Editing the architectural history of this section
is also difficult for fire prevention "and properly arranging the relics, it is planned to build a stone tower outside the main entrance of Jionji, which was played on the attached chart in March of the third year of Tang Yonghui (AD 652). Because Xuanzang's floating picture is always 3 feet high, Tang Gaozong granted the court a grant to build a five-story brick tower in the west courtyard of the temple on the grounds that the project was huge and difficult to achieve and he didn't want the mage to work hard. This pagoda is called Wild Goose Pagoda, because a smaller one was built in Jianfu Temple in Chang 'an, Ci 'en Temple Pagoda is called Big Wild Goose Pagoda, and Jianfu Temple Pagoda is called Little Wild Goose Pagoda, which has been passed down to this day. The Big Wild Goose Pagoda imitates the shape of western regions, with brick surface and earth core, which can't be climbed, and every floor has relics. Master Xuanzang personally presided over the construction of the tower, which took two years to complete. Due to the core of brick surface soil and wind and rain erosion, the tower body gradually collapsed after more than 5 years. During the reign of Empress Wu Zetian in Chang 'an (71-74 AD), Empress Wu Zetian and the nobles rebuilt it on the original site with money, and built a seven-story blue brick tower (on the other hand, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda was rebuilt in 74 AD, and the tower was raised to 1 floors. In 931 ad, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda was rebuilt in the Five Dynasties and the later Tang Dynasty, and it was reduced to seven floors. After the end of the Tang Dynasty, Jionji Temple was repeatedly attacked by soldiers, and the temple was burned down, only the Big Wild Goose Pagoda was left alone. In 931 AD (the second year of Changxing in the Tang Dynasty after the Five Dynasties), the Big Wild Goose Pagoda was repaired again. Later, several major earthquakes occurred in Xi 'an, and the top of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda fell and the tower body was shattered. (The original tower was 11 stories high). In 164 (twenty-third year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty), the basic shape of the tower in the Tang Dynasty was maintained, and a 6-cm-thick cladding was built on its exterior to make its shape wider than before, which is the shape of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda seen today. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Wild Goose Pagoda was promulgated in the State Council in 1961 as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. After a renovation in 1964, the Wild Goose Pagoda basically maintained its original features. Tower foundation and tower body of Wild Goose Pagoda
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Wild Goose Pagoda
This data comes from Baidu map, and the final result is subject to Baidu map data.
Big Wild Goose Pagoda, is it really related to geese? Xuanzang's "Tale of the Western Regions of Datang" records the legend that he heard in India that monks buried wild geese and built pagodas, which explains the most credible theory of the origin of wild goose pagodas. Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty (Volume 9): There is a Wild Goose Pagoda in the Luolou River Mountain in Indra, the kingdom of Mogata. It is said that wild geese are engaged in Hinayana believers who want to be enlightened. Perhaps this record is the origin of the name of the Wild Goose Pagoda. According to legend, a long time ago, monks in a temple in the state of Mojietuo (now southern Bihar, India) believed in Hinayana Buddhism and ate three clean foods (that is, geese, deer and calves). One day, a flock of geese flew in the air. When a monk saw the geese, he said casually, "Everyone has nothing to eat today. The Bodhisattva should know that we are hungry!" After saying his word, a wild goose fell dead in front of the monk. He was pleasantly surprised and told all the monks in the temple that it was the Tathagata who was educating them. So at the place where the geese fell, they were buried with a grand ceremony to build a tower and named the Wild Goose Pagoda. Xuanzang, a monk in the Tang Dynasty, visited the Wild Goose Pagoda during his study tour in India from 629 to 645. After returning to China, during the translation of scriptures in Jionji, in order to store the Buddhist scriptures brought back from India, in 652 AD, a brick tower imitating the Indian Wild Goose Pagoda was built in the West Courtyard of Jionji, which is called Wild Goose Pagoda. The name continues to this day. The Big Wild Goose Pagoda and the Big Jionji in front of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda of Xuanzang
The Big Wild Goose Pagoda is famous for the story of "Tang Priest (Xuanzang) learning the scriptures". When we mention Jionji and Wild Goose Pagoda, we will naturally think of Xuanzang, a monk in the Tang Dynasty, and Zhong Kui, who blessed the hometown of Zhong Kui, the master of the town residence, who once presided over the temple affairs, led the Buddhist sutra translation field and founded the Buddhist Sect. He personally supervised the construction of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in the temple. Jionji is the most famous and magnificent Buddhist temple in Chang 'an City of Tang Dynasty. It was built by royal decree in Tang Dynasty, and it was built under the auspices of the royal family. It has a prominent position and a grand scale. He was the first abbot here. This legendary figure is honored as "Master Sanzang". Xuanzang (6-664), born in the second year of Sui Renshou, was born in Yanshi, Henan Province. At the age of thirteen, he was admitted by the imperial court, shaved as a monk in Luoyang Jingtu Temple, and soon rose to the throne to recite the scriptures. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), he went to the imperial court together and applied to go to Tianzhu to learn from the scriptures. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Tang Dynasty was not allowed to issue a letter. Others flinched, but he was unmoved and determined not to change, and he made full preparations from the aspects of Buddhist scripture research, Sanskrit language and material spirit by using the three years before going abroad. Xuanzang and Tang Zhenguan set out from Chang 'an to study in the Western Regions in the third year (629). He rode alone along the "Silk Road" and overcame countless difficulties and obstacles. After three years of arduous trekking and more than 5, miles of solitary expedition, he finally reached Tianzhu India, a holy place of Buddhism, and studied as a teacher at the famous Nalanduo Temple as he wished. After that, he spent five years in Tianzhu Buddhist country and traveled all over India. When I returned to Nalanduo Temple, I was already the lecturer of this highest Buddhist institution, second only to the mentor and the sage. In 642 A.D., when Xuanzang wanted to return to the Tang Dynasty, he was invited to participate in an unprecedented and high-standard Buddhist academic event in ancient India. At the meeting, Master Xuanzang was the main arguer, and his eloquence and erudition convinced the participants, and no one could argue for 18 consecutive days. The Mahayana monks called Master Xuanzang "Mahayana Heaven", and the Mahayana monks called him "Liberation Heaven". The "Heaven" of Buddhism is the Bodhisattva and the gods. In order to translate the scriptures and spread the Dharma back to the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzang persuaded his teachers, Taoist friends and kings of other countries to return to Chang 'an with 657 scriptures, eight Buddha statues and a large number of relics in 645 AD (the 19th year of Tang Zhenguan). In the following year, he was translated by Hongfu Temple in Chang 'an for three years. In 649 AD (the 23rd year of Tang Zhenguan), the Great Jionji was completed, and Xuanzang was appointed as the first director of the temple, devoted himself to the translation of Buddhist scriptures. In the third year of Tang Yonghui, he founded the Wild Goose Pagoda to preserve the scriptures and relics retrieved from India. In the third year of Tang Xianqing, Xuanzang moved to Ximing Temple to translate scriptures. In the following year, he was instructed to translate monks and disciples to Yuhua Temple in Tongchuan, where he settled in the courtyard and engaged in the translation of the Great Prajna Sutra. Finally, in 663 AD (the third year of Tang Longshuo), he was translated into 6 volumes of the Great Prajna Sutra. In the first year of Tang Linde (AD 664), Master Xuanzang died of illness in Yuhua Temple. His coffin was returned to Jionji in Beijing and buried on Bailuyuan in the east of Chang 'an. In the second year of Tang Gaozong (AD 669), it was reburied as the Fengqi Plateau in Fan Chuan, and a five-story spire was built. The following year, a temple was built because of the pagoda, and Tang Suzong wrote the word "Xingjiao", hence the name Xingjiao Temple. The title of Wild Goose Pagoda In the Tang Dynasty, many famous poets can see that the Pagoda of Wild Goose Pagoda leans
When the poet boarded the Pagoda of Wild Goose, he left a good sentence that has been passed down to this day, such as Du Fu's "The high standard crosses the sky, and the gale never stops"; Chapter 8' s "Strange Birds Flying to the Ground, Self-astonishing Words in midair" and so on. In particular, the Tang Dynasty poet Cen Can's "Going to Jionji with Gao Shi and Xue Zhi": "the pagoda, rising abruptly from earth, reaches to the very Palace of Heaven; Climbing, we seem to have left the world behind us, with the steps we look down on hung from space. It overtops a holy land, and can only have been built by toil of the spirit; Its four sides darken the bright sun, its seven stories cut the grey clouds. Birds fly down beyond our sight, and the rapid wind below our hearing; Mountain-ranges, toward the east, running together seems to face east. Far green locust-trees line broad roads, toward clustered palaces and mansions; Colours of autumn, out of the west, enter advancing through the city. And northward there lie, in five graveyards, calm forever under dewy green grass. Those who know life's final meaning, which all humankind must learn; Henceforth I put my official hat aside, to find the Eternal Way is the only happiness ". The poet's magnificent description and philosophical exclamation often cause people to sing when they climb the tower. This shows the grandeur of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda. Many contemporary poets still praise the towering Wild Goose Pagoda. Chen Yunhe's poem "Wild Goose Pagoda" praises that "the geese can't help laughing" and "the longevity of the Pagoda really makes many emperors sigh". Night view of the Wild Goose Pagoda
As early as the Shenlong period in Tang Zhongzong, the title of the Wild Goose Pagoda has formed a custom. All the new scholars and students should first attend a state banquet in Qujiang (the emperor must also watch it from the upstairs curtain beside Qujiang) and Xingyuan, and then board the Big Wild Goose Pagoda and inscribe the tower wall as a souvenir. Bai Juyi, who was 27 years old, became a scholar, and wrote the poem "Ci 'enta is the youngest among seventeen people". Liu Cang even more heroically titled "Choosing a Victory Tour in the Spring Festival and Banqueting Qujiangtou in the Apricot Garden;" Zihao powder wall title immortal, willow color flute blowing jade building ",the title of Yanta and Dengxian are mentioned together, which shows that they are filled with the joy of spring breeze and regard the title of Yanta as a great honor. Later, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda has formed the scene that "the walls of the small house in the tower courtyard are all inscribed by Qing Xiang", but it is a pity that a fire in northern Song Shenzong destroyed the precious inscribed walls.
Inclined tower
The tower of Wild Goose Pagoda was found to be inclined in 1719 due to repeated man-made destruction and structural problems. In the 196s, the groundwater around the Big Wild Goose Pagoda was over-exploited, which caused the confined water level to drop sharply, caused a wide range of uneven ground subsidence, and accelerated the inclined subsidence of the ancient pagoda. By 1985, it had been tilted by 998 mm, and by 1996, the ancient pagoda was tilted to the northwest by 11.5 mm, with an average annual tilt of 1 mm. After more than 2 years of comprehensive improvement by relevant departments, the tilt of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda has obviously tended to ease and stabilize, with a tilt of 11.9 mm in 25. Since 29, in order to protect the ancient culture of Big Wild Goose Pagoda, the government has implemented the measures of sealing wells and recharging groundwater to accelerate the recovery of groundwater level. Six demonstration sites of groundwater recharge have been built in the city. I hope to raise the groundwater level as soon as possible and gradually "righting" the Big Wild Goose Pagoda. In the past two years, Xi 'an has injected about 12 tons of water into the ground every day, and the Big Wild Goose Pagoda has gradually returned to normal! Today, the ancient towers are all "ten pagodas and nine pagodas", and the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an, the ancient capital of China, is also slightly inclined after a thousand years. However, observation and research in recent ten years have found that it is currently in the stage of "rectification", so there is no need to worry about becoming the second leaning tower of Pisa. Wang Fengjun, an expert in Buddhist architecture and vice president of Xi 'an Museum, said in an interview: "The tower of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in Tang Dynasty is tilted to the north-west direction, which should have existed for hundreds of years. At present, the ancient pagodas in China are mostly brick structures, which are easy to tilt but not too inclined, and will not become the leaning tower of Pisa. If there is the inclination of the leaning tower of Pisa, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda would have fallen down. " The Wild Goose Pagoda in the Tang Dynasty was built by Emperor China for the Buddhist scriptures obtained by going west to India, and now it is the symbol of the ancient city of Xi 'an. Standing on the square to the north of it, it is not difficult for careful people to find that it is slightly inclined. In fact, more than a decade ago, professionals began to observe it and took measures to slowly change its inclination and "correct". According to records, as early as 7 years ago, when foreign missionaries came to China, they found that the Big Wild Goose Pagoda was tilted. Shaanxi Surveying and Mapping Department started surveying in 1985, when the tilt speed of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda was accelerating. By about 1996, the tilt of the Pagoda reached its maximum, and the tilt reached 11.5 mm, that is, more than one meter. Why does the ancient pagoda tilt? Experts believe that all buildings have a settlement phenomenon, and "ten towers and nine inclinations" is also the result of a historical settlement. Sun Qi, deputy section chief of the business department of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda Custody, said: "The 64.7-meter-high Big Wild Goose Pagoda is large at the bottom and small at the tip, and its center of gravity will not deviate too much from the center of the tower foundation. Unlike the cylindrical leaning tower of Pisa, the center of gravity of the tower is easy to deviate, and the farther it will go. The most important thing about the Big Wild Goose Pagoda is that its center of gravity is low, and there will be no further and further situation. " Why does the Big Wild Goose Pagoda incline at an accelerated speed? It is found that the main factor is the over-pumping of groundwater at that time. Xie Shoutao, head of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda Custody in Xi 'an, said that in the 199s, the urban water consumption in Xi 'an increased sharply, and the weather was also dry at that time, and the river water volume decreased. Due to the lack of drinking water in the city, it is difficult for all units around the Big Wild Goose Pagoda to draw water, so they dig their own wells and exploit groundwater without restriction. According to the research, serious over-exploitation of groundwater all the year round has caused the groundwater level in Xi 'an city to drop sharply, forming a groundwater drop funnel area with an area of more than 2 square kilometers, and the groundwater level in the area around the Big Wild Goose Pagoda has dropped below 1 meters, which has caused discussion on the safety of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda. The tilt of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda has also attracted the attention of local government departments. Subsequently, the Xi 'an Municipal Government decided to seal more than 4 self-provided wells in units around the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, and increased groundwater recharge to inject surface water into the groundwater aquifer to increase groundwater reserves. Subsequently, the improvement of the groundwater environment in Xi 'an effectively curbed the problem that the Big Wild Goose Pagoda tilted to the northwest. At the end of 23 and the beginning of 24, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda began to slowly change its inclination and "return to normal". Since the scientific and technological workers began to measure the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in 1985, the measurement of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda has been carried out < P > 51 times (5 photos). Especially in the 28 Wenchuan earthquake, it was added once, only .2 mm more, and then it was "corrected". Today, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda with a history of more than 1,3 years belongs to dynamic balance. Sun Qi said: "After measurement, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda is still tilted by more than 99 mm, but it is in a stable state, and it is good news that the rebound is very weak. For the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, first of all, the rebound is in the positive direction, that is, it is in the process of' normalization', and secondly, its annual change is very small, and the smaller the variable, the more stable it is. " So, is the current Big Wild Goose Pagoda very safe? Experts believe that there are many factors affecting the changes of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, such as earthquakes, man-made thousands of acres of lake water around it, especially the leakage of a large reservoir under the Music Fountain Square in the North Square of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, which will inevitably affect the Big Wild Goose Pagoda. Ancient buildings are not only afraid of fire, but also afraid of water, and the Wild Goose Pagoda is no exception. Because the Big Wild Goose Pagoda is a brick soil core, its foundation is a rammed earth foundation that is afraid of water, and it is very sensitive to groundwater. Sun Qi said: "The study found that there are two main types of groundwater affecting the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, one is shallow groundwater, and the other is confined groundwater. The groundwater reinjected in Xi 'an City is mainly confined groundwater, which is beneficial.