First of all, deny the view that Mongolian rulers in Yuan Dynasty did not have sinicization.
Evidence first:
History of the Yuan Dynasty: "The emperor lived in a secluded place, thinking big and doing well in the world, and the old officials of the government and the scholars from all sides asked for advice (30) (13 page)." With the help of Han Confucianism, Yuan Shizu proclaimed himself emperor and unified China, and he had a profound understanding of China culture. There are poems as evidence:
At that time, I enjoyed the scenery of Blue Peak very much, and I was not afraid of reaching the top.
Colors reflect clouds and colors mix, and smoke blows fog.
The rain hit the bamboo beside Ganqiong Rock, and the wind hit the piano and pine trees on the ridge.
The net brake jade salutes, and the fairy rides the black dragon.
-Kublai Khan's "Playing Lucky Stars in Spring Mountain"
This seven-melody was written by Kublai Khan after he returned from a mountain climbing trip in Dadu one spring.
Yuan Wenzong Tu timur is the most profound sinologist among the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty. His calligraphy is "outstanding, and he won the monument of Taizong Jinci, so he benefited from it." He is also good at painting and drew a sketch of "Long live the Mountain Painting", which is beyond the reach of "craftsmen, managers and experts". Many poems have been handed down:
Climb Jinshan
Stand tall, stone pine and cypress, guests from all over the world.
Nature is a pillar of indomitable spirit, which is different from a small mountain peak.
To the east, the boat connects with Xijindu, and to the south, the tower is located in Taipei.
I want to play the iron flute against the railing for fear of scaring the dragon at the bottom of the pool for a long time.
There is also a poem "To the Prince of Wu" written by Hui Zong in Yuan Dynasty (also known as "Answer the Lord").
Jinling messengers crossed Jiang Lai, and the desert was full of wind and smoke.
The king's anger sometimes stops, and the emperor's grace is everywhere
Mo Yan's territory is king, and he likes talents in Jiangnan.
The frequency of returning to Ding Ning is paid, and the spring breeze comes to Fenghuangtai first.
Confucius was named "Dacheng Saint King" in the Yuan Dynasty, which made his reputation surpass that of the previous generation and reached its peak. For the first time in the history of China, the Yuan Dynasty set up a "Confucian" class to protect intellectuals, "willing to be apprentices and exempt from all kinds of chores". There were more than 400 academies in the Yuan Dynasty, and there were more than 24,400 state and county schools at most. Mr. Chen Yuan, a great historian, commented on the development of Confucian culture in the Yuan Dynasty: "It took only a hundred years to discuss the Yuan Dynasty."
Although some people think it is exaggerated, it also proves that the view that the Mongolian rulers in Yuan Dynasty did not accept China culture is absurd.
Let's talk about why we didn't fully accept China culture like the Qing Dynasty. Some people invited people to make pilgrimages because of illness, and they entered the translation of Zi Tongzhi Jian, and the emperor gave a banquet for them to read. Explain that the prince learned Mongolian and did not understand Chinese;
First of all, the northern dynasties in ancient China, such as the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, were influenced by the Han civilization after they entered the Central Plains, which is a historical trend. But it needs to be gradual; The Yuan Dynasty was too short. From 1260, Kublai Khan ascended the throne of the Han Dynasty and changed to the Han Dynasty, which lasted only 109. Moreover, Mongolia engaged in nomadic and hunting production activities before entering the Central Plains, and had little contact and understanding of the agricultural civilization of the Han nationality. Tuoba Xianbei of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who was also an alien dynasty, lived in the fortress for a long time before going south, and had more contact with the agricultural society. Therefore, the Mongolian nobles accepted China culture very slowly, and most of them were always indifferent to the laws, regulations, systems and ideology and culture in the Han area. In addition, Confucianism has not established its exclusive position, and Confucianism has never been established as the dominant policy of governing the country. Mongolian aristocrats believed in polytheism shamanism at first, and later converted to Lamaism, worshiping Tibetan monks as emperors, and the emperor himself was ordained. In the mid-Yuan Dynasty, he extensively built royal halls in various roads to worship the first emperor. The use of Mongolian weakens the influence of Chinese on Mongolian aristocrats, and a large number of Han people study Mongolian characters in order to gain a foothold. Making good use of Mongolian, taking Mongolian names and tending to Mongolian have become a large number of phenomena in Han society. Secondly, after the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty and other dynasties, the only systematic advanced culture was the Han culture. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Mongolia was influenced by Tibetan Lamaism, Islamic culture in Central Asia and even Christian culture in Europe. For Mongolian rulers with poor local culture, Chinese culture is not the only prescription. In addition, although the Mongolian empire across Europe and Asia fell into a de facto division shortly after its establishment, it was divided into the Yuan Dynasty and the four great khanates. However, for a long time, the Yuan Dynasty was only a nominal part of the Mongolian world empire. Mobei grassland occupies an important position in the political life of the country, and there is a powerful and conservative nomadic aristocratic group. This made the ruling clique of the Yuan Dynasty still unable to shake off the influence of the prairie policy, and it was difficult to look at the problem completely from the perspective of the Han nationality for a long time. This situation did not exist in the Northern Wei Dynasty and other Northern Dynasties.
The Yuan Dynasty was too short to be completely sinicized. If Mongolian rule continues, complete sinicization is inevitable.
The following Baidu encyclopedia:
Borjikin Tokhong Timur (Mongolian means "iron pot", 1320- 1370) was the1/emperor of the Yuan Dynasty and the1fifth great Khan of the Mongolian Empire. Yuan Mingzong's eldest son, Yuan Ningzong's eldest brother. The biological mother is Santa Melody. In the seventh year of Yanyou (1320), he was born in the territory of Chahetai khanate on April 17th. In the second year of Tian Li (1329), Yuan Mingzong returned to the Yuan Dynasty after he succeeded to the throne. Soon, Yuan Wenzong poisoned Yuan Mingzong and exiled Tito Moore to Qingdao in North Korea and Jingjiang (now Guilin) in Guangxi. After the death of Yuan Wenzong and Yuan Ningzong, Tito Moore was welcomed back by the Queen Mother Buda, and was located in Shangdu on the eighth day of June in the fourth year of Shunshun (1333).
In the 6th year of Yuan Dynasty (1340), Moore overthrew the powerful minister Bo Yan and took power. In the early days of pro-government, he was diligent in political affairs, appointed Tuotuo and others, and adopted a series of reform measures to save the ruling crisis of the Yuan Dynasty, which was known as the "Supreme New Deal" in history, including promulgating the code "Supreme Rules" to improve the legal system; Promulgate "Recommendation and Obedience Law" to strengthen the construction of a clean government; I was ordered to recommend hermits to select talents. However, it failed to fundamentally solve the long-standing social problems. In the 11th year of Zheng Zheng (135 1), the peasant uprising broke out at the end of Yuan Dynasty. In the later period, the government gradually slackened off, indulged in pleasure, the Yuan Dynasty and the imperial court fought constantly, and external civil strife broke out one after another, which could not effectively control the political situation. In the 28th year of Zheng Zheng (1368), in July, the Ming army attacked Dadu, King Muer fled, and Mongolia withdrew from the Central Plains, ending the Yuan Dynasty's rule over the whole country.
In the 30th year of Zheng Zheng (1370), Tito Moore died of illness in Yingchang on April 28th at the age of 5 1 year. The temple number is Hui Zong [1], and the Mongolian Khan number is "Uhagatuhan". In the Ming Dynasty, posthumous title was named "Yuan Shundi", and people also called it the Supreme Emperor, Emperor Geng Shenjun and so on.
Sinicization level
Shun Di received a year's Chinese education in Jingjiang, Guangxi when he was a child. After he acceded to the throne, he "called Zhang Kuiru to give lectures and ban the Six Classics". [72] However, Bo Yan, the powerful minister, opposed sinicization and advocated "stopping teaching and reading Chinese books" [1 1], and the level of sinology in Shun Di was once stagnant. After Shun Di united Tuotuo to bring down Bo Yan, Tuotuo asked Shun Di to "attach importance to sacred learning" [12], so Shun Di gave a banquet, and later changed the Zhang Kui Pavilion of Wenzong Dynasty to Wenxuan Pavilion as a fixed place for the banquet. Shundi was in charge of the banquet as prime minister. Under him, there are three banquet officials, counsellors, translators, translators, four judges, five writers and four envoys, which further improved the banquet system since Taiding Emperor. [73] Shun Di "read the Five Classics and Four Books, write big characters, play the piano, and play ancient songs" with Confucian scholars of all ethnic groups at the banquet. [1 1] Shun Di's banquet is given three times a month, and the time for each presentation is indefinite. Sun Liang of Wugu once criticized that "a few days have passed, but only a few minutes have passed" [74], but there are also some long-term poems, such as Zhang Yining's poem "Wenxuan, adults move in the first battle, and tell the chicken people to report the afternoon." ..... Confucians and ministers warned Chen Zhongyu that the Lord did nothing to save the nation. "[75] Ye Heng also wrote a poem:" The Crystal Palace is deeply fascinated by willows, and thousands of officials are scattered. "Only when the courtiers are next to the waiters, the banquet will gradually spread to the west." [76] It can be seen that the length of the banquet depends on the interest of Emperor Shun. Yuan Shundi also attached great importance to cultivating his son's love and understanding of Li Dala, and opened this course for him, so that he could receive systematic Confucian education. [77]
Because Yuan Shundi received a good education in Chinese studies, his attainments in China culture were quite high, second only to Yuan Wenzong among the emperors in the Yuan Dynasty. His calligraphy is very good, and Tao commented that his calligraphy is "solemn, dense and not easy to learn". [78] Hu Zheng once read a book written by Shun Di. He commented: "When you see the first word, you start writing like a habit. Every time you read it carefully, then you sweep it away and don't polish it." Wang Yi thought the same thing: "I waited at Wenxuan Pavilion and secretly read the emperor's wonderful pen. If the situation is flying, I am calm in the law ... The sanctity of heaven is made up of four strokes, and I have seen it in Tibet. " Shun Di left a lot of Mo Bao, such as The View of Idle Clouds, Shaped with Zizi and Decorated with Yunlong, Cheng Yuangong, Shanzhai, Nine Clouds, Bright Moon, Celebration of Life, Fanggu, Jue Yuan [79] and Jiangnan Loyalist. [8 1] At that time, the calligrapher compiled eight volumes of Textual Research, "read the whole volume and order it to hide in the forbidden". [78] Yuan Shundi loves the art of calligraphy very much. He wrote many letters by himself. I was flattered to get them. [82-83] Under the impetus of Shun Di, calligraphy became popular in the court of Yuan Dynasty. Not only does the Crown Prince love Li Dala to be proficient in calligraphy, but even Hama, a courtier in Shun Di, is also good at writing big characters. [84][ 18]
Besides calligraphy, Yuan Shundi also likes painting. Confucian scholars in Li Kang took advantage of Shun Di's love for ancient famous paintings and presented Guo Zhongshu's Bigan Map to remonstrate with Shun Di for Shang Zhouwang's failure to leave the country. One day, Shun Di repeatedly called for goodness when looking at Song Huizong's paintings. He said, "Hui Zong is versatile, but the only thing he can't do is kindness." Shun Di asked, "What is the same thing?" I replied, "I can't be a gentleman alone." The humiliation of the country and the destruction of the country are all because they cannot be kings. It's no big deal that people are expensive and can be king. "[85] In Jinhua Collection, it is also recorded that Pakistan applied Hui Zong's paintings to exhort Shun Di. [86] In addition, Shundi can also write poems. In Ye's "All Trees Are Soldiers", his famous sentence "Birds crow in mangroves and people are green" is recorded. [2 1] In addition, he has three China poems handed down from generation to generation.
Yuan Shundi also followed the rites and music system of the Han nationality. After Zheng Zheng, Dai Guan enjoyed the ancestral temple, and in October of the third year of Zheng Zheng (1343) and November of the fifteenth year of Zheng Zheng (1355), he personally sacrificed to heaven in the southern suburbs twice [87]. Before that, only Yuan Wenzong was the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. At a sacrificial ceremony, when Shun Di came to Yuan Ningzong's memorial tablet, he asked, "Do my brother and his brother worship etiquette?" Dr. Liu Wen replied, "Emperor Ningzong is a younger brother, but he used to be an emperor. Your majesty wants to be his courtier. You should worship him." During the Spring and Autumn Period, the vassal of Lu was Hegong. Gong Min is a younger brother, first of all a vassal; Gong is a brother, and he became a vassal later. He sacrificed in the ancestral temple at four o'clock. It is unheard of that Xi Palace does not worship Gong Min. Compared with this situation, your majesty will worship. " [