Deng Tuo
In the past, you could often see pamphlets such as "reading skills" and "writing skills" in bookstores. What's in it is worthless, just to deceive people. However, some readers are eager to save effort and refuse to work hard. When they saw these secrets, they were filled with joy, and the result was bound to be fooled. Now this secret is probably gone.
Scholars who have really learned something all the time don't know any secrets. Even if you ask him, he can't say it. Wu himself, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, made a study charter, which read:
"The ancients reading, all must concentrate on, not out of the portal. With such painstaking efforts, we can lay some foundations and move forward. If you work or drop out of school, it will be cold. Although you have been studying for a hundred years, I have not seen it. "
In this academic discipline, except for the "home" attitude, it is not worth promoting, and it is generally a good opinion. That's true. No matter what you study, as long as you concentrate, work hard and persist in your efforts, you will certainly gain something. What I fear most is that I can't persist in my study and research, and then I will relax after a while. This is the state of "work or drop out of school, one violence and ten cold", which must be overcome.
This learning rule was very popular as early as the Song Dynasty. For example, Chen Shan wrote in his book New Words of Ammonium Tick:
"Read in and out. When you start, you should look for it, and then you should look for it. See xian Si Qi, this into calligraphy; Very useful. It's calligraphy. I can't get into the book, I don't know the intentions of the ancients; If you can't publish a book, you will die in words. Only when you know what you know, you have to do your best to study. "
Looking at this passage from the current perspective, you may think that his views are very common. However, we should know that Chen Shan was born in the Xichun period of the Southern Song Dynasty, that is, in the second half of the12nd century. At that time, he was able to put forward such a clear proposition, which was also commendable. He advocates reading living books instead of dead books, that is, knowing what he has learned; We should understand the spirit and essence of ancient works, instead of memorizing some words. That is to say, we should understand that ancient people were cautious and should not die in words. Not only that, he also opposed the tendency to read for the sake of reading. He advocates that reading should be practical and flexible, which is the so-called "thoroughness". Don't you think his idea is anti-dogmatic?
Among the representatives of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, Lu Jiuyuan's reading experience also has some merits. "Lu Xiangshan's Quotations" wrote: "It's not too late to study flat today." Then, he quoted the following poem:
"Reading is in a hurry and swimming is interesting; If you don't know, you may wish to put it down and need to think urgently. "
This is the meaning of the so-called "reading without seeking a very good solution". Originally, I said that I didn't really want to understand this book, but I advocated putting down the difficult places first and not being persistent. Maybe after reading the context, you will understand the difficult part; If you still don't understand, you'll have to explain it later. This meaning seems particularly useful to our young readers now.
As for reading with a critical eye, we should take its essence and discard its dross, but ancient scholars did not have the courage to put forward this proposition. In ancient times, there was only one carpenter who didn't have a chance to study, and there were similar ideas sprouting. This man is LUN Ping of Qi State. Press Zhuangzi? "Heaven" records: "Huan Gong studies after class, and the wheels are flat and round after class. He let out his spine and chiseled it up. He asked Huan Gong, "What are you reading? "Gong Yue: The words of a saint. Say: Do saints care? Gong said: I am dead. Say: However, if you are a scholar, the scum of the ancients are married! " Then, Lun Ping also introduced his own productive labor experience. Although his words are inevitably one-sided, they should not deny all so-called "saints"; However, he opposed reading the dross of the ancients and stressed that it was unique to learn from productive labor.
Fundamentally speaking, our attitude and methods of reading now are nothing more than that. What are these secrets? If you must tell a secret, don't say that a secret is a secret.
Note, penultimate paragraph, first sentence.
Lu Xun's "takenism" also means to get rid of its dross and take its essence, but these eight words are not clearly written. There is also an article by Li Deshun, "Take its essence and discard its dross".