1938 Feng, a famous scholar, divided the handwriting characteristics into "full inspection" and "partial inspection" in his book Encyclopedia of Criminal Police Scientific Knowledge. "Full Observation" includes ten categories: (1) style: the overall momentum of the text; (2) The layout is loose, compact, average, narrow, professional or kit kat; (3) The strokes are weak, right or penetrating; (4) Character styles: such as Wang, Yan, Su, Liu, Mi ... Han tablet, Wei tablet, etc. (5) the width and distance of handwriting interval; (6) the words are neat, skewed and staggered; (7) the expression of words. Such as stagnation, flying, narrow, refined, vulgar, weak, clean and dirty; (8) the size of the font. Such as length, skew, elasticity, fat and thin, old and tender; (9) the number of words and the position and style of punctuation marks; (10) typo report. The "local observation features" include the following five categories: (1) pen charm: such as putting pen to paper, lifting pen, turning pen, folding pen, squatting pen, standing pen, hiding pen, pointing pen, etc. (2) The situation of pen starting and closing: such as hidden front and exposed front, positive front and eccentric front, straight pen and side pen, contracted pen and Fang Bi, upturned pen and Fang Bi; (3) The point is covered and straight, and the angle of starting, rowing, pecking and turning; (4) Personal unique strokes or patterns; (access in word, access in calendar ... and so on. In 1943, criminologist Xu Shengxi divided handwriting characteristics into eight types: (1) the trend of lines; (2) the angle of handwriting inclination; (3) the size of the font; (4) Different font styles; (5) neat or messy; (6) continuous or intermittent; (7) the thickness of strokes; (8) the speed of writing.
After 1949, there have been many handwriting classifications, among which 1958 China handwriting expert classification divides handwriting features into general features and individual features. The general characteristics of handwriting refer to the proficiency, size, spacing, inclination, consistency, uniformity, font, pressure and so on. The personality characteristics of handwriting include ten aspects. There are mainly strokes, collocation ratio, stroke order, word writing and punctuation writing. Another representative classification is 1999. Professor Jia Yuwen divides handwriting features into nine categories: (1) general features; (2) Local arrangement features; (3) Writing characteristics; (4) typo characteristics; (5) matching proportional features; (6) stroke order characteristics; (7) the characteristics of writing; (8) characteristics of pen marks; (9) The characteristics and application of written language. Professor Tu, a famous expert in handwriting identification, has his own understanding of the classification of handwriting based on his own identification practice. She thinks: "The handwriting features that have been proved and widely used in identification mainly include the following contents: written language features, text layout features, calligraphy level features, font features, writing features, typo features, stroke features, collocation ratio features, comparison marks features, punctuation marks and Arabic numerals features". In addition, Professor Tu also added a special feature "the verve feature of characters".
The above is the classification of Chinese handwriting from the perspective of handwriting identification. Because of the different research purposes and tasks, classification has obvious recognition characteristics. The so-called documents generally refer to all kinds of written materials formed by organs, organizations, enterprises, institutions or individuals in their work and life exchanges. In the field of material evidence technology, documents have been given a wider connotation: that is, they refer to all kinds of written materials with language or graphics. In order to further understand the so-called "documents" in material evidence technology, documents are divided into several categories from different angles:
According to the different production methods, it can be divided into written documents, printed documents and their copies; According to different forms of expression, it can be divided into written materials, tables, pictures and photos. According to different purposes, it can be divided into certificates, official documents, letters, books and periodicals, newspapers, deeds, currency and various tickets; According to the different material carriers, it can also be divided into ordinary material files and special material files. Ordinary material files refer to files made of materials specially used for writing and printing, while special material files refer to files made of materials not specially used for writing and printing, such as characters and graphics carved and printed on buildings, floors, trees and other objects often encountered in cases.
Documents are not only various, but also versatile. They are widely used in communication between people, individuals and collectives, collectives and countries, and even countries. Because of this, it is often used by criminals, or often linked with various cases, thus becoming the object of document inspection: document material evidence.
Documentary evidence is different from general documentary evidence. It is a variety of written materials to prove the facts of the case with the material attributes of the document, mainly including the existence mode, external form and characteristics of the document. Documentary evidence proves the facts of the case with the recorded contents. As documentary evidence, there is generally no need to check it when using it. It is only necessary to investigate and study its content to determine whether it is true and reliable. Only when the material attribute of documentary evidence is in doubt or the content of documentary evidence cannot be identified, technical appraisal is needed, such as suspected tampering, forgery or ambiguous text content. At this time, documentary evidence is not only documentary evidence in the general sense, but also has the attribute of material evidence. Most of the documents as physical evidence also have documentary nature, such as reactionary slogans, reactionary leaflets, forged bills and so on. What they can explain belongs to documentary evidence, while what their material characteristics prove belongs to physical evidence. The document inspection technology only identifies which part of its material attributes belongs to documentary evidence and which part should not be involved. Generally, we should use specialized knowledge or certain technical means to inspect and identify the documents of material evidence, so as to prove the facts of the case with the material attributes of the documents. Document inspection is a science that studies the theory and method of document material evidence appraisal and appraisal on the basis of multi-disciplines, and it is a means of investigation and judicial appraisal to determine the relationship between documents and case facts, parties or suspects.
The definition of file checking has three meanings:
First, document inspection is a science that studies the theory and method of identifying and authenticating document material evidence. Its research object is all kinds of documentary evidence related to the case, mainly studying the various phenomena and internal characteristics of documentary evidence, and also studying the influence of various factors on documentary evidence, in order to reveal kkklk's scientific method of identification and evaluation of documentary evidence.
Second, document inspection is the product of knowledge and research results of various disciplines. Due to the variety and different forms of documentary evidence, the problems to be solved in practice are very complicated, which determines that the basic scientific knowledge of documentary evidence inspection is quite extensive, involving social sciences, natural sciences and technical sciences such as philosophy, philology, linguistics, psychology, physiology, physics, mathematics and chemistry. Without the above-mentioned scientific knowledge and methods, literature retrieval can not be carried out, and the development, mutual penetration and integration of various disciplines have opened up a broader prospect for literature inspection technology.
Third, the purpose of document inspection is to serve investigation and litigation. On the one hand, document retrieval technology is an important part of criminal technology and one of the investigation methods of public security and procuratorial organs. Through the inspection and appraisal of documentary evidence, we can point out the direction for investigation or confirm the crime; On the other hand, literature retrieval technology is also an important part of judicial expertise, and its appraisal conclusion is also an important litigation evidence to prove the facts of the case.