Shangshu Province
One of the highest central government agencies from the Wei, Jin to Song Dynasties in China. It was first named Shangshutai and later Shangshu Province. It was developed by Shangshu, the secretariat of the emperor of the Han Dynasty. In the Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty, Shangshu was an official of the Shaofu, a minister serving beside the emperor. Together with Shang Guan, Shang Yi, Shang Shi, Shang Yu and Shang Xi, they were collectively called the Six Shang, because they were in charge of sending and receiving in the palace ( or inspired) documents and kept pictures and books, so it was called Shangshu.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the Shangshutai had officially separated from the Shaofu and became the gathering place for national government affairs. Because its authority increased, it aroused the suspicion of the supreme ruler, so the supreme ruler began to deprive it of its power. When Cao Cao was the king of Wei, he set up a secretarial order and ordered the minister to report matters. During the reign of Emperor Wei Ming, the post of Zhongshu Supervisor and Order Officer were full-time. As a result, there was a Zhongshu Province outside the Shangshutai, and the ministers who were originally the emperor's attendants gradually became important positions involved in secrets. The Shangshutai no longer had the exclusive position of being an official. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the power of recording ministers was gradually divided, and sometimes three or four people recorded ministerial affairs. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of the Song Dynasty, Xiao Jianzhong, in order to prevent the ministers from becoming too powerful, he omitted the post of recording the minister, and it was not often abandoned in the future.
After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, the sixteen kingdoms established in the north, with the exception of Qianliang and Xiliang, which were located far away from Jiangnan Zhengshuo and did not establish a ministerial office, the rest of the regimes all had official positions such as Shangshuling, Pushe, and Shangshu. . The Northern Wei Dynasty came from the Xianbei tribe and had a system of tribal leaders meeting to decide matters. Emperor Daowu of the Wei Dynasty Tuoba Gui defeated the Later Yan Dynasty. In the first year of the emperor's reign (396), he imitated the Wei and Jin Dynasties and established the Shangshu Stand with thirty-six Cao. The Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty inherited the Northern Wei Dynasty, but the power of the Shangshu was heavier. During the Western Wei Dynasty, Yuwentai was in power as Daxingtai.
The organization of Daxingtai is slightly the same as that of Shangshu Province, with servants, ministers, ministers, ministers, etc. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Jian, proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Zhou Dynasty. In the first year of Kaihuang (581), he restored the Shangshu Province and made it the highest administrative institution in the country worthy of its name. Following the Sui system, the Tang Dynasty also had three provinces (Shangshu, Menxia, ??and Zhongshu) co-located. The Shangshu was responsible for all provinces and was the central organization for national administration. In the late Tang Dynasty, Shangshu Province was no longer in name only. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the organizational system of Shangshu Province was still retained in form, but the power was not vested, and the ministers did not manage affairs. The power was used to express salary and rank, and there was no other purpose. The system of Shangshu Province existed in name only. Liao and Jin had Shangshu Province, which was basically the same as the Song system. After the Yuan Dynasty, the Shangshu Province was abolished.
The organization of the Shangshu Province was finalized in the Sui Dynasty. The Shangshu were all named after the Ministry, while the Langguan was named after the Division. There are six departments including the Ministry of Personnel, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Punishment, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and the Ministry of Industry, and 24 departments including the Ministry of Personnel and the Lord.