Lesson 12 The Rise of Mongolia and the Establishment of the Yuan Dynasty
1. The main contribution of Genghis Khan (recognizing pictures): (unifying the Mongolian grasslands) (establishing the Mongolian state)
2. After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian armies perished one after another (Xixia) and Jin. Later, (Kublai Khan) (Kublai Khan) became the Khan, established the Yuan Dynasty in (1271), and established the capital (Dadu) the following year. In 1276, it was destroyed (Southern Song Dynasty). The minister of the Anti-Japanese War faction (Wen Tianxiang) (who knew the map) continued to fight against the Yuan Dynasty, but was defeated and captured.
3. What measures did Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, take to consolidate his rule?
Political: (1) Create a provincial system, that is, set up at the central level (Zhongshu Province) and locally (Xingzhongshu Province), referred to as (province). The establishment of provincial-level administrative regions in my country began in the Yuan Dynasty. (2) The Yuan government strengthened its jurisdiction over (Tibet), and (Tibet) became the official administrative region of the (Yuan Dynasty). (3) The Yuan government also strengthened its jurisdiction over (Ryukyu).
Economically: (1) Agriculture? Many orders were issued to prohibit Mongolian nobles from turning all their farmland into pastures; the Yellow River was regulated, cotton cultivation was promoted, and northern agriculture was restored and developed; two sections of new canals were dug to facilitate the transportation of grain from the south to the north. (2) Transportation industry? Two new canals were dug; opening up unprecedented scale of maritime transport (3) commerce? Business is prosperous, and most of them are both political centers and world-famous commercial metropolises.
Sino-foreign exchanges: (Marco Polo) came to China
Ethnic relations: In what four aspects did the ethnic integration of the Yuan Dynasty develop? What does it do?
Border people have lived together with the Han people for a long time; many ethnic minorities have lived together for a long time, and their living habits are no different from those of the Han people; since the Tang Dynasty, a new ethnic group has been formed - the Hui people
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Function: The large-scale population movement within the Yuan Dynasty promoted the development and integration of the economy and culture of all ethnic groups.
Lessons 13 and 14 The splendid culture of the Song and Yuan Dynasties
1. The Song and Yuan Dynasties were the peak period of the development of science and technology in ancient my country. The invention of (movable type printing) and the widespread use of (compass) and (gunpowder) were major technological achievements of this period.
2. The invention of movable type printing: time, characters, and role
Bi Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty greatly promoted the spread of culture
3. The widespread use of the compass: ( 1) What is the name of the earliest guiding instrument in the world? When was Sinan made? During the Warring States Period (2) When was the compass made and started to be used in navigation? Northern Song Dynasty (3) When was the compass widely used in navigation? Southern Song Dynasty and who spread it to Europe? What role did the Arabs play? It created conditions for the later navigation activities of European navigators
4. The widespread use of gunpowder: (1) Gunpowder was invented by ancient Chinese alchemists. (2) When did it begin to be used in the military? When was (3) widely used in warfare in the late Tang Dynasty? It spread to (Arabia and Europe) in the 13th and 14th centuries during the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
5. What do the “Four Great Inventions” refer to? significance?
Printing, compass, gunpowder and papermaking are the Chinese nation’s major contributions to the development of world civilization
6. Understand the contributions of Shen Kuo and Guo Shoujing.
Shen Kuo, a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote "Mengxi Bi Tan"
Guo Shoujing, an astronomer and hydraulic scientist in the Yuan Dynasty, wrote "Time Calendar"
7. Understand: What factors What led to such great achievements in science and technology during the Song and Yuan Dynasties?
The prosperity of society and the open political system are relatively clear and perfect
The political development and economic prosperity of the Song and Yuan Dynasties; the economic and cultural exchanges between various ethnic groups and regions; the inheritance of the culture and development of the Sui and Tang Dynasties Absorbing foreign culture; the intelligence and hard work of people of all ethnic groups
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1. Historiography: The famous historian in the Northern Song Dynasty is (Sima Guang) (recognizing pictures): achievements, genre, content
Achievements: compiling the chronicle of general history records in "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" More than two thousand years of history from the Warring States Period to the Five Dynasties
2. Literature
1. Song Ci:
Name Su Shi, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji
He lived at the turn of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty
His representative works are "Niannujiao·Chibi Nostalgia", "Drunk Flower Yin" and "Broken Arrangement"
Characteristics: bold and bold, vigorous and unrestrained style, euphemistic and emotional Sincerity often pours out the sorrow for the division of mountains and rivers
(Knowing Pictures)
(Knowing Pictures)
"Like a Dream Order"
( (Knowing pictures)
"Breaking the spell? Reading the sword while drunk"
2. Yuan Opera: Yuan Opera is composed of (Zaju) and (Sanqu). The best playwright of the Yuan Dynasty was (Guan Hanqing) (Knowing Pictures), whose representative work was "The Injustice of Dou E".
3. Art
1. Painting: With the development of cities, (genre paintings) showing the lives of citizens appeared in the Song Dynasty and increased day by day. "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" by the great painter (Zhang Zeduan) depicts the scenery and prosperity of Tokyo, Bian and Yan'an in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is an immortal work in the history of Chinese art. The most famous painter in the Yuan Dynasty is (Zhao Mengfu). His representative work is "Drinking Horses in the Autumn Suburbs". His paintings are called "divine products".
2. Calligraphy: During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, casual calligraphy (running script) was popular. Famous calligraphers in the Song Dynasty include Mi Fu, Su Shi, Cai Xiang, and Huang Tingjian. Their calligraphy each had new ideas, and they are known as the "Four Calligraphers of the Song Dynasty" (understand "Huang Tingjian's calligraphy"). The calligrapher of the Yuan Dynasty was (Zhao Mengfu).