1. Guan Hanqing (before 1234 - around 1300), "Hanqing" is the Chinese character, his name is Jizhai (Yizhai, Jizhaisou), Han nationality, from Jiezhou (now Yuncheng, Shanxi Province) , and others said that they were native to Dadu (today's Beijing City) and Qizhou (today's Anguo City, Hebei Province). The founder of Yuan Zaju and the leader of the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera", he is also known as the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera" together with Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan and Zheng Guangzu. ?
Zaju has achieved the greatest success. There are 67 known works today, 18 of which are extant. It is unclear whether certain works were written by him. The most famous one is "The Injustice of Dou E". Guan Hanqing also wrote many historical dramas, such as "Single Sword Club", "Single Whip to Seize the Sword", "Dream of Western Shu", etc.; there are more than 40 pieces of Sanqu in Xiaoling and more than 10 sets.
The image created by Guan Hanqing of "I am a copper pea that cannot be steamed, boiled, pounded, stir-fried or exploded" ("Yi Zhihua · Never Fade Old") He is widely known as the "Sage of Music".
The expression of the true style of the language of Guan Opera: in terms of the characterization of the characters' language, the songs are very similar to the characters' voices, which is in line with the characters' identities; the author does not care about novelty or elaboration, creating a rich and rich story. Characteristic popular, smooth and vivid language style.
Guan Hanqing is a dramatist who is familiar with stage art. His opera language is both original and contemporary. It has the characteristics of "melting into the ear" and is not difficult and obscure. Unlike some literati dramas in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which used allusions and dropped book bags. The arrangement of lyrics, music and narration in Guan Opera is also just right. The lyrics and lyrics complement each other and fit together naturally. He is worthy of being the "chief editor and chief editor" among opera actors at that time.
Guan Hanqing's Sanqu is rich in content, fresh and vigorous in style, and has high artistic value. There are the most works about love affairs between men and women, and the descriptions of women's psychology are detailed and touching. The style is bold and unrestrained, and the lyrics are spicy and funny. The language is popular and colloquial, vivid and natural, and can express the true nature of the music well. He likes to use The line drawing technique is good at describing scenes, and the metaphors used are vivid.
2. Wang Heqing, a Sanqu artist. A native of Daming (now part of Hebei Province), the year of birth and death is unknown. "Lu Gui Bu" lists him as "Famous Senior Dukes", but the titles are different in each edition. Tianyi Pavilion's edition calls him "Wang Heqing Bachelor", while Meng Chengshun's edition calls him "Sanren".
There are more than 20 Sanqu works in existence, including one set and two residual sets. He was a contemporary of Guan Hanqing, and he died earlier than Guan Hanqing. Tao Zongyi's "Records of Stopping Farming in Nancun" recorded the mutual ridicule between him and Guan Hanqing, and said that he was "funny and sarcastic, which spread far and wide. He was friendly with Guan Hanqing and often ridiculed Hanqing. Although Guan tried his best to reply, he could not win in the end. .
At the beginning of the Central Unification, there was a butterfly in Yan City. He Qing was named "Zui Zhongtian" Xiao Ling, and his reputation became more prominent. Han Qing once went to pay tribute to Xiao Ling. 21 pieces, including 1 suite, can be found in "Taiping Yuefu", "White Snow in Spring", "Ci Lin Picking Beauty" and other collections.
Wang Heqing is a distinctive prose writer who is good at learning the vivid spoken language of the people. It has a relatively mellow color of folk ballads and slang, and his "comical and risqué" character is also fully reflected in his works. The most famous one is "Yong Da Butterfly" written by Xiao Ling (Zui Zhongtian). : "At the beginning of the Central Unification, there was a butterfly in Yan City, which was very unusual. Wang Fu's [Zui Zhongtian] Xiao Ling said this, so it was famous for its bold imagination." The exaggerated technique of chanting butterflies is vivid and humorous, and Xiao Ling's "Big Fish" also has the same artistic characteristics. In general, Wang Heqing's works have the lively and energetic spirit of folk songs; However, some of his works are close to ridicule, such as "Ode to the Bald" and "The Fat Prostitute", which show that his attitude towards life is cynical, which makes some of his works have the habit of actor.
3. Bai Pu (1226-about 1306), whose original name was Heng, also given the courtesy name Renfu, later changed his name to Pu, also given the courtesy name Taisu, and given the nickname Langu. His ancestral home was Weizhou (now Hequ, Shanxi), and a native of Bianliang (now Kaifeng, Henan). He lived in Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) in his later years and remained in office throughout his life.
He was a famous dramatist in the Yuan Dynasty. His main representative works include Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and Zheng Guangzu. "Tang Minghuang's Autumn Night with Wutong Rain", "Pei Shaojun's Horse on the Wall", "Dong Xiuying's Story of the Flower Moon on the East Wall", "Tianjingsha·Autumn", etc.
More than a hundred of Bai Pu's poems have been handed down to this day, most of which are chants. He mainly focuses on things and entertainment; his works are elegant in lyrics and belong to the literary school.
There are 16 kinds of dramas: "Jueying Hui", "Chasing the River", "The Story of the East Wall", "Liang Shanbo", "Zhao Lanting", "The Grudge of Silver Zheng" and "Beheading the White Snake".
"Wu Tong Yu", "Xingyue Palace", "Cui Hu Ye Jing", "Qiantang Dream", "The Emperor Returns to the Village", "Fenghuang Ship", "Horse on the Wall", "Flowing Red Leaves" , "Arrow Shoots Two Eagles". There is a volume of Sanqu called "The Collection of Sounds of Heaven", which contains thirty-seven of his poems and four suites of songs.
4. Ma Zhiyuan (about 1251 - about 1321 to 1324), whose courtesy name was Qianli, and whose late name was Dongli, was from Dadu (now Beijing). He was originally from Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province. He is a famous opera actor. A playwright and dramatist, he was hailed as the "Horse Immortal" by later generations, and also known as the "No. 1 Yuan Opera". Together with Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu, he was also known as the "Four Great Masters of Yuan Opera". His work "Tianjingsha·Autumn Thoughts" was known as He is the ancestor of Qiu Si.
When he was young, he wrote poems and presented them to the Dragon Tower. He was keen on achieving success and fame, but he failed to achieve it. Ma Zhiyuan was similar to Guan Hanqing and Bai Pu but was a little later. His official career was bumpy in his youth. In his later years, he was dissatisfied with the current affairs and lived in seclusion in the countryside. He entertained himself by holding a cup and hitting a gou. He died of illness in the first year of Taiding (1321) and was buried in his ancestral tomb.
There are 15 known types of dramas written by Ma Zhiyuan. "Autumn in the Han Palace" is his representative work. There are more than 120 sanqu, and there is an edition of "Dongli Yuefu". Ma Zhiyuan has been engaged in the creation of Zaju for a long time. He is good at using the form of sighing for the world to conceal the outside world, while the content of cynical and anti-worldly content is deeply embedded in it.
Although the dramatic effects of most of his dramas are not very strong, predecessors spoke highly of his dramas. Jia Zhongming said in a poem at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty: "The horse gods among thousands of flowers have gathered together for hundreds of generations. "Speaking of Zhiyuan" and "The name is fragrant throughout the pear garden". There are two main reasons for this: first, the life emotions expressed in the play can easily arouse the excitement of the literati of the old era; second, the superb language art.
5. Lu Zhi (1242-1314), also known as Chudao and Xinlao; his nickname was Shuzhai and Haoweng. A native of Zhuojun in the Yuan Dynasty (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province). In the 5th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1268), he became a Jinshi and served as an envoy to the Lian Dynasty and a bachelor of Hanlin. His poetry is as famous as Liu Yin and Yao Sui, and he is known as "Liu Lu" and "Yao Lu" in the world.
Have contacts with Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan and Zhulianxiu. Today, only small orders of Sanqu remain. He is the author of "Shu Zhai Ji" (lost), "Selected Jue of Wenxin" and "Purpose of Articles", and has 120 Sanqu that have been handed down from generation to generation. Some write about the pleasures of mountains and forests, some write about poetry and drinking life, and most of them are "nostalgic" to express their nostalgia for their motherland. Today, there are "Lu Shuzhai Collection Collection" and "Quanyuan Sanqu" that records his small orders.
Lu Zhi had a prominent official position, profound academic knowledge, and a great reputation for literature. "In the early Yuan Dynasty, those who could write were Yao (Sui) and Lu"; "the ancient and modern poems were headed by Zhi and Liu Yin." Wu Cheng in Linchuan said that "the ancient poems he wrote are all in the Qingyan of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the ancient prose appears in Pangao. Each of them is an earthen basin and a tile-shaped vessel, and there are three generations of tiger, turtle, coral and utensils, and everyone who sees it will have a different view." (The above quotations are all from "History of the New Yuan Dynasty").
Lu Zhichang said: "When writing poetry, you must use "Three Hundred Chapters" and "Li Sao". The words are not related to the world's teachings, the meaning does not exist in the comparison, and the poems are just written." He also said : "The Mingtang of the Qing Temple can be called ancient, the Zhumen Building can be called a gorgeous house, but it cannot be called ancient; the Taigen Xuan Wine can be called ancient, and the eight delicacies can be called delicious, but it cannot be called ancient. Knowing this, you can It speaks of the beauty of ancient prose." ("Purpose of the Article")
Xu Mingshan of the Yuan Dynasty said that "all his writings abandon the clumsy meaning of ancient and modern times. It is wonderful to combine it with the chemical industry without losing the naturalness. "("Fanggu Collection·Shu Zhailu Gongwen Collection Preface")
His Sanqu is as famous as Yao Sui, and he was called "Yao and Lu" at that time. ", singing harmoniously with Ma Zhiyuan, a master of Sanqu, and Zhulianxiu, a female Zaju artist. Today there are 120 sanqus in Xiaoling and one remaining sanqu, all of which are included in Quan Yuan Sanqu compiled by Sui Shusen. The content is mostly about nostalgic singing, poetry and wine about mountains and forests, scenery and objects, etc. The style is different from that of poetry. It changes from elegance and implication to natural and lively. It shows the characteristics of the Qingli School of Northern Sanqu writers in the early Yuan Dynasty and has a great influence on the development of Sanqu. .
Guan Yunshi commented that his song is "charming, like a fairy looking for spring, naturally smiling proudly" ("Preface to White Snow in Spring"). He was the author of "Shu Zhai Collection", which still existed in the early Ming Dynasty but was lost later. Now there is Li Xiusheng's "Collected Collection of Lu Shuzhai".
Baidu Encyclopedia - Guan Hanqing (opera writer of Yuan Dynasty)
Baidu Encyclopedia - Wang Heqing
Baidu Encyclopedia - Bai Pu
Baidu Encyclopedia - Ma Zhiyuan (a famous dramatist in the Yuan Dynasty)
Baidu Encyclopedia - Lu Zhi