1. Common sense of ancient culture
Ancient astronomical four images The ancients divided the twenty-eight constellations into four directions: east, north, west and south. The seven constellations in each direction were imagined as four animal images, called Four images.
The Eastern Qisu resembles a giant dragon flying in the night sky in spring and early summer, so it is called Dong Cang Long; the Northern Qisu looks like snakes and turtles appearing in the night sky in summer and early autumn, so it is called Northern Xuanwu; The Suyou tiger leaps out of the night sky in late autumn and early winter, so it is called the Western White Tiger; the Southern Qisu looks like a flying redbird, appearing in the night sky in the cold winter and early spring, so it is called the Southern Suzaku. Another name for the moon The moon is the most prominently described object among the natural objects mentioned in ancient poems and articles.
Its other names can be divided into: (1) Because the first moon looks like a hook, it is called silver hook or jade hook. (2) Because the crescent moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow or bow moon.
(3) Because the full moon is like a wheel, a disk, or a mirror, it is called a gold wheel, a moon wheel, a silver disk, a jade disk, a gold mirror, or a jade mirror. (4) Because it is said that there are rabbits and toads in the middle of the moon, it is called Silver Rabbit, Jade Rabbit, Golden Toad, Silver Toad, and Toad Palace.
(5) Because it is said that there is a laurel tree in the moon, it is called laurel moon, laurel wheel, laurel palace and laurel soul. (6) Because it is said that there are two palaces in the middle of the month, Guanghan and Qingxu, they are called Guanghan and Qingxu.
(7) Because it is said that Wangshu, the god who drives the moon, is called Wangshu, the moon is called Wangshu. (8) Because it is said that Chang'e lives in the middle of the moon, the moon is called Chang'e.
(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan. Ancient Geography Rivers In many ancient articles, they specifically refer to the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.
For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "Generals fight in Henan, ministers fight in Hebei." "On the Passage of Qin": "Then practice Hua Hua City, because the river is a pond."
"Sacrifice to Sisters" "The first tomb is in Hangzhou, the river is wide and the river is deep", where "jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "he" refers to the canal. Xihe is also called Hexi, the area west of the Yellow River.
For example, "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Meet at Mianchi outside the Xihe River." "On the Passage of Qin": "So the Qin people handed over and took the place outside the Xihe River."
Jiangdong Yangtze River Edom. For example, Li Qingzhao's poem says: "I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong."
"Battle of Chibi": "With the help of my father and brother, I separatized Jiangdong." Jiangzuo is Jiangdong.
The ancients regarded east as left and west as right. "The meeting of heroes and Jiang Qian fell into the trap": "Immediately, I sent an order to summon the heroes on the left side of the Yangtze River to meet Ziyi."
The river refers to the area south of the Yangtze River. "Battle of Chibi": "The heroes on the river surface, Xian returned to them."
The general name of Jiangnan south of the Yangtze River, and the area it refers to varies from time to time. Bai Juyi's poem goes: "The south of the Yangtze River is good, and the scenery is familiar to me before."
Wang Anshi's poem goes: "The spring breeze is green again on the south bank of the river. When will the bright moon shine on me again?" Huaizuo east of the Huai River.
"Yangzhou Slowness" "The famous capital of Huaizuo, the best place in Zhuxi", Yangzhou is to the east of Huai River. As the name suggests, Shandong is on the east side of the mountains.
However, it should be noted that the "mountain" in "Shandong" can refer to several different mountains such as Mount Wei, Mount Huashan, Mount Taihang, Mount Tai, etc., and the regions they refer to are not the same. The following is "Shandong" with Weishan as the standard.
For example, the "Book of Han" once mentioned that "Shandong will produce prime ministers, and Shanxi will produce generals." "Hongmen Banquet": "When Peigong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for wealth."
"On the Passage of Qin": "The heroes of Shandong then merged and destroyed the Qin clan." In ancient times, Guandong refers to Hangu Pass or The area east of Tongguan refers to the northeastern area east of Shanhaiguan in modern times.
Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Guandong, who raised troops to fight against the evil forces." Refers to the area east of Tongguan.
Guanxi refers to the area west of Hangu Pass or Tongguan. "Battle of Chibi": "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Guanxi, so they are worried about future troubles."
Guanzhong refers to different scopes. The ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wanted to be king in Guanzhong and made his son and infant his prime minister."
"On the Passage of Qin": "The first emperor's heart was that Guanzhong was solid." Chronology The main chronology in ancient my country There are four types: (1) The method of chronology of the year when the prince ascended the throne.
The year is calculated based on the number of years the prince has been in power.
"The Biography of Lian Lin": "In the sixteenth year of King Zhao Huiwen, Lian Po was the general of Zhao."
(2) Year number chronology. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to have reign titles.
After that, every emperor who came to the throne had to change the Yuan Dynasty and mark the year with the year name. Such as "Pipa Xing" "Yuanhe tenth year".
(3) Calculation of stems and branches. For example, "Tombstone Notes of Five People": "I still remember that Duke Zhou was arrested and looked forward to it in the third month of Dingmao."
(4) The use of both stems and branches in the year number. When recording the year, the emperor's year number is placed first, and the stems and branches are listed behind.
"The Autumn Day of Tianqi Renxu" in "The Chronicle of Nuclear Boat". There are three main methods of marking the moon in ancient my country: Ordinal method of marking the moon. For example, in "Collecting Herbs": "Like March flowers on the plains, there are April flowers in the mountains."
Earthly Branches Monthly Method. The ancients often referred to the twelve earthly branches as twelve months, and a specific word "build" was added before each earthly branch.
For example, Du Fu's poem "The Thatched Cottage": "The deserted village is built in the month of Zi, and the only tree is the old man's house." "The month of Jian Zi" refers to the eleventh month of the lunar calendar according to the Zhou Dynasty's lunar calendar. The law of seasons and months.
For example, "Nineteen Ancient Poems": "The cold weather is coming in Mengdong, and the north wind is so miserable." "Mengdong" represents the tenth month of the lunar calendar.
There are four main types of date-keeping methods in ancient my country: Ordinal date-keeping method. "Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi": "On the night of March 5th, the moon is half bright."
"March 5" refers to the 15th day of the lunar calendar. The method of keeping track of the stems and branches.
For example, "The Battle of Yao": "Xinsi in the fourth month of summer, defeated the Qin army in Yao." "Xinsi in April" refers to the moon phase calendar method of April 13th in the lunar calendar.
It refers to using special names to express the moon phases such as "朔, 朏 (fei), Wang, Jiwang, Hui" to mark the date. The first day of each month is called Shuo, the third day of each month is called Shuo, the middle of the month is called Wang (the fifteenth day of the small month and the sixteenth day of the big month), the day after Wang is called Ji Wang, and the last day of each month is called Hui.
Use both stems, branches and moon phases. The stems and branches are placed in front, and the moon phase is arranged behind.
Time-keeping methods There are two main types of time-keeping methods in ancient my country: The sky color time-keeping method. The ancients originally divided the day and night into twelve hours based on changes in the sky. Their names are: midnight, rooster crow, Pingdan, sunrise, eclipse time, yu (yu), day and night, 日昳 (die), 晡(bu) Time, sunrise, dusk, and people are determined.
For example, "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "The cock crows into the machine, and it can't rest every night." "After the dying dusk, the lonely man settles in the beginning."
Earthly Branches Time Method . The twelve earthly branches represent the changes in the twelve hours of the day and night.
There are roughly three situations in which people are called by their names: (1) Calling yourself by your given name. For example, "Within five steps, Xiangru will be able to splatter blood on his neck," and "Luling Wen Tianxiang prefaces his poem by himself."
(2) Used for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su both went to Sun Quan", "Liu Jingting was a native of Taizhou".
(3) Call someone you hate or despise. For example, "Unfortunately, Master Lu and Meng Gou were evil in the front, and Jia Yuqing was flattering in the back."
Call the ancients young.
2. Etiquette and customs of ancient cultural common sense
Three obediences and four virtues, three cardinal principles and five constant virtues
The moral standards that feudal society forces women to abide by are three obediences and four virtues. Three obediences: Obedience to the father before marriage, obedience to the husband when married, and obedience to the son after the death of the husband. The Four Virtues: Womanly virtue, Womanly speech, Womanly appearance, Womanly merit. The Three Cardinal Principles and the Five Constant Principles are the moral norms among people advocated in the feudal era of my country. The three cardinal principles refer to the king as the guide to the ministers, the father as the guide to the son, the husband as the guide to the wife, and the five constant principles as benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, and trustworthiness.
Fengdian, Fengdian
Fengdian is an honorary ceremony given by the emperor in the feudal era to his ministers and their families with titles and titles. Fengchan is an ancient ceremony to offer sacrifices to heaven and earth. Generally, the emperor personally went to Mount Tai to hold the ceremony. He built an altar on Mount Tai to offer sacrifices to heaven and repay the emperor's merits, which was called "Feng".
Avoidance
Refers to when encountering the names of kings and elders with the same literal characters, in order to avoid saying them directly, you will use homophones or missing characters to avoid them. The names of emperors and Confucius are taboo among everyone and are called public taboos. It is taboo to avoid family members and ancestors.
North, South, East
In ancient court halls, the monarch sat facing the south and the ministers bowed to the north. Therefore, the king was called the south and the ministers were called the north. For example, "When sitting in a room, the east direction is the most honorable, the south direction is the second, the north direction is the humble, and the west direction is the lowest."
Sitting, kneeling, squatting, and skipping a basket
Sitting with your knees on the ground and your buttocks on your heels; kneeling when you straighten up is for urgent matters or to express apology or respect; kneeling up , ready to stand up, but the knees have not yet left the ground. This is a stance, also called long kneeling, which is a frightened and hunched up posture. The buttocks are on the ground, with the legs straight, shaped like a dustpan, called Ji Chu, which expresses an arrogant attitude.
Wedding
When a woman gets married, it is called "Gui", when she returns home to visit her relatives, it is called Guining, and when a woman is abandoned by her husband's family and returns to her mother's house, it is called "Return". In ancient times, marriage had to go through six procedures called "six rites". During the wedding, the couple worshiped each other in a green cloth tent, which was called Qinglu.
Funerals and sacrifices
The death of the emperor is called "beng", the death of princes is called "die", the death of officials is called "pawn", the death of soldiers is called "bulu", and the death of common people is called "bulu" "die". In ancient times, there were coffins and coffins (outer coffins) for funerals. The coffin containing the corpse is called "coffin", the placing of the dead person in the coffin for burial is called "encourage", the coffin is placed in the coffin is called "funeral", and the coffin buried in a hole is called "burial". In the funeral ceremony, certain regulations of mourning clothes are worn according to the relationship between relatives, including " There are five theories of mourning, including "Zhan Shei" and "Qi Ai". Mourning clothing is also collectively known as "绖绖". In ancient times, when the emperor worshiped his ancestors from the seventh generation, he would use three tilao for sacrifices; for princes and five temples, one tailao would be used; for officials and officials in three temples, they would use shaolao. When going on a farewell ceremony, one should offer sacrifices to the road god, which is called "ancestor"; one should sprinkle wine on the ground, which is called "ancestor".
Worship
The ancients divided worship into nine types. The most important thing is "Ji Shou": kneeling on the ground with your head on the ground for a long time is the courtesy of a minister serving the king. Pause your head and knock your head to the ground. At the same time, your face should be abnormal and your speech should be mute. This is only used when asking for help in an emergency. "Supreme worship" is the lightest, just hand-over, similar to the current bow. "Bow again" means praying twice, which shows solemn etiquette and is sometimes used as a greeting.
Worshiping blood and provoking bells
When the ancients made an alliance, both parties would hold the blood of animals in their mouths or smear their mouths with blood to express their vows, which was called "bleeding blood". Important utensils such as bells and drums were made. Animals or people were killed as sacrifices, and their blood was smeared on the utensils to show respect, which was called "chao".
3. Ancient Cultural Knowledge College Entrance Examination Ancestral Temple
Ancestral Temple
Exploring the meaning of the word
(1) Refers to ancient emperors, princes or officials , a place established by scholars to worship ancestors in order to maintain the patriarchal legal system. "Yi Zhen": "When you leave, you can guard the ancestral temple and the country." Kong Yingdashu: "When the emperor leaves, the eldest son will stay in the ancestral temple and the country." According to later generations, everyone from the official to the doctor is called the family temple. (2) The nickname of the royal family. "Book of Han·Huo Guang Zhuan": "Yi Yin was in charge of Yin, and Taijia was abandoned to install the ancestral temple."
Basic explanation
1. A special house used by the emperor or princes to worship their ancestors. The evil of the ancestral temple. ——"Warring States Policy·Qi Policy IV" 2. The ancestral temple of the ancestors. 3. Establish an ancestral temple in Xue. 4. The representative name of the royal family and the country is the ancestral temple and the country. ——Zhou Rong, Qing Dynasty, "The Biography of Old Man Taro" The matter of the ancestral temple. ——"The Analects of Confucius·Advanced" 5. The ancestral temple unites.
Detailed explanation
1. A temple where ancient emperors and princes worshiped their ancestors. "Guoyu Luyu 1": "The temple of Fu Zong is Zhaomu, which is based on the age of the next generation and the distance between the princes." "Historical Records Biography of Wei Gongzi": "Now Qin attacks Wei, Wei is anxious and Gongzi If you don't care, the Qin Dynasty will destroy the Liang Dynasty and destroy the ancestral temple of the ancestors. How can the young master establish the world? "Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty "On the Rewards for Catching Thieves": "Your Majesty's sacred and heroic virtues are the king of the great Tang Dynasty and the god of the ancestral temple. *** Youshu. "Ye En's "Shangzhen Beizi Shu": "In the Battle of Sino-Japanese War, the mausoleum was trampled by the soldiers and horses; in the Gengzi Rebellion, the ancestral temple turned over the five-color flag." 2. The name of the imperial court and national power. "Mozi Fei Ming Xia": "He ignored the government of his country and the people, made complicated matters useless, rebelled against the people, and lost his ancestral temple." "Book of the Later Han·Fu Zhan Biography": "The cunning minister Wang Mang killed the emperor and stole the throne. The clan family Raising troops to eliminate chaos and punish the reckless, the crowd elected Shenggong to be in charge of the ancestral temple.
"Wang Anshi of the Song Dynasty "The Emperor's Ten Thousand Words Book": "Now the public ministers and officials are not willing to worry about your majesty's future. They are planning for the ancestral temple for a long time, and I am trying to confuse them. "The second chapter of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms": "The middle official commanded the forbidden provinces, the story of the Han Dynasty. The late emperor abandoned the world, and you want to kill the old ministers, which is not the way to focus on the ancestral temple.
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4. Whether ancient cultural common sense should be observed
The Diamond Sutra is a (Buddhist) work that made great contributions to the diplomatic relations between the two countries during the Tang Dynasty when they traveled to Japan six times to promote Buddhism. Yes (Jianzhen) Taoism was founded in (Eastern Han Dynasty) Note 1 In ancient China, there was a theory of "Five Rites", among which sacrificial activities were called (Ji Li) Note 2 According to the dietary etiquette of the ancients, when cooking fish in the previous dish, you should (fish tail) Towards the guests) Zu is a ritual vessel in ancient times, used for sacrifices, and its purpose is (to slaughter and place livestock for sacrifices). The ancients regarded "filial piety" as a virtue, among which "tiredness" refers to (respecting the elder brother). The ancients paid attention to the etiquette of honorific titles. , when talking about the other person’s father, they are generally called (father). The ancients paid attention to modesty and politeness, and when talking about their own sons, they were generally called (quanzi). The ancients called their father’s niece-in-law (cousin-in-law/brother-in-law). The ancients called “Zhuo Jing” to refer to (one’s own son). Wife) The ancients called "brother-in-law" to refer to (sister's husband). In ancient times, which of the following words was used to call each other's wife (Ling Jie)? Historical knowledge The relatively earliest dynasty or period in the following years is (Han). The order of Eastern Jin and Western Jin is (First there was the Western Jin Dynasty and then the Eastern Jin Dynasty) Before the Tang Dynasty (Sui Dynasty), the central government of the Tang Dynasty implemented a system of three provinces and six ministries. Which of the following provinces is not among the three provinces (Xia Shu Sheng) Note 3 The Southern Dynasties during the Northern and Southern Dynasties did not include (Chu). The following dynasties are in chronological order. The arrangement should be (Xia, Shang and Zhou). The name of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty who once conquered Goryeo was (Yang Guang). In which province (Anhui) was Daze Township the location of the famous Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising? The history book that does not belong to the Twenty-Four Histories is (Shi Tong). Li Shimin was in The peaceful situation during his reign is called the "Reign of Zhenguan". The name of the reign of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin is (Zhenguan). The founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty is (Tang Taizu). The builder of the famous water conservancy project Dujiangyan is (Li Bing). Mozi belongs to (Mozi). Zhuangzi belongs to (Taoism) who advocates "universal love, non-aggression" (Moism) The person who calls the chess, calligraphy and painting the wine fairy is (Li Bai) "Speaking of the piano to admonish the king" is said to be (Zou Ji admonishing the king of Qi) The earliest appearance in ancient China What type of instrument is it (wind instrument)? The five notes are (Gong Shang Jiao Zheng Yu) excluding (Ya). The correct mouth shape for playing the transverse flute should be (corners of the mouth to both sides). What kind of "spade scale" did the ancients refer to? Item (chessboard) The "meter"-shaped square on the Chinese chess board is called (Nine Palaces) Which of the following is a move that does not appear in chess (bishops advance to five, knights advance to four) The incorrect statement about chess is ( Soldiers and pawns are only allowed to move forward, but cannot retreat or translate) Which of the following statements about chess is correct (chess originated earlier and has been recorded during the Warring States Period) What statement is incorrect about Go (the pieces in Go have the same number of pieces) The starting rule of Go is (black goes first). The board pattern of Go is (nineteen horizontal and vertical straight lines). The intersection of the straight lines immediately adjacent to the Go pieces becomes (qi). The four treasures of the study are (pen, ink, paper and inkstone). ) The person who is called "the best running script in the world" is (Wang Xizhi's Lanting Preface) The person who is called the "Sage of Calligraphy" is (Wang Xizhi) The person who is called the "Sage of Grass" is (Zhang Xu) Wu, who is known as the Saint of Painting Which dynasty did Daozi come from (Tang Dynasty) China's first dictionary that systematically analyzed glyphs and examined word meanings was (Shuowen Jiezi) Note 4 Which painter's work is the famous "Nv Shi Zhen Tu" (Gu Kaizhi) "Fantasy Westward Journey" "How many strokes does one *** consist of (thirty-two paintings) "Tang" (ten paintings) "Chao" (twelve paintings) "Chang'an" (ten paintings) Tang poem "Kill one person in ten steps, and leave no trace for a thousand miles. The popular song "Xia Ke Xing" comes from (Li Bai) "I would like to be a winged bird in heaven, and I would like to be a twig on earth" comes from ("Song of Everlasting Sorrow"). What are known as the double walls of Yuefu are "Peacock Flies Southeast" and ("Mulan" Poetry") The next sentence of the famous ancient poem "The setting sun is infinitely beautiful" is (it is only near dusk) The next sentence of the famous ancient poem "The birds in the front mountain are all gone" is (All traces of people on the footpath are gone) The next sentence of the famous ancient poem "Raise a glass to invite the bright moon" is (The three people are in the shadow) The next sentence of the famous ancient poem "Why don't men wear Wu hook" is (Collect the fifty states of Guanshan) The next sentence of the famous ancient poem "The sun rises in the east and rains in the west" is (The road is not sunny and there is still sunshine) Ancient poetry The next line of the famous line "It is the beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River" is (see you again when the flowers fall). The next line of the famous line "Yellow Crane is gone and never returns" is (The white clouds are empty for thousands of years). The next sentence is (Shui Cun Shan Guo Jiu Qi Feng)
The next sentence of the famous ancient poem "Look up to the sky and laugh loudly and go out" is (How can we be from Penghao people) The next sentence of the famous ancient poem "I sleep in Yangzhou dream for ten years" is (Win the lucky name of a brothel) The famous ancient poem "Today I listen to a song of Junge" The next sentence of the famous ancient poem "A few early orioles compete for the warm trees" is (Whose new swallows peck at the spring mud) The next sentence of the famous ancient poem "The Yellow River is far up among the white clouds" is ( An isolated city (Wanren Mountain)) The next line of the famous ancient poem "Poor third night of September" is (the dew is like pearls and the moon is like a bow). The next line of the famous ancient poem "riding a red dust concubine laughs" is (no one knows it is the lychee). Ancient common sense is as follows Which title means "a close friend with deep friendship" (an irreversible acquaintance). In ancient times, "the age of forty" refers to (forty years old). Note 5. In ancient times, "chuizu" only refers to women (thirteen years old). The 20-year-old boy is (weak crown). The ancient "ding" was originally a kind of (cooking utensil). The Ji called "according to the picture to find Ji" in ancient proverbs is (good horse). The "elegant thing with sleeves" called by ancient literati is (fan). Ancient imperial examination The examinations are arranged in order and need to be passed (rural examinations, college examinations, palace examinations) Note 6 The following historical books that do not belong to the Twenty-Four Histories are (Shitong) The theory of the Five Mountains has been around since ancient times, among which Hengshan is called (Nanyue) Note 7 Ancient Geography The so-called "Yang" refers to (mountains to the south and water to the north). The "posthumous title" of the ancients refers to (the title used exclusively by emperors). The four major arts in ancient my country refer to (chess, music, painting and calligraphy). The emergence of what people call "Sanfu" In the lunar calendar (June), the following belong to the twelve earthly branches: (noon) Note 8 The ancients used "the six animals are prosperous" to describe the prosperity of the family, among which the six animals refer to (pig, horse, cow, sheep, dog, chicken). Moving to the left refers to (demotion) Note 9 The "humble house" that the ancients said refers to (one's own house). The four books in the "Four Books and Five Classics" are (The Analects of Confucius and Mencius Zhongyong University). After the construction of the Great Wall, the "pass" in the saying "inside and outside the pass" refers to (Shanhaiguan). In ancient times, "Shangyuan" "Festival" refers to (Lantern Festival) Note 10 The ancient "Double Ninth Festival" refers to (the ninth day of the ninth lunar month) What is drunk on the Double Ninth Festival is (chrysanthemum wine) The ancient saying "Xinruan" refers to (money) 1:00 to 3:00 a.m. 00 was called (Bing night) in ancient times. The second watch in ancient times was equivalent to the current (1-3 o'clock). In ancient my country, it was next.
5. Common knowledge of ancient Chinese culture
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Summary directory of common knowledge about ancient Chinese culture: 1. Titles of people 2. Ancient officials 3. Astronomy and calendar 4. Ancient geography 5. Imperial examination system 6. Customs and etiquette 7. Use of eating utensils 8. Music and entertainment 9. Literary and historical classics 10. Catalog dictionaries 11 Ancient military system 1. Addressing people There are roughly three situations in which people refer to themselves by name: (1) Claiming their given name or given name. For example, "Within five steps, Xiangru will be able to splatter blood on his neck," and "Luling Wen Tianxiang prefaces his poem by himself." (2) Used for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su both went to Sun Quan", "Liu Jingting was a native of Taizhou". (3) Call someone you hate or despise. For example, "Unfortunately, Master Lu and Meng Gou were evil in the front, and Jia Yuqing was flattering in the back." The ancients named the names when they were young, and then picked them up as adults (20 years old for men and 15 years old for women). There is a meaningful connection between the words and the names. The name is for the convenience of others, and it is out of politeness and respect for peers or seniors. For example, Qu Ping is called Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is called Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is called Tao Yuanliang, Li Bai is called Li Taibai, Du Fu is called Du Zimei, Han Yu is called Han Tuizhi, Liu Zongyuan is called Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is called Ouyang Yongshu, and Sima Guang is called Farewell. Number, table number. The fundamental difference between a name, a given name and a nickname is that the former is chosen by the father or elders, while the latter is chosen by oneself. A nickname is generally only used for self-proclaiming to show a certain interest or express a certain emotion; it is also a respectful title for a person. For example: Tao Qian No. 5. Posthumous titles. In ancient times, the titles added to princes, generals, ministers, senior officials, and famous scribes after their death were called posthumous titles. For example, Tao Yuanming is called Jingjie Zhengshi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhonggong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Fan Wenzhenggong, Wang Ao is Wang Zhongsu Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Zhongyi Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong. male. And calling the treacherous minister Qin Hui Miao Chou is an "evil posthumous title". Calling a house by its name means calling it by its house number or room number.
For example, the name of Yang Wanli's house in the Southern Song Dynasty is Chengzhai, and people call it Yang Chengzhai; The most prominent object being described.
Its nicknames can be divided into: (1) Because the first moon looks like a hook, it is called silver hook or jade hook. (2) Because the crescent moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow or bow moon.
(3) Because the full moon is like a wheel, a disk, or a mirror, it is called a gold wheel, a moon wheel, a silver disk, a jade disk, a gold mirror, or a jade mirror. (4) Because it is said that there are rabbits and toads in the middle of the moon, it is called Silver Rabbit, Jade Rabbit, Golden Toad, Silver Toad, and Toad Palace.
(5) Because it is said that there is a laurel tree in the moon, it is called laurel moon, laurel wheel, laurel palace and laurel soul. (6) Because it is said that there are two palaces, Guanghan and Qingxu, in the middle of the moon, they are called Guanghan and Qingxu.
(7) Because it is said that Wangshu, the god who drives the moon, is called Wangshu, the moon is called Wangshu. (8) Because it is said that Chang'e lives in the middle of the moon, the moon is called Chang'e.
(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan. China is now the abbreviation of the People's Republic of China.
But in ancient literature it is an ambiguous phrase. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was often used to refer to the Central Plains region.
For example, Mencius's "The Matter of Qi Huan and Jin Wen": "Come to China to appease the four barbarians." Sima Guang's "Battle of Chibi": "If you can compete with China with the people of Wu and Yue, it is better to fight with them early "Driving Chinese scholars far across the rivers and lakes." In ancient China, the Chinese people lived in the Yellow River Basin, so it was called "China" and was later often used to refer to the Central Plains area. .
For example, "Three Kingdoms": "It is connected to China in the east and the Western Regions in the west." It has now become another name for China.
Jiuzhou is the legendary nine administrative regions divided into my country in ancient times. The state names are: Ji, Yan, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang, and Yong. Later it became another name for China.
Lu You's poem says: "I know everything is in vain after I die, but I am sad that all nine states are not the same." "On the Passage of Qin" "Prefaces the eight states and dynasties are in the same row." Qin lived in Yongzhou, and the eight states were added to the nine states.
Zhongyuan is also called Zhongtu and Zhongzhou. The Central Plains in a narrow sense refers to the area around present-day Henan Province, and the Central Plains in a broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the entire Yellow River Basin.
For example, "Departure of the Army": "When the prize is awarded, lead the three armies to the north and settle in the Central Plains." Lu You's poem "Showing Children": "On the day when the king's army goes to the north to settle in the Central Plains, he will not forget to tell the old man when he makes family sacrifices."
Refers to the entire Yellow River Basin. Hai Nei Ancient legend says that my country’s territory is surrounded by the sea, so it is called Hai Nei.
Wang Bo's "Du Shaofu's Appointment to Shuzhou": "A bosom friend in the sea is as close as a neighbor to the end of the world." Sima Guang's "Battle of Red Cliff": "There is chaos in the sea, and the general raises troops to Jiangdong."
See the "Overseas" section for the four seas. Refers to the world, the whole country.
For example, Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin" "has the meaning of sweeping the world, encompassing the universe, and encompassing the four seas." "The Battle of Chibi": "Then Jingzhou was defeated, and the power spread all over the world."
"Afang Palace Fu": "After the six kings finished, the four seas -." "The Tombstone of Five People": "The four seas are so big, How many people are there? "Liuhe up and down and four directions, generally refers to the world.
For example, "Passing the Qin Dynasty, Lun Kuang acted as supreme and conquered Liuhe", "Then Liuhe was his home, and Di Han was his palace." Li Bai's poem "Ancient Style": "The king of Qin swept Liuhe, how majestic the tiger is! "The Eight Wildernesses. The far-flung places in all directions are still called "the world".
"Guo Qin Lun": "It encompasses the meaning of the four seas and swallows up the heart of the Eight Wildernesses. "Liang Qichao's "Young China Theory": "Throughout the ages, there will be eight shortages. "
Rivers. Many ancient articles specifically refer to the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "Generals fight in Henan, and ministers fight in Hebei. "
"On Passing the Qin Dynasty": "Then practice Huahua City, because the river is a pond. "The Battle of Yao": "The Duke sent Yang Chufu to pursue him and reach the rivers. "
Another example is "The Tomb of the First Tomb in Hangzhou, the River is Wide and Deep" in "The Essay on Sisterhood", where "jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "river" refers to the canal. The left side of the river is the east of the river.
The ancients regarded the east as the left and the west as the right. "The Heroes Meet Jiang Qianzhong": "Immediately, I sent an order to summon the heroes from Jiangzuo to meet Ziyi.
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Jiangbiao The area south of the Yangtze River. "Battle of Chibi": "Jiangbiao is a hero, and Xian surrenders to him. "
Jiangnan is the general name for the south of the Yangtze River, and the area it refers to varies from time to time. Bai Juyi's poem goes: "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery is familiar to me. "
Wang Anshi's poem goes: "The spring breeze is green again on the south bank of the river. When will the bright moon shine on me again?" "Huaizuo is east of the Huai River.
"Yangzhou Slow" "Huaizuo is the famous capital and the best place in Zhuxi", Yangzhou is east of the Huai River. Shandong, as its name implies, is to the east of the mountain.
However, it should be noted that the "mountain" in "Shandong" can refer to several different mountains such as Mount Wei, Mount Huashan, Mount Taihang, Mount Tai, etc., and the regions they refer to are not the same. Below, Mount Mount is used as the example. The standard "Shandong".
For example, the "Book of Han" once mentioned that "Shandong gave birth to prime ministers, and Shanxi made generals." "Hongmen Banquet" said: "When Pei Gong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for wealth. "
"On Passing the Qin": "The heroes of Shandong then joined forces and destroyed the Qin clan. "Guandong refers to the area east of Hanguguan or Tongguan in ancient times, and refers to the northeastern region east of Shanhaiguan in modern times.
Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Guandong who raise troops to fight against the evil. "Refers to the area east of Tongguan.
Guanxi refers to the area west of Hanguguan or Tongguan. "Battle of Chibi": "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Guanxi to deal with future troubles. "
Guanzhong refers to different scopes. The ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wanted to be the king of Guanzhong and made Ziying his prime minister. "
"On Passing the Qin Dynasty": "The First Emperor's heart was that he thought Guanzhong was solid. "The Western Regions were called my country's Xinjiang and its western regions in ancient times.
"Yandang Mountains": "According to the Book of the Western Regions, Arahat Nuojuluo lived in Longqiu, Furong Peak, Yandang Mountains, on the southeast coast of Sinian. "Shuo Mo refers to the desert in the north. It can also be called "Shuo" alone, which refers to the north in general.
"Collecting Herbs": "Shuo Mo is full of peaches and plums. "Mulan Poems": "The new energy spreads to the golden watch, and the cold light shines on the iron clothes." "
Shuoqi refers to the wind from the north. "Lin Jiaotou Fengxue Mountain Temple" "Still coming back against the Shuofeng" refers to the north wind.
Baiyue is also called Baiyue, Zhu Yue. In ancient times, the Yue people lived in various parts of Guangdong, and were collectively referred to as Baiyue.
In ancient texts, "Guo Qin Lun" "takes the land of Baiyue from the south" and "Gathering Herbs". "The more you go, the more peach and plum trees will grow."
The five famous mountains are collectively called Dongyue Mountain, Xiyue Mountain, Zhongyue Mountain, Beiyue Mountain, and Nanyue Mountain. The five mountains cover Chicheng. "
Gyeonggi capital and its surrounding areas. "The Anecdotes of Zuo Zhongyi Gong": "The ancestor Zuo Zhongyi studied in Gyeonggi Province. "
Sanfu originally referred to the three officials who governed the Gyeonggi region during the Western Han Dynasty, and later referred to the areas under the jurisdiction of these three officials. "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "Heng Shao was good at literature and traveled in Sanfu. "
"Record of Wang Zhongsu Gong Ao's Affairs": "The Duke's daughter married to the wife of an official in Jifu. "After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was referred to as "Fu".
Sanqin refers to the Guanzhong area west of Tongguan. Xiang Yu destroyed Qin.