Many painters were unknown during their lifetime, but their worth doubled after their death, such as the French painter Millet, the French painter Van Gogh, and the Ming Dynasty painter Xu Wei.
There were many artists who pretended to be crazy in ancient times, but there were not many who were truly as crazy as Van Gogh in the Netherlands. They were lonely when they were alive and were worshiped by future generations after their death. Xu Wei was such a "poor" characters.
Xu Wei: [Ming] has a long character, nicknames are Qingteng and Tianchi, and is from Shanyin. He has unique attainments in poetry, calligraphy, opera, and painting, and his creative contribution is particularly outstanding in the field of freehand ink flowers. He opposed following the previous practice of "birds learning from people's words" in painting, and advocated that "newness comes first, hands come second, eyes and mouth last." His paintings have the characteristics of flying brushstrokes, splashing ink dripping and pointing directly to the heart, which aroused Many people in later generations expressed their sincere admiration. "Miscellaneous Flower Picture Scroll" is his masterpiece handed down from generation to generation, which embodies his artistic style of using strong, strong and varied brushwork and free and easy use of ink.
Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875) was the most outstanding French realist painter in the 19th century who was famous for his peasant themes. The works he created mainly depict the labor and life of farmers, and have a strong flavor of rural life. He observed nature with fresh eyes and opposed the misconception of some academics at that time that noble paintings must express noble characters.
He once studied painting from Delaroche, but he stopped studying because he was dissatisfied with the teacher's flashy style and could not afford the tuition. In 1849, he settled in Barbizon Village and engaged in farming to supplement his living expenses. He had long-term contact with the farmers he was familiar with, and many important works were produced here. He once said that if I am a farmer, I am willing to be a farmer until I die. I want to describe what I feel. "The Sowing", "The Evening Bell", "The Shepherdess", "Death and the Woodcutter" and "The Man Helping the Hoe" all depict and praise the working life and simple character of farmers, and also expose the cruelty of the exploitative system. The denigration of the bourgeoisie. Some of the characters in the works have religious sentiments. His painting style is famous for its simplicity, solemnity and lyrical atmosphere, but it was not until his later years that his works attracted people's attention.
Miller was born in a peasant family in the province of Normandy and farmed in his youth. At the age of 23, he went to Paris to study under the painter Delaroche. His classmates in the studio looked down on him and said he was a "rustic mountain man". The teacher couldn't stand him either, and often scolded him: "You seem to know everything, but you don't know anything." This young man from the countryside really hated Paris, saying that the city was simply a chaotic and desolate desert, with only the Louvre Museum. It is the "oasis" of art. When he walked into the hall of the Louvre, he said with surprise: "I seemed to have arrived in an art kingdom unknowingly. Everything here made my fantasies become reality." Miller was poor in Paris and was hit by the death of his wife. and poverty weighed him down. In order to survive, he exchanged sketches for shoes, oil paintings for beds, and once painted signs for midwives in exchange for some money. In order to cater to the sensory stimulation of the bourgeoisie, he also painted vulgar and vulgar naked women. Once he heard people talking about him: "This is the Miller who can't paint anything but obscene nudes." This broke his heart. From then on, he made up his mind not to cater to anyone, but to follow his own artistic path.
In 1849, there was an epidemic of kala-azar in Paris. He moved his family to the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau in the suburbs of Paris. He was 35 years old at this time. In the village of Barbizon, he met painters such as Corot, Rousseau, and Trojon. He lived in this poor and isolated village for 27 years. Miller had a special and deep affection for nature and rural life. He got up early and came home late. He worked in the fields in the morning and painted in a small room with limited light in the afternoon. His life was extremely difficult, but this did not weaken his love for the countryside. Because of his love and pursuit of art, he often made his own charcoal strips to draw sketches because he had no money to buy paint. He loved life, labor, and farmers. He once said: "No matter what, the subject of farmers is the most suitable for me." His first representative work in Barbizon was "The Sower". Later, he successively created such masterpieces as "The Gleaner" and "Evening Prayer".
Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, into a wealthy family in the city of Torun on the Vistula River in Poland. At the age of 18, he studied at the University of Krecow in the old capital of Poland, and became interested in astronomy while studying medicine. In 1496, the 23-year-old Copernicus came to Italy, the birthplace of the Renaissance, to study law, medicine and theology at the University of Bologna and the University of Padua. The astronomer de Novara (1454-1540) at the University of Bologna He had a great influence on Copernicus, from whom he learned astronomical observation techniques and Greek astronomical theory. Later he received a doctorate in religious law from the University of Ferrara. As a doctor, Copernicus was known as the "Miracle Doctor" because of his superb medical skills. Copernicus spent most of his adult life as a priest at the cathedral of Fraungeng. Copernicus was not a professional astronomer. He completed his famous work in his spare time.
While in Italy, Copernicus became familiar with the teachings of the Greek philosopher Aristarchus (third century BC) and was convinced that the heliocentric theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun is correct. When he was about 40 years old, he began to circulate a short manuscript among his friends, preliminary expounding his own views on heliocentric theory. After years of observation and calculation, Copernicus finally completed his great work "On the Revolution of the Celestial Bodies". The accuracy of the numerical values ??obtained by his observations and calculations in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium is astonishing. For example, he obtained that the sidereal year is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 40 seconds, which is about 30 seconds longer than the current accurate value, and the error is only one millionth; he obtained that the average distance between the moon and the earth is 60.30 of the earth's radius. times, compared with the current 60.27 times, the error is only five ten thousandths.
In 1533, the 60-year-old Copernicus gave a series of lectures in Rome, putting forward the key points of his doctrine without any objection from the Pope. But he was afraid that the church would object, and even after he finished the book, he still hesitated to publish it. It was not until he was approaching his seventies that he finally decided to publish it. On the day of his death on May 24, 1543, he received a book he had written from the publisher.