However, the prosperity of academies in the late Ming Dynasty affected the official academic status. Many intellectuals use this opportunity to criticize current politics when giving lectures in universities. For example, Gu Xiancheng and Gao Panlong, who give lectures in the Academy of Forestry, often satirize current politics, making the Academy of Forestry the center of confrontation with the establishment faction, leading to inner-party struggles in the Academy of Forestry. At that time, scholars also used the open space around the temple to hold "lectures" to advocate new ideological values and outlook on life.
literature
In literature, The Journey to the West, Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Jin Ping Mei are Four Great Classical Novels in the history of China's novels, all of which originated in the Ming Dynasty. Feng Menglong's three vernacular short stories, each with 40 stories, *** 120, mainly describe the love stories of young people and the lives of ordinary people. Among them, the most famous collections are 40 short stories similar to Sanyan, such as Du Shiniang's Angry Chest, Today's Angry Beating Thin Lovers, and Dong Ting Hong, which turned to Han Yu. Among them, Er Pai edited by Ling Mengchu and Xing Shiyan edited by Long Ren were not discovered until 1987. Traditional elegant literature continued to develop in the Ming Dynasty. Famous scholars include Liu Ji, Song Lian, Gao Qi, Fang Xiaoru, Tang Yin, Gui Youguang, Xu Wei, Wang Shizhen, Yuan Hongdao, Qian, Zhang Dai and Wu. Sanqu artists include Wang Pan, Feng Weimin, Xue Lundao, Chen Yi and Kang Hai.
The police faction represented by Yuan Zongdao, Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zhongdao appeared in Wanli period. They believe that literature changes with the times, and there are different kinds of literature in different times. The Jingling School, represented by Zhong Xing and Tan in Jingling, advocates expressing one's will with one's own spirit and praying with the spirit of the ancients, aiming at "attracting the spirits of the ancients to satisfy the souls of future generations and suppress their souls".
novel
Literature in Ming Dynasty achieved the highest artistic achievement with novels, and produced a large number of novels, short plays and parodies with history, immortals, legal cases, legends and citizens' daily life as their themes. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and The Journey to the West in the novel are all masterpieces of one generation. Jin Ping Mei, which appeared in the middle of Ming Dynasty, is also a famous novel.
The creation of short stories in Ming Dynasty is also very prosperous. Some scholars have rewritten the characters of Song and Yuan Dynasties and created characters. Sanyan and Erpai are representative works of this kind of scripts and pantomime.
Chinese opera
In the early Ming Dynasty, since the Yuan Dynasty, exotic zaju once declined. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, with the prosperity of urban economy, popular opera has made new development and produced many progressive works. The most famous drama in Ming Dynasty is Peony Pavilion.
The popular operas in Ming Dynasty mainly include Yiyang and Kunshan. Kunqu opera is limited to Wuzhong. During the Jin and Jia Dynasties, Wei Liangfu, a famous musician, reformed Kunqu Opera, which not only retained the characteristics of southern opera, but also retained some warm and generous northern operas, becoming the most influential opera music at that time.
calligraphy
In the Ming Dynasty, the court respected calligraphy, mainly running script and cursive script. In the early Ming Dynasty, calligraphy fell into the quagmire of Taige, and Shen Shi's younger brother pushed the situation of steady decline to the extreme. "Jin Yushu was used by the court, hidden in the secret room, and awarded with credentials." Er Shen's calligraphy was promoted to the imperial examination standard, and the tiger style prevailed. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, four schools of Wuzhong rose, and calligraphy began to develop into a state of life. Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhiming, Wang Chong and Tang Yin are the representatives of this period, and calligraphy began to enter a new realm of advocating individuality. A trend of calligraphy criticism represented by Huang Daozhou, Wang Duo and Ni appeared in the late Ming Dynasty. Calligraphy pursues large-scale and changeable visual effects. Dong Qichang, the founder of iron science, still sticks to the traditional position.
Poetry and prose
However, there are many poems, writers and genres in Ming Dynasty. During the period from Yongle Dadian to Daotong, "Taige Style" poems represented by Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong and Yang Pu appeared in the literary world. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, in the struggle against the tiger style of writing, the "first seven sons" led by Li Mengyang and He Jingming rose first in Hongzhi and Zhengde years, while the "last seven sons" led by Li Panlong and Wang Shizhen dominated the literary world in Jiajing and Wanli years. They called for retro, and advocated that "literature must be in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty". At present, with the rise of the Seven-Son Renaissance Movement, "Tang Song School" and "Public Security School" have appeared in the literary world one after another.
draw
In the early Ming Dynasty, palace painting was the mainstream of family painting. /kloc-In the middle of the 5th century, Shen Zhou, Wen Zhiming, Tang Yin and Chou Ying rose to be the "Four Masters of Wushu" in the south of the Yangtze River. They widely absorbed the strengths of Tang, Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties and formed their own unique painting style. During the Jin-Jia period, Xu Wei, an outstanding painter, discovered a new method to create ink-splashing flowers. In the late Ming Dynasty, Songjiang School in Dong Qichang was the center of painting. Dong Qichang studied under Yuan Sijia and was good at ink painting and splashing ink. His works are beautiful and elegant, with light clouds and light winds. In the late Ming Dynasty, there were famous painters such as Chen Hongshou, Cui Zizhong and Ceng Jing.