1. The Biography of Du Ya in Volume 96 of the Old Tang Book
Du Ya
Du Ya, whose courtesy name was Cigong, claimed to be from Jingzhao. He has dabbled in learning since he was a child, and is good at talking about the common sense of things and the successes and failures of past dynasties. In the early years of his reign, he presented secret memorials and discussed political affairs in Lingwu, and was appointed as the school secretary. This year. Du Hongjian was appointed as the governor of Hexi Province, and he was recruited as an official. He was appointed as a judge and censor many times. Later, he was called into the imperial court and served successively as a member of the four ministries: Gong, Hu, Bing, and Li. In the last years of Yongtai, Jiannan rebelled. Du Hongjian served as deputy marshal of Shan and Jian as prime minister, and appointed Du Ya and Yang Yan as judges. After returning from the mission, he was appointed as a doctor in the Ministry of Civil Affairs and an admonishing official; Yang Yan was appointed as a doctor in the Ministry of Rites, in charge of imperial edicts, and as a member of Zhongshu Sheren. Du Ya believed that he was capable of taking on important responsibilities. Although he was an admonishing doctor, he felt dissatisfied. Li Qijun was favored, and Shi Lun believed that he would definitely become prime minister, so Du Ya stepped up to make friends with him. Yuan Zai was convicted, and Du Ya, Liu Yan, Li Han and other seven people interrogated him. The day after Yuan Zai died. Du Ya was promoted to the envoy of Shizhong and Hebei. Prime Minister Chang Gun also disliked Du Ya. More than a year later, Du Ya served as the governor of Hongzhou, the censor Zhongcheng, and the observation envoy of Jiangxi Tuan training.
As soon as Dezong succeeded to the throne, he actively recruited talents and ordered eunuchs and envoys to recall Duya. Du Ya himself guessed that he must have been recalled to serve as prime minister, so he traveled on the road and talked with people many times on the road about serving as prime minister. Some people in the area asked him for help with official matters, and Du Ya agreed to them one by one. After arriving, the emperor heard a little about it and felt unhappy. In addition, the answers given in the memorial were brief and not precise, so he was appointed as the observation envoy and transshipment envoy to Shaanxi Province. Soon he was promoted to the defense observation envoy of Hezhong, Jin, Jiang and other prefectures. Yang Yan became prime minister, Liu Yan was convicted, and Du Ya was implicated and convicted and was demoted to the governor of Muzhou.
In the early years of Xingyuan, he was called into the court and served as Minister of the Ministry of Punishment. He served as the governor of Yangzhou, concurrently as the censor, and as the observing envoy of Huainan Festival. At that time, after Chen Shaoyou imposed heavy taxes and spent extravagantly, coupled with the recent plunder by Wang Shao's rebel army, the people of Huainan were looking forward to Du Ya's arrival, eradicating the old abuses, and hoping to restore peace. Du Ya believed that his talents should make him a candidate for the three ministers, and he was very dissatisfied when he served as a foreign official one after another. Most of the political affairs were left to the staff and assistants, and he only invited guests and talked about them blindly. The Guanhe River in Yangzhou was silted up and water transportation was blocked. In addition, the scholar-bureaucrats and businessmen living abroad often occupied the main transportation roads to build residences, causing crowds of passing merchants. Du Ya then opened up dredging, and the government and private parties benefited from it. However, he was still too extravagant. It is a custom in the south of the Yangtze River that there is a game of boat racing in the spring. The arks advance together, and the one who advances quickly and reaches it first is the winner. Du Ya then ordered the bottom of the boat to be coated with paint. He only valued the speed of the boat. He also made clothes from Luo Qi, greased them with oil, and ordered the boatman to put them on so that they would not get wet in the water. Du Ya was originally a scholar, but he was so extravagant. Soon the court heard about it.
In the fifth year of Zhenyuan, Bao Xi, the Minister of Household Affairs, was appointed as the Huainan Jiedushi to replace Du Ya. Du Ya also relied on his past to gain fame, and Bao Zhan was very afraid of him. Soon after, Du Ya was appointed as the Shangshu of the Ministry of Education and Libu, and also in charge of the Shangshu of the capital to save trouble. He also served as the left-behind and defense envoy of the Eastern Capital. After suffering from wind paralysis, he still proposed to make profits to consolidate his favor, and petitioned to reclaim the land in the garden as a camp field to supply military rations to reduce the annual supply. The emperor agreed. But Du Ya did not arrange it himself, only leaving it to the judges Zhang Jian and Yang Hu. At first, the petition requested that wasteland be used as camp fields. The land in the garden that could be cultivated had been cultivated by the eunuchs and soldiers of Shudu Liusi before that. Duya was anxious, so he loaned the miscellaneous money from the army to the people in the suburbs at interest. Whenever there was a harvest, he ordered the soldiers to send more bullock carts into the countryside to collect the crops harvested by the people and transport them back to the carts. Most of the people's homes were deprived of food, and they had no food to pay taxes. They even had no food at home, so they fled in large numbers. So he bribed the eunuchs with generous gifts and asked them to report that Henan Yin had no political achievements. Du Ya then tried to serve as Henan Yin concurrently, but the matter failed. The emperor gradually came to know that he was deceitful, so he appointed Dong Jin, the Minister of Rites, to stay in Shudu in his place, and summoned Du Ya to return to the capital. After that, the wind disease became more serious, and he also suffered from ankle and knee diseases, so he could not go to court. In the 14th year of Zhenyuan, he died at home at the age of seventy-four. He was posthumously awarded the title of Prince Shaofu.
2. How to translate "Luo Tongzi Gongxu" in classical Chinese
Luo Tongzi Gongxu was a native of Wushang County, Kuaiji County.
His father, Luo Jun, became an official and became Prime Minister of the State of Chen, but was killed by Yuan Shu. Luo Tong's mother remarried and became Hua Xin's concubine. Luo Tong was eight years old at the time and returned to Kuaiji County with relatives and guests.
His mother saw him off, and he said goodbye to her and got into the car, facing forward without looking back. His mother was crying behind him. The driver said: "Madam is still there."
Luo Tong said: "I don't want to miss my mother any more, so I don't look back." He served his aunt with great respect.
There was a famine at that time, and many of his fellow villagers and guests from far away were living in poverty, so Luo Tong reduced his diet. His sister was kind and virtuous. After her husband died, she returned to her parents' home without a son. Seeing Luo Tong's behavior, she felt very sad for him and asked him many times why.
Luo Tong said: "The poor food of the scholar-bureaucrats is not enough. Why should I eat a full meal alone!" His sister said: "That's true. Why don't you tell me and embarrass yourself like this? ?" So he gave his personal food to Luo Tong and told his mother. His mother also thought that Luo Tong was virtuous, so she distributed alms, and Luo Tong became famous. Sun Quan concurrently served as the governor of Kuaiji as a general. Luo Tong was twenty years old and served as the prime minister of Wucheng on trial. There were more than 10,000 households in Wucheng and they all praised his benevolent governance.
Sun Quan admired him, recruited him as a meritorious officer, acted as a cavalry captain, and married his cousin Sun Fu's daughter to him. Luo Tong was determined to make up for the provincial inspection and help Sun Quan. Once he heard and saw something, he would not leave the night's affairs until dawn.
He often persuaded Sun Quan to respect and accept the wise men, and to work hard to explore the pros and cons of current affairs. On the days of feasts and rewards, he could have everyone come in separately, ask them about their living conditions, give them close affection, and induce edicts to let them speak. , examine their aspirations and interests, let them all be grateful and want to repay their kindness. Sun Quan adopted his advice.
He went out to serve as General Jianzhong, commanding three thousand military officials. After Ling Tong's death, he took command of Ling Tong's men.
At this time, there were heavy taxes and military service, coupled with the epidemic of plague, the number of people's households decreased. Luo Tong wrote in a memorial: "I heard that the king of a country regards occupying the territory as a sign of wealth and power, so as to form a prestige. Reward and punishment are nobility, virtue and righteousness are the glory, and the eternal inheritance of the country is blessing. However, wealth needs to be produced by the people, strength depends on the strength of the people, dignity depends on the power of the people, happiness comes from the reproduction of the people, virtue expects the prosperity of the people, and morality comes through. Only the common people can implement it and have all the six points, and then comply with the destiny, inherit the blessings, preserve the clan, and benefit the country.
"Shangshu" said: "The people cannot be relaxed and peaceful without the king, and the king cannot live in peace without the people." It can be inferred that the people must rely on the king to achieve peace, and the king must rely on the people to accomplish great things. This is an unchanging law.
Nowadays, powerful enemies have not been eliminated, and there is no peace in the four seas. The three armies have endless military service, the borders of the Yangtze River are constantly guarded, and taxes have been fine-tuned and arduous. It has been nearly twelve years since the beginning, and coupled with the plague and death, the counties and counties are empty and the fields are barren. The number of households is gradually decreasing, and many of them are old, weak, sick and disabled, and there are few middle-aged men. From the day I heard the news, I was very anxious and thought about the reason. The common people have no knowledge and have the character of settling in the local area and attaching great importance to migration. , and there are also people who have gone abroad to serve as soldiers. They live in poverty and have no food and clothing. After death, their bodies are discarded and cannot be sent back. Therefore, they are especially fond of their hometown and are afraid of going far away, and regard going far away as if they are dead.
Every time. When there is a recruitment, the poor and heavy-duty people are transported first. Those who have a little money spend all their savings on bribes, and the rash and brave people flee to dangerous areas. , form groups to do evil. The people are weak and depleted, hungry and restless. If they are worried and restless, they will not engage in industry. Failure to engage in industry will lead to poverty. If they lead to poverty, they will not have fun in life. Therefore, if they are hungry, their evil thoughts will stir up and they will rebel. There are more.
I also heard that among the people, most of the people who were able to live a somewhat self-sufficient life gave birth to sons without raising them. There were also many poor soldiers in the field who abandoned their sons and gave birth to them. My parents killed them. I was afraid that this would violate the peaceful atmosphere and disturb the yin and yang of the world.
Moreover, His Highness established a foundation and established a country. This is an endless undertaking. Powerful enemies from neighboring countries cannot be eliminated at once. Yes, the long-term defense of the border is not a defense for a few months, and the army and the people are reduced, and those born later are not raised. This is not something that can last for a long time and achieve success.
Any country with people is like a boat in the water. When it is calm, it is stable, and when it is turbulent, it is dangerous. Although the people are ignorant, they cannot deceive, and although they are weak, they cannot oppress. Therefore, a wise monarch values ??the people, and the country's fortunes and blessings depend on them, so he has a good attitude towards the people. Be relaxed and observe the current situation to decide policies.
Today's local governors, who are close to the people, only focus on completing tasks and focusing on responding to immediate emergencies. Very few can manage with kindness, which is in line with the benevolence and righteousness of the palace as if it were covered by heaven. , a kind person who diligently cares for the people. The customs of the government, politics and the people are becoming increasingly corrupt and declining, and they are bound to not last long.
Diseases should be treated when they are not serious, and the best way to eliminate disasters is before they are serious. I hope that Your Highness will use his spare time from busy government affairs to pay attention to the province, make up for the shortcomings in recovery, and be far-sighted. , take care of the remaining people, increase the financial resources, shine with the sun, moon and stars, and be as noble as heaven and earth. This is Chen Luo Tong's greatest wish, which is enough to make him immortal.
Sun Quan was moved by Luo Tong's words and paid special attention to them. Luo Tong was promoted to partial general because he accompanied Lu Xun to defeat the Shu army in Yidu.
In the early years of Huang Wu, Cao Ren attacked Ruxu and sent general Chang Diao and others who were not the main force to attack Zhongzhou. Luo Tong and Yan Gui fought together and defeated him. Luo Tong was granted the title of Marquis of Xinyangting, and later was appointed governor of Tuanxu.
He repeatedly stated his opinions that were beneficial to current affairs and submitted dozens of letters. What I said are all good things. There are too many words so I can’t record them all.
In particular, he believed that the practice of collecting money promoted evil among the people, corrupted customs, and fostered renunciation and rebellious thoughts, and should be stopped immediately. Sun Quan discussed with him repeatedly and finally implemented his ideas. Luo Tong was thirty-six years old and died in the seventh year of Huang Wu.
Luo Tong (193-228), courtesy name Gongxu, was born in Wushang, Kuaiji (now Yiwu, Zhejiang). A general and scholar of Wu State during the Three Kingdoms period.
The son of Chen Guoxiang Luo Jun. There are ten volumes. 3. Translation of the classical Chinese text "Du Shenyan, whose courtesy name is BiJian"
Original text of the classical Chinese text:
Du Shenyan, whose courtesy name is BiJian, was a native of Xiangyang, Xiangzhou, and a descendant of Yuyuan, the general of Jin Zhengnan. He was promoted to Jinshi and became a lieutenant in Xicheng. He relied on his talent and pride to see his illness. Su Weiwei was appointed as the Minister of Tianguan. I will die of shame." Another person said: "My article should be the official of Qu and Song Dynasty, and my pen should be the north of Wang Xizhi." His temperament is like this. Tired of moving to Luoyang, he was demoted to Jizhou Sihu to join the army. Sima Zhou Jizhong and Sihu Guo Ruona were found guilty and imprisoned for execution. Ji Zhong and others were drinking heavily. Shen Yanzi was thirteen years old. He stabbed Ji Zhong in his seat with his sleeve blade, killing them on both sides. Ji Chong was about to die and said: "Shen Yan has a filial son, but I don't know it. If he is careless, he misleads me." Shen Yan was dismissed from office and returned to the Eastern Capital. Su (Ting Ye) was injured and Xiao Lie was killed and his tomb was visited. Liu Yunji offered sacrifices to him in writing. Empress Wu summoned the judge to use it, and asked, "Do you like it?" At the beginning, Shen Yan was seriously ill. Song Zhiwen, Wu Ping and other ministers responded, "It's because of the fate of the children that I have to suffer. What can I say? However, I have been here for a long time, and now I am dead. It is a great relief, but I hate to see a substitute." Yun said. Shao, together with Li Qiao, Cui Rong and Su Weiwei, were the four friends of the article, and they were known as "Cui Li Sudu". ("New Book of Tang·Biography of Du Shenyan" and "Biography of Talented Scholars of the Tang Dynasty")
Translation:
Du Shenyan, whose characters must be simple, was born in Jingzhao. They are descendants of Du Yu in the Western Jin Dynasty. In the first year of Xianheng, he and Song Shoujie, the champions of Song Dynasty, were promoted to Jinshi and were appointed as captains of Xicheng County. Shen Yan excels others by virtue of his talents, is arrogant and is hated by everyone. When Su Weiwei was appointed Tianguan's minister, Shen Yan once participated in the pre-selection trial of officials. After he came out, he asked others, "Su Weiwei will die." Those who heard this were shocked and asked why. Shen Yan replied: : "He should die of shame when he sees my verdict." Shen Yan also said: "My articles made Qu Yuan and Song Yu's Fu also become subordinates, and my calligraphy made Wang Xizhi his students." His pride and arrogance Just like this. Later, Shen Yan was convicted and demoted to Jizhou Sihu to join the army. When Wu Zetian recalled him and prepared to reuse him, she asked him: "Are you happy?" Shen Yan danced to express her gratitude. Empress Wu ordered him to compose a "Poetry of Joy". The poem was written to the satisfaction of Empress Wu, and he was appointed as a writer. Later, he served as a direct bachelor of Xiuwenkan until his death. When Shenyan was seriously ill at first, Song Zhiwen and Wu Pingyi visited him. He said to them: "I have suffered so much from the children of creation, what else can I say! But when I am alive, I will always let you out." No end.
Now I'm about to die, but I regret that I can't find anyone to replace me! "When Shen Yan was young, he was as famous as Li Qiao, Cui Rong, and Su Weiwei, and was called the "Four Friends of Articles". 4. The classical Chinese text "Tang Ke Zhuan" was translated by Tang Ke, courtesy name Qinsou
Reference translation< /p>
Tang Ke, named Qinsou, lost his father at the age of four. He cried sadly when he heard about his father. With the emperor's reward, he was transferred to the county captain of Chen County. A common man was killed but his body was not found. The officials arrested his neighbor and forced him to admit that he was the murderer. The county magistrate thought it was true. Tang Ke argued for the man, but the magistrate said: "If the defense is wrong, you will be implicated. . Ke said: "I am a county captain and cannot catch the murderer, so why should I let innocent people die?" "I personally went out to visit and search, and someone came to report at night. The body was found at dawn, and the murderer was caught. When he was the magistrate of Yuci, there was a son of a wealthy gentry in the county who dominated the countryside, gathered fugitives, harbored treacherous people, and refused to pay. Regarding taxes, no one before or after the county magistrate dared to ask him. Tang Ke enlightened him with good words, and he realized and regretted himself (or "awakened to regret himself"), changed his original behavior (or "forced himself to restrain himself, and changed his original intention") and became a person. A person with a kind and honest temper. During the Daguan period, Tang Ke was appointed as a field official. He held a talisman to recruit the barbarians. The barbarians began to be afraid of suspicion and wore armor under their clothes to greet him. Tang Ke ordered dozens of guards to withdraw, leaving only one person. Go alone. When the Yi people saw it, they shouted happily and dropped their weapons to obey the order.
He was transferred to Cangzhou. The Yellow River burst its embankment and flooded the city. Tang Ke went to the city to rush for repairs. Meng Changling was furious and impeached him, but Tang Ke was unmoved. , and worked harder to control the flood. The flood receded and Cangzhou City was preserved. The emperor issued an edict to commend him.
In the early years of Jingkang, the Jin soldiers invaded Bianliang. Li Bangyan recommended Tang Ke and was awarded the Privy Council position of Tongzhi. After arriving, he was appointed as the Minister of Zhongshu. In August of this year, he was appointed as the Shaozai and the Minister of Zhongshu. However, Tang Ke did not have a big plan to save the world. When the invasion came, they asked for the cession of three towns. Tang Ke summoned the ministers of the court to discuss and believed that nine-tenths of the three towns should be ceded to Jin Bing. Tang Ke listened to their opinions and the envoys had already set off. At this time, the troops of King Qin from all walks of life were sent. As soon as they gathered around the capital, Tang Ke ordered them to stop advancing and return to the army. When the Jin soldiers forced the city, Tang Ke began to regret it and secretly said to the emperor: "The reason why the Tang Dynasty lost the capital and regained it repeatedly after the Tianbao Year." , it is the emperor who can call on all directions from outside. Now we should follow the old example of Jingde and leave the prince to stay in the capital, while Your Majesty, you move west to Luoyang, occupy Qinzhou and Yongzhou, and personally lead the people of the world to conquer, so as to strive to revive the country. "The emperor was about to follow his advice, but Yin Heli from Kaifeng came in and quoted Su Shi's point of view, saying that the Zhou Dynasty's miscalculation could not be more serious than moving eastward. The emperor suddenly realized it, changed his mind, and stamped his foot: "Now we should defend the country to the death. " He Li was promoted to the rank of minister, but Tang Ke's plan was not adopted.
Tang Ke followed the emperor to patrol the city, but was stopped and beaten by the people in the capital. Tang Ke was able to escape by galloping on his horse, so he stayed in The family requested to resign from the official position. Then the censor Hu Shunzhi impeached him and said: "Tang Ke's ingenuity is not enough to manage and plan border wars. He is only good at making friends with eunuchs. Now that the country is in an increasingly urgent situation, he cannot serve in this official position." "The emperor asked He Li to replace him as prime minister. 5. Classical Chinese translation of Xun You's courtesy name Gongda
When he died, his former subordinate Zhang Quan asked to guard Tan's tomb. Bar? "Xun Qu came to his senses, and asked Zhang Quan for the reason. Sure enough, he found out that he had committed a murder and fled to the world. Xun Qu therefore regarded Xun You as a different person. Later, the general He Jin came to power and recruited more than 20 famous people in the country such as Xun You. After arriving, he was appointed as the Minister of Huangmen. Later, Dong Zhuo rebelled and the princes east of Hulao Pass launched an attack, so Dong Zhuo was forced to move the capital to Chang'an. The cavalry captain Wu Qiong and others planned and said: Dong Zhuo is unethical, worse than Shang Zhou and Xia Jie in ancient times. Everyone in the world hates him. Although he is protected by strong soldiers, in fact he is just a Just a common man.
Now we should kill him to thank the people, and then occupy Yaoguan and Hangu Pass to assist the emperor in commanding the world. This is the same righteous act of Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin. "Later, when the matter was about to succeed, it was discovered that He Yong and Xun You were arrested and imprisoned. He Yong committed suicide out of fear of the crime, while Xun You talked and laughed freely and behaved as usual, just in time when Dong Zhuo died and was exonerated.
Cao Cao took the emperor to Xudu and made Xun You the governor of Runan. Cao Cao had known Xun You for a long time and was very happy to learn that he was coming to serve. , very powerful. Now that I have his help, there is nothing else in the world to worry about! "Cao Cao appointed Xun You as military advisor. In the third year of Jian'an, he asked Xun You to follow Zhang Xiu on the expedition. Xun You said to Cao Cao: "Liu Xiu and Liu Biao are closely related. Liu Xiu's army relies on the food and grass supplied by Liu Biao. If Liu Biao cannot maintain the food and grass, supply, the two of them are bound to rescue each other. Deliberately show weakness and lure one of them out to annihilate them; if the siege lasts for a long time, they will definitely come out of the city to rescue them. "But Cao Cao did not listen to Xun You's advice and went directly to attack Liu Xiu and fight with him. When Liu Xiu was in critical condition, Liu Biao led his army to rescue him. As a result, Cao Cao's army had a bad start. Cao Cao said to Xun You: "I regret not listening. Your advice. " Later, using Xun You's advice, he sent troops to attack Liu Xiu again and defeated Liu Xiu.
In the second year, Cao Cao led the army to attack Lu Bu and advanced to Xiapi. Lu Bu was defeated and retreated to Xiapi City. Cao Cao's The army could not attack for a long time because the soldiers were tired from the continuous battles. Cao Cao was about to give up the attack and return to Xudu. When morale is at its lowest. The morale of the three armies is already dominated by the general. If the general's fighting spirit is gone, let alone his army. Although Lu Bu's military advisor Chen Gong is also somewhat talented, it is too late. Lu Bu's morale has not yet recovered, and Chen Gongde's strategy has not yet been decided. Now we can attack Lu Bu's army with all our strength, and we will definitely defeat it. "Cao Cao's army diverted the Yishui and Si Rivers, flooding Xiapi, the city wall collapsed, and Lu Bu was defeated and captured.
Later Xun You rescued Liu Yan at Baima and used a strategy to kill Yan Liang. Xun You could tell His strategy was both offensive and defensive. Every time Cao Cao praised Xun You, he said: "Xun You looks stupid on the surface, but he is actually very smart. He can solve everything with his wisdom without using any strength. Yan Zi , Ning Wu can't compare with him. " 6. Classical Chinese, Feng Congwu, courtesy name Zhonghao,
Feng Congwu (1557~1627), courtesy name Zhonghao, alias Shaoxu, was a famous thinker and educator in Chang'an, Xi'an Prefecture (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). A famous scholar in the Ming Dynasty. He was a Jinshi in the 17th year of Wanli (1589), and became the minister of the Ministry of Industry. He founded the Guanzhong Academy and was known as the "Guanxi Master".
Feng Congwu was the fusion of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism and Lu Wang Xinxue in the Ming Dynasty. He was the master of the Tang Dynasty and the leader of the Donglin Party in the northwest.
While Feng Congwu was engaged in academic writing at home, he was also very keen on giving lectures. In order to promote his academic views and political opinions, he used the south gate of Xi'an City. The Baoqing Temple (today's Xi'an Academy Gate Primary School) was used as a lecture venue. Feng Congwu had many followers. Soon, the audience reached thousands. Even the local officials of Shaanxi in the Ming Dynasty came to listen to his lectures. People at the time said: "It is true." His reputation as a royal censor shocked the world; he became a great scholar when he retired, and his books were fragrant.
Baoqing Temple was a narrow place with small rooms, so it was difficult to hold lectures and teach for a long time. , Shaanxi Governor Wang Keshou, Inspector Li Tianlin and others followed Feng Congwu's wishes and allocated land in the Xiaoxi (West) Garden on the east side of Baoqing Temple to prepare for the construction of Guanzhong Academy.
The initial land area of ??Guanzhong Academy. Ten acres, the core building is "Yunzhi Hall", with six entrances and exits, a spacious space; green tiles and red pillars, solemn and solemn, it is a place for lectures and gatherings. Its name is taken from the sentence "Yunzhi Juezhong" in "The Doctrine of the Mean". There are four large rooms (classrooms) with four bays on the left and right of the hall, and six bays on the east and west rooms (dormitories). There is a half-acre square pond in front of the hall, with a pavilion and a stone bridge in it. There is a rockery behind the hall, named "Xiaohua". "Yue". They also planted various famous trees such as locust trees, pine, cypress, and plum trees. For a while, the pines were bright in the wind and the locust trees were fragrant and the lotuses were fragrant. "It transformed into a grand view." Three years later, the new chief envoy Wang Daoheng built another "Yue" at the back of the academy. "Sidao Zhongtian Pavilion" is dedicated to Confucius and collects Confucian classics. It was continuously repaired and expanded in later generations, and by the late Qing Dynasty it had reached considerable scale and became the largest high-level university in the northwest region.
Guan Xue was first founded by Zhang Zai in the Northern Song Dynasty. Later, due to the rise of Zhu Zixue, it gradually declined in the Southern Song Dynasty and Jin and Yuan Dynasties. However, in the Ming Dynasty, due to the efforts of Lu Jingye (Mu Ran) monarchs, it was revived. Guan studies then flourished, and in the late Ming Dynasty Feng Congwu was responsible for summarizing them. Congwu became the first person in Guanzhong after Jingye. Li Erqu said: "In the Guan school, Zhang Zi started it, and he took over the martial arts in Jingye. He came to Mr. (Shaoxu) and gathered them together, and the sect's style relied on it to flourish." ("Reply to Uncle Dong Jun", contained in "Erqu Ji", Vol. 17, Zhonghua Book Company 1996 edition) Therefore, when studying Guanxue in the Ming Dynasty, Feng Congwu’s thoughts cannot be bypassed. However, the academic lineage of Zhang Zai's Guan School, which was "based on ethics" and advocated Qi studies, changed several times after Zhang Zai's death. First, Zhu Lu graduated from the sect of Er Cheng, and later "Guanzhong people" were also "like Cheng Zi." Gate"; following the spread of Zhu Xi's studies to the north, Xu Luzhai spread Zhu Xi's ideas in the north, and people from Guanzhong, such as Gaoling Confucians, "singed with each other, and they all studied Zhu Xi." It is said that this is the beginning of Wang Xue in Guanzhong. After decades of dissemination, "Wang's studies are extremely prosperous". For example, Lu Jingye studied at Zhanganquan, and he learned from Zou Dongkuo (Shouyi), a disciple of Wang's family. This shows that many scholars in Guanzhong learned from their hearts. I learned from Xu Fuyuan (Jing Mian), and under his influence I not only focused on "investigating things" but also believed in "conscience", so I was able to "unify Cheng, Zhu, Lu, and Wang into one" (see "Bo Jingwei Xiaoxiao" above) "Knowledge", contained in "The Continuation of Guan Xue"), and embarked on his own academic path. Huang Zongxi listed Feng in the "Ganquan Academic Case", but the Guan Xuesong style of practicing and advocating integrity founded by Zhang Zai left a deep imprint on Congwu. Congwu faced an academic situation in which the empty and sparse academic style of the late Ming Dynasty was increasingly prevalent. Therefore, he took it as his own responsibility to remedy the shortcomings of the times, and formed his own independent academic style. He was the first to turn Western scholarship towards practical learning at the end of the Ming Dynasty. 7. Classical Chinese reading, Wen Tiren, courtesy name Changqing, a native of Wucheng,,,
Source: "History of the Ming Dynasty Volume 38·Biography 196·Treacherous Minister" Wen Tiren, courtesy name Changqing, a native of Wu Cheng people.
Jinshi in the 26th year of Wanli. He was promoted to a commoner and a good scholar, and was awarded the title of editor and editor.
Chongzhen first moved to Shangshu and assisted Zhan in managing government affairs. He is cautious on the outside, but he is a fierce bird of prey, and his intelligence is bone-piercing.
In the winter of the first year of Chongzhen, there was an imperial edict to recommend ministers to the cabinet. The minister, Zhou Yanru, summoned him to meet the purpose, but he couldn't reach it.
Tiren must be suspicious of the emperor's will, so he criticized Qianyi for accepting bribes, being a traitor and forming a clique, and improperly selected ministers. First, in the second year of Tianqi, Qianyi took charge of Zhejiang, and the scholar Qian Qianqiu was selected. The first text used a slang poem, with seven meanings at the end, to cover up the traitor.
Being picked by Gu Qiren in doing things, Qianyi also spontaneously does things. The law department guarded the Qianqiu and the traitors, took away the modest salary, and the case was settled for a long time.
When Tiren resumed his duties, the emperor was moved. The next day, he summoned all the ministers of the Ministry of Science and Technology to the Wenhua Hall to express their benevolence and humility.
Qianyi is not afraid of Tiren's criticism of himself, and his words are quite condescending, but Tiren is full of energy to slander Qianyi, and his words are like a spring. Yin Jin said: "The minister's position is not something that can be said about the official, but he can't push it." It is advisable not to speak up to avoid suspicion, but the safety of the clan depends on the divination ceremony. Qianyi formed a party and accepted bribes, and no one in the court dared to speak out. I can't bear to see the emperor isolated, so I have to speak up."
The emperor had long suspected that his court officials were party-building, and when he heard his benevolent words, he often praised them for their good deeds. However, everyone in power said that Qian Yi was not guilty, and officials and officials all gave Zhang Yunru a special role in the matter, and said: "The body is benevolent and eager to look forward to it. If Qian Yi needs to be corrected, why wait until today."
Tiren said: "Previously, modesty and benefit were all idle. Now we are correcting them. It is for the court to use people's ears carefully. If you accept the words of Confucianism, you are a true party."
The emperor was angry and ordered the Ministry of Rites to come forward. Qianqiu Juan, read the meaning, blame modesty and benefit, modesty and benefit lead to sin. He sighed and said: "I am a little benevolent, I have made several mistakes!" Then he scolded Yun Ru and ordered him to be imprisoned, and he also blamed all the ministers.
At that time, the ministers were helpless and benevolent. Du Yanru wrote: "Although the name of the meeting is public, there are only one or two people who preside over it. The rest of them dare not speak. If they speak, they will only cause trouble. And for the future. The matter has been settled, so there is no need to ask the ministers again."
The emperor immediately dismissed Qianyi and ordered him to discuss the crime. Among those who were allowed to serve as Confucians, Qu Shichun, Yu Shifang Kezhuang, etc., all sat modestly and benefited the party, but there were differences in their demotions.
He died. When Mao Jiuhua, the censor, impeached Tiren at home, he bought wood from a merchant. The merchant sued him and bribed Cui Chengxiu to avoid it. When he was trapped in Hangzhou, he built Ni Temple and wrote poems in praise of Wei Zhongxian.
The emperor asked the governor of Zhejiang to verify. Next spring, the censor Ren Zanhua also accused Tiren of marrying a prostitute, accepting money, and taking property from others.
The emperor was angry at his obscene words and demoted him to a higher rank. Tiren begged, because he said: "It is beneficial to be modest in comparison, and there will be hundreds of people who attack the ministers."
There is no one who favors the minister, and the minister can be seen in isolation. "The emperor again summoned the nine ministers of the cabinet to question him. Tiren argued with Jiuhua and Zanhua for a long time, saying that both of them were modest and helpful buddies.
The emperor thought so, so he summoned Han Xu, a great scholar, to convene. In the palace, I told my ministers not to worry about the country, but to attack each other privately, and to be strict with the law. I benevolent and strive to go to the emperor, and the emperor responded with an edict.
I have given it to the ancestor. Chong Ye, Nanjing Censor Qian Yunjing, and Nanjing Censor Shen Xizhao all discussed the matter of Tiren Zhonghui, and those who robbed the speech were party-minded, and the emperor would not listen. Sit down.
The imperial edict was reexamined, and Ti Ren's words and sentences were all written by Qian Yi.
So Qiao Yunsheng, the Secretary of the Ministry of Punishment, Cao Yubian, the Censor of Zuodu, and the Minister of Dali Temple. Kang Xinmin, Taipu Temple Minister Jiang Yunyi, Fu Cheng Wei Guangxu, Tao Chongdao, and imperial censors Wu Zong, Fan Shangjing, and Liu Tingzuo each commented: "I and others have governed for thousands of years, and there are thousands of people watching and listening, not just one hand and one mouthful." Can cover up. Physical benevolence takes care of bullying and seeking victory. "
"Ti Ren is seen in Bian and other poems, but it is no longer a profound discussion of Qianqiu matters, but only slandered by Bian and other party protectors. Qianyi sits on the stick and talks about redemption, while Jiuhua discusses Ti Renmei's poems , also died without Zuo experience.
At that time, Tiren rejected the ministers with selfish regrets, and refused to accept them. The emperor said that Tiren was isolated.
Not long after, Yanru entered the cabinet. In June of the next year, Tiren was appointed as the Minister of Rites and a bachelor of Dongge.
With the help of Yanru, Tiren became more powerful. , Wang Yongguang, the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, went and replaced him with Min Hongxue, a native of his hometown. Anyone who disagreed with him was discussed with the Ministry, and Tirenyin was appointed to protect his affairs.
He also used Yushi Shiqi and Gao Jie. Tang Shiji, the minister, and Zhang Jie, the deputy censor of the capital, were the confidants. They were afraid of Yan Ru being superior to him and thinking about him. At the beginning, the emperor killed Yuan Chonghuan, and Qian Longxi was involved in the matter.
Ti Ren. Together with Yanru and Yongguang, a great prison was about to be established. Liang Tingdong did not dare to let it go. The details of the incident were revealed in Long Xi's biography. Bilong Xijia was released from prison. Yanru said that it would be difficult to rescue the emperor in anger. Ti Ren then pretended: " The emperor is not very angry. "
Those who are good at dragons and tins are because of their poor Yanru. Later, the eunuchs Wang Kun and Chen Zanhua impeached Yanru one after another. They were helped by Ti Renmo, and Yanru was exempted from returning.
He Ru Chong, who entered the cabinet together with Yan Ru at the beginning, went to power after Qian Xiangkun was over the age of the year, but Ru Chong also left. >
Ru Chong said his words many times, and said to Huang Shaojie during the incident: "A gentleman and a villain do not stand side by side. If Ru Chong does not look forward, he is kind and considers himself." "The emperor relegated Shaojie to the outside world, and he was favored by his soldiers but could not be accepted, so Tiren became the first assistant.
Tiren and the emperor are very favored, which is beneficial to the horizontal, but the obstruction is deep. I want to recommend it, Yin If someone makes a start, he will follow suit.
He wants to be lenient and avoid it, which makes him angry.
Yao Ximeng was an official, and he wanted to move to Zhan Shi because of his talent. He was unwilling to force him, so he pretended to be a martial artist and took Ximeng's official position.
Luo Yuyi, the minister of the Ministry of Rites. , so he works with Ji Ming and Qian Yi to promote the ministers, and there is a saying in Hui Jin's sermon that "the left and right people are not able to win", which means that if you want to get rid of it, you can't stick to the meaning. Tiren impeached himself: "Every day, the rules and regulations are simplified, but the metaphors and meanings are refuted and changed, and the ministers cannot set an example. "The emperor ordered the officials to discuss it, and Hong Xue and others said: "The sage is so wise that he has so many words to explain the meaning. "
Yu Yi then dismissed and returned. At that time, Wei Zhongxian's remaining party hoped that Tiren would overturn the rebellion and attack Donglin.
Huilibu Shangshu and Zuodu Yushique, Tiren The minister of the Yin Dynasty, Zhang Jie, rebelled against Lu Chunru, and the emperor was very angry.
Jie Qi was depressed and Tiren did not dare to speak, so he recommended Xie Sheng and Tang Shiji. Huo Weihua was offended by his recommendation.
Weihua's recommendation is also a sign of benevolence. Naturally, benevolence does not dare to make accusations against the party, and the more he looks at those who do not follow him. Zhen Meng was ordered to lecture on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" and was ordered to enter the cabinet.
Ti Ren could not be discouraged, so he recommended his party to Zhang Zhifa. First, the Qin and Chu robbers proposed to set up governors of the five provinces. Peng Runan and Wang Qingbai, the ministers of the Ministry of War, were afraid to go, so they gave up the proposal. In Fengyang, Lu Weiqi, the Minister of War in Nanjing, and others decided to order Huaifu and Caojiang to move to the town, but Tiren did not use them. Now that the thieves have arrived, they burn the emperor's mausoleum.
Yu Qing said: "Tiren accepted bribes to protect his own interests. , causing trouble for the important place, using the imperial mausoleum as a desperate concern, shocking the original temple and damaging the country.
8. Full text translation of Gao Fengduxue's classical Chinese essays
Original text Gao Fengduxue Gao Feng, courtesy name Wentong, was from Nanyang.
When he was young, he was a scholar, and his family had a farm, so he devoted himself to reading day and night. The wife tastes the fields, exposes the wheat in the garden, and makes the phoenix protect the chickens.
It was raining heavily, and Feng was holding a pole and chanting sutras. Unconsciously, the water was flowing with wheat. His wife still asked strange questions, but Feng realized it. Later, he became a famous Confucian and taught in the Western Tang Mountains.
Translation Gao Feng, courtesy name Wentong, and his family make a living by farming. His wife once went to the fields to dry the wheat in the courtyard, and asked Gao Feng to keep an eye on the chickens (to prevent them from eating the wheat).
It suddenly rained that day. Gao Feng read Confucian classics with a bamboo pole, but did not realize that the wheat had been washed away by the water. After his wife came back, she blamed Gao Feng, and Gao Feng realized that the wheat had been washed away.
If you are satisfied, please click Accept in the lower right corner. If you are not satisfied, please ask. Your support is the motivation for my struggle.