Appreciation of Du Fu's Poems 1 Poems by Cao Xu in Fang Bing
Author: Wang Chaodu
Fang Bing's horse is a horse of Dawanguo, and its thin bones are as clear as a blade. Its ears are as sharp as a piece of bamboo, and it runs like four winds, as if its hoof had not been trampled.
The horse galloped, never in an open way, riding it all very comfortable, dare to roam the battlefield, and even share life and death. So fast, so fast, it is a good horse that can live up to life. It can commit crimes for the country.
Translation:
Cao's horse is a famous horse in Dawan County. It is as thin as a bone.
Its ears are as sharp as inclined bamboo pieces and it runs like an untrained hoof.
The horse galloped, never embarrassed by the width and distance of the road. Riding it can safely and boldly gallop on the battlefield, and even entrust life and death.
With such a fast horse, it can live and die, and it can really run thousands of miles away and make contributions to the country.
Appreciate:
This poem is divided into two parts. The first four sentences are written in front, but they are written in real words. The poet, like a gorgeous hand of Dan Qing, painted a "person" for us with vivid brushwork. From Dawan (the name of the western regions in the Han Dynasty, famous for producing "blood horses"), it is natural and extraordinary compared with Kyle. Then, the image of a horse is depicted. Six methods were put forward in the Catalogue of Ancient Paintings by Sheikh in Southern Qi Dynasty. The first method was "vivid" and the second method was "writing with a pen", which was put forward as the first condition for vivid expression. The so-called "bone method" is the demeanor and temperament of the writing object. Du Fu wrote about the bones of horses: rugged and towering, like a sharp sword, drawing a magnificent outline. Then write that horse ears are as sharp as knives and axes, which is also the characteristic of a good horse. At this point, the majestic horse has leapt from the paper, and we seem to see it puffing and eager to try. It is natural to write down its majestic posture of flying on all fours and flying rapidly below. The verbs "pi" and "ru" are extremely vivid. The former uses straight ears to write, which has a powerful force; The latter does not write four hooves to give birth to wind, but writes that wind enters four hooves, which has a unique charm. According to the rider's feeling, when he is flying fast, it seems that the horse is still, the scenery on both sides flashes quickly, and the wind whizzes between his hooves. The poet's description is meticulous and vivid. In the rhythm of "221", the couplet highlights the last word of each sentence: "Jun" describes the spirit of the horse, and "light" describes its galloping, which shows the poet's ingenuity. This part describes the style of the horse with a lot of sketches, omitting unnecessary details, and only writes its bone appearance, ears and Mercedes-Benz posture, because these three can best reflect the characteristics of the horse. As Zhang Yanyuan said in "Comment on Painting", "The pen is only one or two, and the image is positive. When you stay away from painting, you will see its lack. Although it is not well written, it is also very thoughtful. " Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties This is the so-called "freehand brushwork".
The first four sentences of the poem describe the dynamic appearance of the horse, while the last four sentences turn to describe the character of the horse. Using imaginative writing techniques, from chanting things to expressing feelings. The neck tie comes from running a horse, writing that it gallops through the capital and has unlimited activities; Its ability to overcome all obstacles is enough to make people trust. It seems that horses are written here, but people are actually written. In fact, they are the images of loyal friends, brave men and chivalrous men. The couplet begins with "Xiao Teng has such a way" to sum up this horse, and finally writes: "Running wild" contains endless expectations and ambitions, which has developed the artistic conception very far-reaching. This couplet is not only well received, but also very open. It is not only about Wan Li running horses, but also about expecting Cao to make contributions to the country, which is also a portrayal of the poet's own ambition. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the national strength was strong and the territory was developed, which aroused people's lofty sentiments. Scholars are eager to make contributions to Wan Li. It is indeed the most appropriate to show this vigorous spirit with a good horse. This is really different from Du Fu's showing concern for the country by showing compassion for the sick horse in his later period.
Zong Bing, a Song Dynasty poet in the Southern Dynasties, thinks that the truth of "being calm and calm" can be achieved through vivid words. If an artistic image cannot be "fluent", that is, convey the author's feelings, then no matter how cool it is, it is lifeless. Du Fu's poems combine things with lyricism naturally and seamlessly. Writing about horses is also writing about people, and writing about people cannot be separated from writing about horses. On the one hand, this gives horses fresh souls, and the spirit of employing people further makes them live; On the other hand, people have the character of a horse, and people's feelings have also been expressed incisively and vividly. Predecessors said, "It is the most difficult to chant poems about things. If you are too relevant, you will stick to it. If you are not relevant, you will catch the wind and catch the shadows." Qian Yong's Poems in the Garden asked Du Fu to do so.
Appreciation of Du Fu's Poetry Part II Appreciation of Du Fu's Poetry: Ascending the Mountain
Climb the peak
Dynasty: Tang Dynasty
Author: Du Fu
original text
The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand.
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.
Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness.
After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged.
translate
It is very sad that there are birds hovering on the river with clear water and white sand.
Endless trees are rustling leaves, and endless Yangtze River is rolling in.
Sad to autumn, I feel that Wan Li has been wandering all the year round and has been sick all his life. Today, he is alone on the high platform.
After a lot of hardships, white hair is full of temples, and the cup is hanging.
To annotate ...
(1) a poem called "nine days to climb". In ancient China, there was a custom of climbing mountains on September 9th. Selected from a detailed explanation of Du Fu's poems. It was written on the Double Ninth Festival in the autumn of 767 in Dali, Tang Daizong.
(2) Wail: refers to the shrill cry of an ape.
(3) Zhu (incarnation): a small continent in the water; A small piece of land in the water. Birds fly back: birds fly and hover in the strong wind. Back: detour.
(4) Falling wood: refers to falling leaves in autumn. Rustle: Simulates the sound of falling plants.
[5] Wan Li: far from home. Frequent visitor: I have been wandering abroad for a long time.
[6] One hundred years: I still say my whole life, here refers to my old age.
(7) Difficulties: It also refers to national luck and its own destiny. Bitterness and hate: extreme hatred and regret. Bitter, extremely. More frost on temples: more white hair, such as frost and snow on temples. Countless, here as a verb, increase.
Down and out: depression and frustration. This refers to the old and sick, and the ambition is not stretched. New station: just stopped. Du Fu gave up drinking due to illness in his later years, so he called it a "new stop".
Creation background
This poem was written in the autumn of the second year of Tang Daizong Dali (767), and Du Fu was in Kuizhou. This was written by a 56-year-old poet in extreme embarrassment. At that time, four years had passed since the Anshi Rebellion, but local warlords took the opportunity to compete for territory with each other. Du Fu entered the Yanwu shogunate, relying on Yanwu. Shortly after Yanwu's death, Du Fu lost his dependence and had to leave the Chengdu Caotang, which had been in business for five or six years, to buy a boat and go south. I wanted to go straight to Kuimen, but because of illness, I stayed in Yun 'an for several months before I arrived in Kuizhou. If it were not for the concern of the local government, he would not have lived here for three years. In these three years, his life is still very difficult and his health is very poor. One day, he climbed the high platform outside Bai Di, Kuizhou, with mixed feelings in his heart. What you saw in hope aroused your heart; The bleak scenery of Qiu Jiang evokes his wandering life experience and permeates his old illness and loneliness. Thus, there was this song "Ascending the Mountain", which was known as the "crown of seven laws".
Distinguish and appreciate
This poem is included in Du Gongbu's Collected Works. The whole poem tells the poet's complex feelings of long-term wandering, old illness and loneliness by climbing to see the scenery of Qiujiang River. It is impassioned and touching.
The first four sentences of this poem are about climbing mountains. The first couplet is right. Focusing on the specific environment of Kuizhou, the poet used the word "wind rush" to drive the All-China Federation, and from the very beginning, he wrote a quatrain that was told for generations. Kuizhou is famous for its many apes, and the canyon is famous for its windy weather. It is cool in autumn, but it is windy here. When the poet climbs the mountain, the sound of "high apes whistling" comes from the gorge, which means "the empty valley echoes, and the sorrow turns to leisurely" ("Water Classics Notes Rivers"). The poet moved his eyes from the heights to the rivers and lakes, and on the background of clear water and white sand, he was dotted with birds dancing with the wind and never looking back. This is really a beautiful painting. Among them, the sky, wind, sand, Zhu, apes whistling and birds flying are all made in heaven and naturally paired. Not only the upper and lower sentences are correct, but also the sentences are self-correct, such as the above sentence "day" to "wind" and "height" to "urgency"; The next sentences "sand" versus "Zhu" and "white" versus "green" are full of rhythm. After the artistic refinement of the poet, fourteen words, each of which is accurate and appropriate, are all in name only. In words, "thank you for your axe" has reached a wonderful and difficult state. More notably, the first sentence of the couple is usually pronounced in a flat voice at the end, but this poem rhymes in a flat voice. Shen Deqian's eulogy is "Two rhymes are still used, but they change because of strangeness" (Tang Poetry).
This couplet embodies the typical characteristics of Kuizhou in autumn. The poet looked up at the endless rustling leaves and looked down at the endless rolling river. While writing about the scenery, he expressed his feelings affectionately. Endless and inexhaustible, it makes the rustling roll more vivid, which reminds people of the rustling of fallen trees and the surging Yangtze River, and invisibly conveys the feeling that youth is fleeting and ambition is hard to pay. Through the gloomy and sad dialogue, it shows superb brushwork, and it does have the majestic momentum of "repairing the palace" and "pouring hundreds of rivers into the east". It is reasonable for predecessors to call it "the absolute step of the past and the present" and "the transformation in the sentence"
The first two couplets describe autumn scenery, and it was not until the necklace that the word "autumn" was pointed out. "Alone on the stage" shows that the poet looks down from a height and closely connects his eyes with his heart. Frequent visitor points out the poet's wandering life. "One hundred years" means a limited life, here refers to the twilight. The word "sad autumn" is written very painfully. Autumn is not necessarily sad, but when the poet witnessed the desolate and magnificent autumn scenery, he couldn't help thinking of his own exile, the old, the weak and the sick, so he gave birth to infinite sadness. The poet summed up the feelings of a long-time guest who is most likely to be sad and sick and loves a person to go on stage, which makes people deeply feel his heavy emotional pulse. The "Wan Li" and "Centennial" of this couplet also echo the "Boundless" and "Endless" of the previous couplet: the poet's travel worries and loneliness, like fallen leaves and rivers, are inexhaustible and cannot be driven away, and his feelings and scenery are integrated. At this point, the poem has given the general meaning of missing a stranger, added the content of loneliness after a long separation, added the feeling of sadness and pain in autumn, added the sigh of people who have left their homes in Wan Li and are in their twilight years, and is more poetic.
There are five or six sentences at the end. The poet suffers from hardship and poverty, worrying about the country and the people, and his hair is getting gray. In addition, because of illness and alcohol deprivation, it is even more difficult for them to let go. The poet's ambivalence is easy to understand, because he once longed to climb high and look far, but now he provokes hatred for no reason, adding to his sorrow. The first six sentences are "flying", and here is "soft and cold, infinite sorrow is beyond words" ("Poetry").
The first half of the poem describes the scenery, the second half is lyrical, and the writing style is different. The first couplet focuses on describing the specific scenery in front of us, just like the meticulous brushwork of a painter, showing the shape, sound, color and state one by one. The second couplet focuses on rendering the atmosphere of the whole autumn, just like the painter's freehand brushwork, which should only be vivid and easy to understand, so that readers can supplement it with imagination. Triple expression of feelings, from vertical (time) and horizontal (space) two aspects, from wandering to sick and disabled. Quadrupling the number of white hair, protecting illness and abstinence from alcohol can be summed up as the hardship of the times is the root of poverty. In this way, Du Fu's feelings when he was worried about the country and the people and hurt the country were vividly displayed.
All eight sentences in this poem are correct. At first glance, the beginning and the end seem to be "wrong", and the chest and abdomen seem to be "wrong". After careful consideration, "every sentence in the article is law, and every word in the sentence is law." Not only "the whole article can be taught", but also "choose words and make sentences", "people in ancient and modern times dare not speak and will never speak" It is natural to win the reputation of "masterpiece" (see Hu Yinglin's poem).
Appreciation of Du Fu's Poems 3. where will you go whimpered, and where will you go repeated.
You didn't bring me any signs of exile in the poisonous humidity of the southern river.
We remembered each other until you appeared in my dream last night.
However, how can you raise your wings and use them from the middle net of your net? ?
I doubt it's really you, venturing a long way.
You came to me through the green forest, and you disappeared in front of a dark castle.
I woke up, and the low moon flashed on the rafters, as if it were your face, still floating in the air.
There is water to pass through. They are wild. If you fall, there will be dragons and monsters in the river.
works appreciation
Du Fu's "Li Bai's Dream" describes before, during and after the dream respectively. According to Qiu in Qing Dynasty, both of them are layered in four, six and six rows, so-called "one head and two feet" (see Volume 7 of Detailed Notes on Collection). Dreaming of Li Bai sobbing when death is the reason for leaving describes Du Fu's psychology when he first dreamed of Li Bai, and shows his concern for the good and bad luck of his old friend.
"When death is the reason for parting, people will cry, but life leaves again and again." Poetry should write dreams, say goodbye first; There is no farewell, say death first, use death to set off farewell, and write the pain caused by Li Bai's exile and long-lost news in the poet's heart. At first, it was like a sudden evil wind, blowing a sad atmosphere that filled the whole poem.
"Until you came to me in a dream last night, because I have been thinking about you." Don't dream of an old friend, but talk about an old friend's dream; The reason why an old friend fell asleep is because the poet yearned for it for a long time. Writing the scene of Li Bai's phantom suddenly appearing in the dream also shows the poet's joy and relief in falling in love with his old friend at first sight. But this happiness was only a moment, and then I felt wrong: "However, how can you raise your wings and use them from the middle net of your net?" ? "It means:" Since you have been exiled to the far south, how can you fly out of the trap and come all the way to me? " Reminiscent of all kinds of ominous rumors about Li Bai's whereabouts in the world, the poet can't help thinking to himself: "Is he really dead?" Is he alive or dead in front of him? The road is far from being measured well! "At first glance, I was very happy, but I was very suspicious, and then I was deeply worried and scared. The poet's description of his dream psychology is very delicate and realistic.
"You came to me through the green forest, and you disappeared in front of a dark castle." The poet is still thinking about the dream of soul return: the soul of an old friend came from Jiangnan on a starry night and returned from Qin Zhou on a starry night. When he came, he had to fly over the lush thousands of miles of maple forests in the south, and when he came back, he had to cross the dark pass of Qin Long, which was far away, difficult and lonely. "I woke up, and the low moon flashed on the rafters, as if it were your face, still floating in the air." In the bright moonlight in the room, the poet suddenly felt that Li Bai's haggard face was still there, and only after careful analysis did he know that it was a hazy illusion. I thought the soul of my old friend had gone home all the way, and it was a long way at night, and the wind and waves between the rivers and lakes were sinister. The poet prayed and urged, "There is water to cross. They are violent and bumpy. If you fall, there will be dragons and monsters in the river." This horrible scene is only a symbol of Li Bai's sinister situation; This anxious prayer reflects the poet's anxiety about the fate of his old friend. Here are two allusions about Qu Yuan. "You came to me through the green of a forest" comes from "The Songs of Chu Evocation": "There are maple trees on the water in Zhanjiang, looking thousands of miles away, hurting the spring, and the soul returns to the south of the Yangtze River!" The old theory was written by Song Yu to summon Qu Yuan's soul. The word "dragon" can be found in Wu Jun, Nanliang. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, someone met a man who claimed to be Qu Yuan in Changsha and heard him say, "I tasted the sacrifice, but I suffered from the dragon." Linking Li Bai and Qu Yuan through allusions not only highlights the tragic color of Li Bai's fate, but also expresses Du Fu's praise and reverence for Li Bai.
Appreciation of Du Fu's Poems 4 original texts
Color Rock Trail, Gaozhai Watergate.
Between the thin clouds and the rocks, the solitary moon turns over.
Storks chase silence, jackals eat noisily.
Insomnia and anxiety, unable to work hard.
To annotate ...
Yellow Crane was compiled in the first year of Dali. Du Yu: Chunjiang Pavilion, that is, Cao Ge, so the cloud is the "Watergate of Senior Officials". If it is Xiting, the name is hard to remember.
Color Rock Trail ①, Watergate ② in Gaozhai Age. Between the thin clouds and the rocks, the solitary moon turns over.
Storks chase after static flight, and jackals eat and make trouble. No sleep, no worries, no fighting, no strength.
(delay, stay. Secondary Watergate, the land of Xige. The last two questions are divided into mountains and rivers in the second quarter. Clouds swept over the mountains and stopped like night. The moon is floating on the water and the waves are turning. This first night scene. The stork flies quietly, just as it is seen by the water. The wolf can eat loudly, but the mountain can smell. This night view. Worry bothers me, so I can't sleep at night. "Thin clouds emerge from the rocks, and the first moon wave rises in the middle." He Zhongyan's poem is still in reality. This is a man-made sentence, only one or two words have been changed, and I feel like flying. The crane noticed that the stork was a sergeant and the jackal was a thief. When the war broke out, there was a Cui riot in Shu. All eight sentences in this poem are correct. )
(1) Xie Lingyun's poem: "The forest is full of colors." Mencius: Mountain path.
② Xiangmian Collection: There is a high village in the city, where Liang Zhaoming wrote Selected Works. When Wang Wenjian was in Jin 'an, he introduced others into this collection of poems and named it Gao Zhai. The second time is the second time to give up. "Yi": "You swim twice". Official History of Hanshu: Call the letter minister to open the ditch and open the water door. Liang Jian Wen Di's poem: "Cold wave soaks the door." Du Yi: The Book of Places of Interest contains the Travel Notes of Qu Tangguan about Jian Sun, so Gao Zhaiguan and Chien Sun drank this with the guests, chanting the lonely moon in Shaoling and sighing that the old man had eyes. Truth is rough and evil, but Shaoling's discipline is unique.
③ Yu Xin's poem: "Clouds lodge in the Phoenix Gate."
4 Liang Jianwen's poem: "The evening wave shines on the lonely moon."
⑤ Zuo Zhuan: Zheng prefers storks, whose imperial book is geese. "Bao Puzi": Mu Zheng, one army is exhausted, the gentleman is an ape for a crane, and the villain is a worm for sand.
⑥ The national policy of the Qin Dynasty: "Like wolves gathering sheep." "The Story of Zhang Gang in the Later Han Dynasty": "The jackal is in power"
⑦ "Songs of the South": "Stay up at night until you wake up." Kong: Being in the world of swords and shadows, serving the hero. [ 1]
Creation background
In 766 AD, Du Fu, who was nearly sixty years old, moved to Kuizhou (Fengjie, Chongqing, Baidicheng, the orphan land of Liu Bei). There was a living room in the mountains. In autumn, I moved to Xige. This poem describes what the author saw, heard and felt when he spent the night in Xige before moving.
works appreciation
The first couplet is right. The "color" period indicates time. A hiking trail winds straight to the front of the exhibition hall. "Yan" has the meaning of connection, which connects "color" with "mountain road", as if the color is greeted by the mountain road, giving life to the lifeless natural scenery. This sentence is about the shape of pale twilight coming from a distance. "High House" refers to the West Pavilion, which is condescending. Xige is located near Qutangguan, which is located by the Yangtze River.
The poet stayed up all night in Xiting, sitting and looking out. Zhuan Xu wrote down what he saw and heard at that time. Appreciating the desperate search, the poet was attracted by the landscape on the river on the first night and wrote the famous sentence "A thin cloud stays among the rocks, and a solitary moon turns in the waves." Qiu explained these two sentences: "Clouds go over mountains and rocks stop like night. The moon is floating on the water and the waves are turning. " Well summed up. Thin clouds float in the rock belly, as if staying there. The waves on the river are rough, and a solitary moon shines in the water, as if the moon were rolling. These two sentences are from He Xun's sentence, "Thin Yunyan rises, and the waves are at the top at the beginning of the month" ("Going to colleagues in the South Hospital of Cisse Xian"). Starting from the vivid scenery in front of him, the poet only changed four words to combine the existing poems of his predecessors with his true feelings, so that he could shine brilliantly. Qiu compares it to Zhang Sengyou's Painting the Dragon, which is a wonderful "finishing touch". He Xun's poem is about the night scene of Yun Qi in front of the Cisse Mountain near Jinling. This poem by Du Fu is about the first night scenery of Qutang near Kuizhou, when the mountains are closed with thin clouds and there are no waves in the lonely moon. Kuizhou Mountain stretches as far as the eye can see. Flying clouds float slowly in the valleys, and the light is dim at night, just like staying there. The poet uses the word "Su", which is extremely stable. The rivers in Kuizhou area are famous for their rough waves. This poem expresses the moonlight on the river with the words "the waves turn over", and it flies naturally. A poet can't write without true feelings. Readers can appreciate the truth that "shine on you is better than blue" in artistic expression.
What the poets in the neck couplet saw and heard when they couldn't sleep at night. At this time, it was the sound of waterfowl and beast. Storks, waterfowl shaped like cranes. Storks and cranes are waterfowl that specialize in preying on fish. They chased and searched for food on the water during the day, but now they have stopped catching and catching. The greedy jackal, at this time, openly came out to catch animals and livestock, making a lot of noise. The scenes expressed in these two sentences are very consistent with the natural environment with great rivers and mountains near Kuizhou. It also aroused readers' association with the dark social reality at that time to some extent. The fish caught by the stork and the beast eaten by the jackal are just symbols of the working people who were plundered and squeezed in the war.
There is a knot in the middle of the two couplets, which are all about the poet's sleepless experience. This couplet points out the reason of "sleepless". In May 765 (the first year of Yongtai), Du Fu left Caotang East, Chengdu, and came to Kuizhou in the late spring of the following year. Shortly after Yan Wugang's death, Guo Yingai, who succeeded to the throne, was attacked by Cui Jue, the secretariat of Hanzhou, and was killed after escaping. Bai Maolin, the general of Qiongzhou's teeth, and others joined forces to crusade, so there was chaos in Shu. Du Fu stayed in Kuizhou, worried about "war cutting". When boarding the ship in Xige, he heard the noise of storks and jackals, which aroused his feelings. In his early years, the poet had the political ambition of "loyalty to the monarch" and "eternal love for the millet", but now he is wandering around, unable to realize his long-cherished wish of rectifying the truth and doing something for Kun, and the social turmoil makes him worried and sleepless all night. This couplet is a true portrayal of the poet's feelings of worrying about the country and the people and his poverty and hardship.
This poem uses antithesis throughout, with vigorous brushwork and no traces of carving. It writes about scenery as well as feelings; Writing about scenery first, and then writing about feelings, is a masterpiece that integrates scenery and feelings and is full of scenes.