jingping Ming Zimu (Chariot + Stone) City" "Father", "King Zhuang is accomplished", "Ao Yu analyzed Sui". "King Jingping Asks Zheng Shou" and "King Jingping Ming Zimu (Chariot + Stone) City Father" record the current events of King Ping of Chu (528 BC - 516 BC). "King Zhuang is dead" records the current affairs of King Zhuang of Chu. "Aoyu Jishui" records the events before and after King Ling of Chu came to the throne (540 BC).
(7) "Two Types of Stories about King Zhao" (including two chapters: "King Zhao's Destruction of the House" and "King Zhao's Column + Stone Escaped Treasure", with the chapter title added later), which records King Zhao of Chu (515 BC - 489 BC) current affairs.
(8) "Yan Hub?" "Pioneer" B version (the title of the chapter is added later), same as the A version.
(9) "Baizhan Ci Appreciation" (the title of the chapter is added later) records what happened after the Bai Gong's Rebellion in the 27th year of King Zhao of Chu (479 BC).
(10) Three types of "The King Resides in Suse's Room" (the titles of the chapters are all added later), including: "The King Resides in Suse's Room", "Ye Gongzi Gao's Son Sees Yin Zichun", "Humility and Virtue" ", all record the current affairs of King Hui of Chu (488 BC-432 BC).
(11) "King Jian Bohan" (the title of the chapter is added later) records the divination events of King Jian of Chu (431 BC - 408 BC).
(12) "Chen Gong's Military Administration" (the title of the chapter is added later), "Chen Gong", unknown. Case: Chu destroyed Chen and sealed Xu as Duke of Chen, which happened in the eighth year of Zhaogong (534 BC) according to "Zuo Zhuan". This person should be behind.
(13) "Fan Wu Jian Yu" (the title of the chapter is added later, divided into four volumes: A, B, C and D). "Fan Wu", a Chu minister, has no historical record
(2) Jin Kingdom
"The Difficulty of Three Ques" (the title of the chapter is added later) is a record of Duke Li of Jin Dynasty (580 BC - 573 BC), the matter can be seen in "Zuo Zhuan" in the 17th year of Chenggong (574 BC) and "Guo Yu·Jin Yu VI".
(3) Qi State
(1) "Jing Jian Na Zhi" is divided into three parts. It records the affairs of Xi Peng, Bao Shuya gave advice to Duke Huan of Qi, but there is no historical evidence.
(2) "Jinggong Malaria" records the current affairs of Qi Jinggong (547 BC-490 BC) and King Kang of Chu (559 BC-545 BC). Among them, Qi ministers Yan Ying, Chu ministers Qu Mu (ie Qu Jian), Qu Pin, Shu Bai (ie uncles), and Jin ministers Fan Wuzi and Fan Wenzi were mentioned.
(4) Wu Kingdom
"Wu Ming" includes several chapters of fragmentary slips.
(5) Others
(1) The fragmentary slips of "King Zhao Listens to Sairen's Announcements" (the title of the chapter is added later) records the current affairs of King Zhao of Chu.
(2) Fragments of "You You" (the title of the chapter is added later).
(3) "Bed