Since ancient times, our country has used various names for infants, young, young, young, strong, middle-aged and old. It can be said that there are many names, elegant and interesting.
Under one year old - infancy 2 to 3 years old - child
Girl 7 years old - senior boy 8 years old - senior year
Children's general term - —General angle under 10 years old—Huangkou
13 to 15 years old—The year of dancing spoon 15 to 20 years old—The year of dancing elephant
12 years old (female)— —The age of 20 years old (male) - weak crown
13 years old (female) - the age of cardamom
15 years old (female) - the year of hairpin
16 years old (female) - the age of broken melons and the age of jasper
20 years old (female) - the age of peach and plum blossoms
24 years old (female) the age of flowers and letters
To get married - the year of plum blossom
To 30 years old (female) - half-old lady
30 years old (male) - the year of erli
40 years old (male) - the age of not being confused, the age of strength
50 years old - the age of over half a century, the age of knowing what is wrong, the age of knowing fate, the age of taking moxa, the age of great advancement
60 years old - sixty years old, flat-headed armor, the year of hearing success, the year of the country of the stick
70 years old - the year of the seventeenth century, the year of the country of the stick, the year of doing things, the year of political affairs
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80 years old - the year of the stick
80~90 years old - the age of the old man
90 years old and the year of the turtle
100 Sui——Qi Yi
Another name for age in ancient times
Zongjiao: refers to childhood.
The phrase comes from "The Book of Songs", such as "The Banquet of Zongjiao" in "Shi/Wei Feng/Meng", and "Zongjiao Xi" in "Qifeng/Futian". From now on, childhood will be called "General Corner". Preface to the poem "Rongmu" by Tao Yuanming: "The general horn hears the Tao, but his head is white and he has no success."
Cuiyou: refers to childhood.
In ancient times, boys had no crowns and their hair drooped, so the word "draped hair" was used to refer to childhood. Pan Yue's "Yutian Fu": "Being covered with brown ruffles, the hair is always hanging down."
Bound hair: refers to young people.
Generally refers to around 15 years old, when you should learn various skills. "Book of Rites of Dadai/Baofu": "Going to university with your hair tied up is a good way to learn great skills and to practice great ethics."
Chicken hairpin: refers to a 15-year-old woman.
The quote comes from "The Book of Rites/Nei Principles": "A woman... will have her hair tied in fifteen years." "Hip" refers to the knotting of hair and using a hairpin to tie it, indicating that one has reached the age of marriage.
Wai Nian: refers to a woman waiting to be married when she reaches adulthood, also known as "Wai Zi".
There is a saying in "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty/The Chronicles of Empress Cao" that "the young will wait for their years in the country". From now on, the age when a woman is waiting for marriage is called "waiting year". "Selected Works/Wen of the Song Dynasty, Emperor Wen of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Empress Yuan's Ai Ce Wen": "The love has been waiting for the new year, and the golden voice has been vigorous."
Weak crown: refers to a man who is 20 years old.
The saying comes from "Book of Rites/Qu Lishang" "Twenty means weak, crown". In ancient times, men held a crown ceremony when they were 20 years old, indicating that they had reached adulthood. One of the poems of Zuo Si's "Ode to History": "The weak crown plays the role of the soft man, and Zhuo Nao reads the group of books."
Erli: refers to 30 years old.
The phrase comes from "The Analects of Confucius/Wei Zheng" "Standing up at thirty". From now on, the age of thirty will be called the year of "erli". "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio/Changqing Monk": "A friend may go to his hometown to pay homage to this man, and see that he is silent and sincere, and is still young."
Buhuo: refers to 40 years old.
The phrase comes from "The Analects of Confucius/Wei Zheng" "No confusion at forty." From now on, "Buhuo" will be used as a proxy for the age of 40. Ying Can's "Reply to the Korean Constitution": "You are just one step old, and you are no longer confused."
Ai: refers to 50 years old.
The phrase comes from "Book of Rites/Qu Lishang" "Fifty Days Ai". In old age, the hair is as pale as moxa. Chapter 37 of "Popular Romance of the Republic of China": "...I am already in my late teens, what else can I be dissatisfied with?"
Sixty years old: refers to 60 years old.
It is named after the intricate names of the heavenly stems and earthly branches. Volume 66 of Ji Yougong's "Chronicles of Tang Poetry": "(Zhao Mu) Dazhong Xiantong Zhongxiao Li Changji wrote a short song, saying to the wine: 'Sixty flowers are moved with hands, and the circulation is like beads.'
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Ancient and rare: refers to 70 years old.
Du Fu's poem "Qujiang" is quoted: "Drinking debts are commonplace, but seventy years of life are rare in ancient times. "Also known as "Gu Xi".
Haoshou: Refers to old age, also known as "White Head".
"Book of the Later Han/Biography of Lu Qiang": "Therefore, Duan Ying, the Taiwei, was brave. In the crown world, he was accustomed to border affairs, bowed his hair and served in the army, and became a great leader. ”
Yellow hair: refers to a long-lived old man.
It comes from the "Book of Songs", such as "Yellow Hair Platform Back" in "Poetry/Lu Song/Gong". The old man's hair turned from white to yellow. Cao Zhi "Giving the White Horse to Wang Biao": "Wang Qi loves the jade body and enjoys the golden age. "Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Spring": "My yellow hair is hanging down, and I am happy. ”
鲐贝: Refers to a long-lived old man.
The phrase comes from the Book of Songs, such as "Huangtaibei" in "Poetry/Daya/Xingwei", "Tai" and "鲐bei" "General. "Erya/Explanation": "The back of the fish is longevity. "The spots on the old man's body are like the back of a mackerel.
Qi Yi: refers to a hundred years old.
The saying comes from "Book of Rites/Qu Lishang" "A hundred years is called Qi, Yi". It means a hundred years. The elderly should be supported by their descendants. Su Shi's "Three Poems of Ci Yunzi" says: "You can spend time building things everywhere, and you can count the years of your life." ”
"Reader's Digest" Issue 1, 1983
The Soup Cake Period: The three dynasties of a baby's birth are called the "Soup Cake Period".
Quotes From Liu Yuxi's "Send to Zhang Xu"
The first time refers to the child's first birthday.
The Qing Dynasty writer Cheng Yunsheng's "Young Learning Story" later also refers to the birthday as "the first time." ", for example, the sixtieth birthday is called the "sixtieth first birthday".
馾馀: refers to children.
The words come from the first volume of "Han Shi Wai Zhuan": "Male born in August Teeth, tooth decay at the age of eight... A girl's teeth are born in the seventh month, and her teeth are cleft at the age of seven..."
The year of the teacher: refers to the child's nine years old.
The year of the foreigner: refers to the child's ten years old.
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The year of Wushao: refers to a child who is thirteen years old.
The above are all from "Ji"
The year of Pogua: refers to a sixteen-year-old woman. >
This is the old time when literati split the character "gua" into two or eight characters to commemorate the year. "Popular Edition/Women": "Song Xieyou's poem: 'Po Gua's age makes her waist smaller'. According to the custom, it is wrong for a woman to lose her body and lose her body. The melon character is broken into 28 characters, which means he is 286 years old. "The year of breaking melon" also means sixty-four years old. "Popular Edition" also says: "If Lu Yan gave Zhang Bo a poem: 'Success will be in the year of breaking melon', then he would be eighty-eight sixty-four years old." In the year, a man takes a woman as his wife, and a woman takes her man as his family, so the "year of marriage" is the year of marriage.
The year of the Zhang family: refers to the fifth year. Ten years old.
The year of Zang Country: refers to the age of sixty.
The year of Zang Dynasty: eighty years. Years old.
The above titles are all from the "King System"
The lower life span is sixty years old.
The middle life span is eighty years old. >
Shangshou: one hundred years old.
The above titles come from "Zhuangzi"
The sixtieth birthday: one hundred and twenty years old. > Ancient Xi Shuangqing: One hundred and forty years old.
In addition, people over sixty years old are collectively called "seniors", and people over eighty years old are also called "old people". The old man is called "Dragon Bell" and is in "a down and out year". "Guangyun" says: "Dragon Bell is a bamboo. The old man is like a swaying bamboo branch. It cannot be controlled." The "scratched" refers to the running water on the road, which is reversed and blocked, just like the misfortune of people, so it is said.
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[The age of men and women in ancient times]
Under one year old—infancy;
2~3 years old—child;
Girls are 7 years old - the fourth year;
Boys are 8 years old - the fourth year;
Children are generally called - total angle;
Under 10 years old - —Huangkou;
13~15 years old - the year of dancing spoon;
15~20 years old - the year of dancing elephant;
12 years old ( Female) - the age of the golden hairpin;
13 years old (female) - the age of cardamom,
15 years old (female) - the age of the hairpin;
16 years old (female) - the age of breaking melons and the age of jasper;
20 years old (female) - the age of peach and plum blossoms;
24 years old (female) the age of flowering faith;
To get married - the year of plum;
To 30 years old (female) - half-old lady;
20 years old (male) - weak crown;
30 years old (male) - the age of establishment;
40 years old (male) - the age of fortitude and strength;
50 years old - over the age of Half a hundred, the year of knowing wrong, the year of knowing destiny, the year of taking moxa, the year of Dayan;
60 years old - sixty years old, flat-headed armor, ear-shun year, and the year of Zhangxiang;
70 years old - the age of ancient times, the year of the stick kingdom, the year of doing things, the year of political affairs;
80 years old - the year of the stick dynasty;
80~90 years old ——The age of an old man;
The age of 90 years old;
100 years old—the age of a man. --The honorific or honorific title for adult men in ancient times, which is equivalent to the current "Mr."
Fuzi--The honorific title for adult men in ancient times, the tone is more important than that of `son`.
Father (Reading the third tone) - a good name for men or a respectful title for the elderly in ancient times.
Father (reading the fourth tone) - a title for father or male elder.
Fu--a good name for a man in ancient times.
Husband--an adult man was called a husband in ancient times, and does not specifically refer to a female spouse.
A common man--originally refers to a person, and many people in ancient times Refers to men among the common people, or ordinary people.
Men-men were called men in ancient times. In ancient times, men's thick eyebrows were regarded as beautiful, so they were called women.
Women
Concubine--a term used by women in ancient times to express their humility.
Mother--a kind of laudatory name for aristocratic women in ancient times or generally refers to women of elders.
Qingyi--ancient concubine. Female's nickname.
Quiren--a nickname for women in ancient times.
Zhuojing--a common title for a husband to his wife.
Fendai - the name for beauties in ancient times.
Mo Mei - also known as `EMEI', the name for beauties in ancient times.
Women - women were called women in ancient times.
Lao - the old woman was called Lao in ancient times.
妪 - the ancient wife, generally refers to an older person, but also refers to a young girl.
媪 - the ancient wife The title of a person or an old woman.
Common sense of address in ancient times
Appellation is a cultural phenomenon. From the address of an era, we can get a glimpse of the style of an era. Titles are also a mirror. The change of title is a cultural change and is also regarded as a reflection of historical culture.
The title of Chinese people is essentially a history of the development of Chinese culture, which contains the precipitation and changes of the long cultural history of the Chinese nation. Chinese people's titles are a reflection of clan lineage, customs, rank, status, reputation, etc. Elders, juniors, superiors, and subordinates each have their own set of titles, and no one can go beyond them. From the titles, we can see that Chinese people attach great importance to rituals and customs such as patriarchal etiquette, respect for elders and the younger, and the way they express official positions and imperial examinations.
Throughout the ages, the names of Chinese people have not only reflected people's concept of success, but also conveyed a "humility spirit" of "lowering oneself". This spirit of life must be reflected in people's language and names.
1. Clan title
Ancestor:
The earliest ancestor is called the ancestor. Emperors of later generations generally use their known ancestors as their ancestors, such as the Song Dynasty's ancestor Xi. When people of later generations compile family trees and biographies, they often like to refer to ancient celebrities as their ancestors. For example, the three generations of Cao Cao, Cao Zhi, and Cao Rui called Cao Zhenduo, Ji Xing, and Yu Shun respectively the ancestors of the Cao family.
Taizu:
The first king, the founder of the dynasty, is Taizu. For example, in the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao was the Taizu of the Wei Dynasty, Li Yuan was the Taizu of the Tang Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin was the Taizu of the Song Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang was the Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, and Nurhachi was the Taizu of the Qing Dynasty. Taizu was the founder of a dynasty, so his Ancestral Temple would never be moved.
Ancestor:
It is an honorific title for the ancestors and those who have meritorious deeds in the past. Since the Han Dynasty of our country, after the death of any monarch who started a business, their temple name will be ancestor. For example, Liu Bang was called Gaozu in the Han Dynasty, Li Yuan was called Gaozu in the Tang Dynasty, etc. After the death of all meritorious emperors, their temple names were all called Zong. For example, Emperor Wen Liu Heng was called Taizong in the Han Dynasty, and Li Shimin was called Taizong in the Tang Dynasty.
Children, Taizong, and Xiaozong: The ancient patriarchal system stipulates that the inheritance system of the eldest son of the same ancestor is the Dazong, and the remaining descendants are the Xiaozong.
Zongzi:
The eldest son of Dazong is called Zongzi. For a large clan, he is the head of the family; for a small clan, he is the patriarch. The eldest son inherits the title of the ancestor and presides over the sacrifices in the temple of the ancestor.
Shizi: Shizi is also the prince. The ancient words "世" and "太" have the same meaning.
Zhizi: In ancient times, sons other than the eldest son were called zhizi.
Legal son:
In ancient times, the son born to the first wife was called the legitimate son. It also refers to the eldest son born to the correct wife. The legitimate son has the right to inherit his father's status, and his social status is much higher than that of the bastard son.
Biezi: In ancient times, all sons other than the eldest son of the princes were called Biezi.
Concubine:
In ancient times, the son born of a concubine was called a concubine. The status of a concubine was lower than that of a legitimate son, and he could not perform the rituals of the ancestral temple and inherit the status of his father and ancestors.
Heir:
If you have no children but take someone else’s son as your son, you are considered an heir. Once the heir is recognized by etiquette and law, his status is the same as that of his parents and children. Ancient etiquette and laws have clear regulations on the issue of heirs. 1. They must have the same surname. 2. They must be members of the same clan. 3. Seniority must be equal.
Gongzi:
Sons other than the eldest son of the princes (gong) are called princes. In addition, the daughters of princes can also be called sons.
Kao Hei:
Parents are also called Kao Hei. Later, it mostly refers to dead parents, that is, deceased father and deceased mother.
Stepfather:
After the death of the biological father, the husband who the mother remarries is called the stepfather.
Eight mothers:
Eight kinds of mothers with different identities, namely aunt, stepmother, adoptive mother, loving mother, married mother, estranged mother, concubine and wet nurse.
Legal mother:
The concubine’s children call their father’s first wife their legitimate mother. For the aunt, the service system is three years.
Stepmother:
The father's second wife is called stepmother. For stepmothers, the service system also lasts for three years.
Adoptive mother:
The adoptive son calls the mother who adopted him his adoptive mother. To put the adoptive mother into submission is to cut off her health for three years.
Loving mother: After the death of the son of a concubine, his father asked another concubine to raise him. This other concubine is the son's loving mother.
Married mother:
A biological mother who remarries after her father's death is called a married mother. For the married mother, serve the period of decline and decline.
Birth mother:
The biological mother who was abandoned by her father is called the birth mother. In order to get out of the mother's clothing, it will be in the decline of the stick period.
Concubine:
The concubine of the father is called the concubine. The scholar took sesame for his concubine.
Wet nurse:
The one who has nursed his father and his concubine is called a wet nurse. Take sesame for wet nurses.
Nine Tribes:
There are different opinions on what the Nine Tribes refer to.
One says that it starts from the great-grandson and goes down to the great-great-grandson, that is, great-great-grandson, great-grandson, grandson, son, oneself, one's father, grandfather, great-grandfather, and great-great-grandfather; one says that there are four paternal clans, three maternal clans, and two wife clans, and the four paternal clans are : Aunt's son (aunt's children), sister's son (nephew), daughter's son (grandson), one's own clan (parents, brothers, sisters, sons); the three maternal clans are: mother's father (grandfather), mother's mother ( Grandmother), mother-in-law (uncle); second wife family is father-in-law and mother-in-law.
2. Relative titles
In ancient times, all people of the same surname and foreigners of the opposite sex who were closely related by blood were called relatives. The specific titles are as follows:
Great-great-grandfather (mother): great-grandfather’s father (mother).
Great-grandfather (mother): grandfather’s father (mother).
Grandfather (mother): father’s father (mother).
Parents: father, mother.
Jishen: one’s own generation.
子: 子.
Sun: son of son.
Great-grandson: Son of grandson.
Great-great-grandson: the son of a great-grandson.
Lai Sun: The son of great-great-grandson. (The next five generations refer to the descendants from the original position)
Shifu (uncle): the father's brother.
Uncle: Father’s younger brother.
Shimu (aunt): Shifu’s wife.
Aunt (aunt): uncle’s wife.
Aunt (aunt): Father’s sister.
Uncle: Husband of my aunt.
Cong great-uncle (great-uncle, great-uncle): father's uncle.
From great-aunt (great-aunt, great-uncle): father’s aunt and uncle.
From the grandfather (cousin, cousin): From the father to the brother.
From the grandmother (cousin aunt, cousin): from the grandfather's wife.
Clan great-grandfather (clan great-royal father): Grandfather’s uncle.
The Great Queen Mother: Grandfather’s uncle’s wife.
Clan Grandfather (Clan Grandfather): The son of the clan’s great-grandfather.
Clan father: the son of the clan grandfather.
Clan brothers: sons of the clan father.
Sister-in-law: brother’s wife.
Brother-in-law: younger brother’s wife.
Congzi (nephew): son of brother.
Concubine (niece): the daughter of a brother.
Congsun: grandson of brother.
Nephew (nephew): the sister’s son.
Private: Husband of sister.
Son-in-law (son-in-law, son-in-law): the daughter’s husband.
Middle cousin (aunt): the child of the father’s sister.
Grandfather (foreign father): mother’s father.
Grandmother (Queen Mother): mother of mothers.
Great-grandfather: grandfather’s father.
Great Queen Mother: Grandfather’s mother.
Uncle (uncle): mother’s brother.
Aunt (妗子): uncle’s wife.
Congmu (aunt, aunt): mother’s sister.
Uncle: Husband of aunt.
Zhongbiao (aunt's cousin): the aunt's children.
Cong Jiu: Mother’s Cong Yuan brother.
Brothers from the mother, sisters from the mother (cousins, brothers and sisters from the mother): brothers, sisters and children of the mother.
Uncle (father-in-law, father-in-law, father-in-law, Taishan, father-in-law): the wife's father.
Aunt (mother-in-law, mother-in-law, Taishui): wife’s mother.
Aunt (sister-in-law): Wife’s sister.
Wife’s nephew: the wife’s brother’s son.
Uncle (嫜, Gong): husband’s father.
Aunt (grandmother): husband’s mother.
Aunt, aunt: Husband’s parents (commonly known as parents-in-law).
Uncle (uncle, uncle): husband’s brother.
Sister-in-law: Husband’s sister.
Difu: Husband’s younger brother-in-law.
Simu: Husband’s sister-in-law.
Di Si, sister-in-law: the abbreviations of brother-in-law and sister-in-law in ancient times.
In-laws: a marriage between the wife’s parents and the husband’s parents. Specifically, the husband's father is the wife's father, and the wife's father is the wife's father.
Ya, brother-in-law (brother-in-law, brother-in-law): the two men call each other the two sons-in-law.
Miscellaneous talks on the titles of relatives in ancient and modern times
How to call your relatives. When calling your relatives, we often hear or see "home, house, death, first, dog, small "These few words.
[家]:
It is used to refer to living relatives who are higher or older than oneself, with a humble and ordinary meaning. For example, you call your father as family father, family strictness, mother as family mother, family kindness, father-in-law as family father-in-law, grandfather as family ancestor, as well as family brother, family sister-in-law, etc.
[She]:
It is used to humbly address relatives who are younger than oneself, such as brother-in-law, sister-in-law, nephew-in-law, relative-in-law, but does not say son-in-law or daughter-in-law. .
[Xian]:
Containing feelings of nostalgia and sorrow, it is a respectful title for the deceased elders, such as calling the departed father "father", "ancestor", "xianyan", Xian Kao, the mother is addressed as Xian mother, Xian concubine, Xian Ci, and the grandfather is addressed as Xianzu, etc.
[Death]:
Used as a term for a deceased person, such as a deceased sister or a deceased son. A deceased husband, wife, or close friend may also be called deceased husband, deceased wife, or deceased friend.
[Dog]:
In the old days, people used to humbly refer to their young and uninvolved children, such as dog son, dog girl, etc.
[小]:
A modest word often used to address oneself to others, such as calling one’s children Xiaoer, Xiaonv, etc.
[Six Kin]:
Six Kin are six kinds of relatives. There have always been different opinions about the six relatives, which generally include the following. One theory refers to father and son, brother, sister, nephew and uncle, conjugal relationship, and in-laws. The second term refers to father and son, brother, and couple. Three: refers to parents, brothers, and wives. The four theories refer to parents, brothers, brothers from father, brothers from ancestors, brothers from great-grandfather, and brothers from the same clan. The five theories refer to grandparents, parents, sisters, sons of the wife's third brother, and sons of children who have died from their parents. Li Wei refers to father, mother, brother, younger brother, wife, and son. It is a relatively common term in modern times. In modern Chinese, the six categories also generally refer to relatives.
Ancient ranking titles of brothers: In ancient times, Bo, Zhong, Shu, and Ji were used to express the ranking order among brothers; Bo was the eldest, Zhong was the second, Uncle was the third, and Ji was the youngest. The father's elder brother is called "Father", the father's second brother is called "Zhongfu", the brother of Zhongfu is called "uncle", the youngest uncle is called "Ji's father", and later all the father's brothers are collectively called "uncle".
The titles of wives in ancient and modern times: We now call a man’s spouse his wife. From ancient times to the present, there have been nearly forty different names for wives.
Xiaojun, Xijun: They were first called the wives of princes, and later became the general names for wives.
Queen: The emperor’s wife.
Zitong: The emperor’s name for the queen.
Madam: In ancient times, the wives of princes were called madam. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the wives of first- and second-rank officials were called madam. In modern times, it is used as a respectful address to the wives of ordinary people. Now it is mostly used in diplomatic situations.
Jing’s Wife: In the old days, people would humbly call their wives, and they also called Jingren, Jingshi, Jing’s wife, Zhuojing, Mountain Jing, and Jingjing, which meant poverty.
Niangzi: The ancient people’s general name for their wives.
Zhaohuang: describes a wife who is in trouble when she is poor.
Wife: In the past, you called your wife to others. In written language, it is also called concubine or concubine. Respectfully call someone else's wife a virtuous wife.
In the past, the wife of a businessman was called the "inside shopkeeper", and some also called the "inside boss".
Madam: In the old society, officials’ wives were generally called, or powerful and wealthy people called their wives “ma’am”. Nowadays, it means respect, such as “your wife is here.”
Wife: refers to the wife’s children. In the early days, there were "wife" and "wife house", and some people called them just wives. In order to express their love, some people often called them "good wives" and "loving wives" in their letters.
Laobaner: refers to one party of an elderly couple, usually the woman.
Women, mother-in-law, mother-in-law: In some places, wives are called women, mother-in-law, or mother-in-law.
Tang Ke: In some places in the south of the Yangtze River, wives are commonly called Tang Ke.
Daughter-in-law: In rural areas of Henan, it is common to call the wife “daughter-in-law”.
Wife: a common name in northern urban and rural areas, mostly used in spoken language.
Lao Ai: Because calling your wife is too cliché and calling your lover hard to pronounce, a compromise method is called Lao Ai.
Continuation of the wife’s wife and marriage: reunion after the death of the wife.
Home, people in the house, and cooks are all dialect terms for wives.
Women: In some rural areas, wives are called women, or children’s mother. Bitch wife, bitch daughter-in-law: the ancient people’s modest terms for their wives,
Lover: the terms men and women call each other.
Lao Ma Zi, Lao Ma Zi, Lao Tou Ren: the names given to wives in rural areas of Henan.
Youke: a name for wives in the mountainous areas of Hubei and Western Hubei.
Buddy, partner: popular common names for wives in modern cities.
Chief of Staff, Minister of Internal Affairs: honorific titles given by modern people to wives who are capable of running the house and virtuous.
Attachment: In the old days, concubines were called "side nephew", "side wife", "Xiao Xing", "Madam Ru", "Fu Jun", etc.
The names of husbands in ancient and modern times. We call a woman’s spouse husband. In addition, the titles of husbands include father-in-law, jun, wife, official, husband, lover, head of the house, front person, shopkeeper, outsider, husband, wife, old man, nakouzi, man, old love, that boss wait.
The names given to parents in ancient and modern times: parents are also called Gaotang, Chunxuan, Shuangsheng, kneeling, kaohe, etc.
The names for couples in ancient and modern times: Couples in ancient and modern times include knot, mandarin duck, husband and wife, spouse, partner, couple, Qin and Jin, hundred years of love, etc.
"Yuanyang": originally refers to brothers. In ancient my country, Yuanyang was compared to brothers. Mandarin ducks are originally birds of the same fate, and they live in two places, so the ancients used them to describe brotherly harmony and friendship. Later, the use of mandarin ducks to compare couples began with Lu Zhaolin in the Tang Dynasty.
Quiz on "husband": Husband did not refer to a woman's spouse in ancient times. In ancient times, when a man was twenty years old, he was crowned as husband. This was an ancient etiquette. In addition, in ancient times, a burly man with a height of eight feet was called a husband. At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the meaning of "husband" expanded to include not only adult men, but also male children and even male infants.
A short talk about "Niangzi": Niangzi is a term of endearment given by a husband to his wife. Before the Yuan Dynasty, it was wrong to call his wife "Niangzi". Before the Song Dynasty, "lady" specifically referred to an unmarried girl, which means the same as today's girl.
In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was very sensual and doted on Concubine Yang. Concubine Yang had an unparalleled status in the harem and was called the "Lady" in the palace. The word "lady" here obviously does not refer to a young girl, but it cannot be understood as a title for a wife.
By the Yuan Dynasty, married women were generally called "ladies" in society. By the Ming Dynasty, it was generally customary to call young women "lady", with a connotation of endearment.
With the popularity of calling wives "Niangzi", women in general are also called "Niangzi", such as calling midwives "Lao Niang". Witches are called "Master Niang", prostitutes are called "Flower Niang", women with unclear relationships between men and women are called "Husband Niang", and women are despised as "Mother-in-law", etc. They are generally called "women".
What is "father-in-law"? "father-in-law" now usually refers to father-in-law. But in ancient times, "father-in-law" did not only refer to father-in-law.
1. "father-in-law" is an honorific title for the elderly and seniors.
2. "father-in-law" refers to the parent or master.
3. "father-in-law" is a woman's name for her husband.
4. "Zhaoren" represents father-in-law.
The meaning of "Jiefa": In ancient my country, people who got married when they were young were called "Jiefa". Later, "hair knot" was used as marriage, referring to the first couple.
Fun words about "brother-in-law": In Chinese folk, the husbands of sisters are commonly called "brother-in-law". The origin of "brother-in-law" is related to the famous Chinese poets Du Fu and Hong Mai.
It was Du Fu who first appeared in writing this word. In his later years, he lived in eastern Sichuan and got acquainted with a local old man named Li. According to the narrative, the two families were still vaguely related. The two got along very well, and they exchanged letters every three days or chatted and drank together. Later, when Du Fu was leaving the gorge to go to Hunan, he wrote a poem "Farewell to Li Fifteen Zhangs". He recalled and narrated how they got to know each other. One line was "Life is good." Together, they are connected with each other." This only describes the close relationship between each other, it does not have the kind of relationship that happened later.
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Hong Mai had a cousin who was a guest in Shiquanzhou. He was not very proud of it. His wife’s brother-in-law was a military envoy in the Jianghuai area and wrote a recommendation letter to recommend him to serve in the capital. This cousin Hong Mai My brother was very grateful and asked Hongmai to write a letter of thanks for him, which contained the sentence "the arms and legs are connected". Ma Yongqing, who was earlier than Hong Mai, mentioned in his book "Lazy True Son" that people in Jiangbei called their friend's son-in-law "Lian Ye" or "Brother-in-law". Comparing this with Xie Qi written by Hong Mai, it can be seen that in the Song Dynasty, " The title "brother-in-law" has become popular and has the same content as it does now.
The origin of the titles father-in-law and mother-in-law. In ancient times, emperors often visited the tops of famous mountains and set up altars to worship the heaven, earth, mountains and rivers. In the Jin Dynasty, they were granted the title of duke, marquis and hundreds of officials, which was called "Feng Chan" in history. Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, once "consecrated Zen" to Mount Tai, and Zhongshu ordered Zhang Xiang to be the "consecrated Zen" envoy. Zhang promoted his son-in-law Zheng Yi from the ninth rank to the fifth rank. Later, Xuanzong asked about Zheng Yi's promotion. Zheng Yi hesitated and had nothing to say. Huang Banchuo, who was standing next to him, laughed at him: "This is the power of Mount Tai." Xuanzong learned that Zhang Xiang was engaging in favoritism and was very unhappy, and soon demoted Zheng Yi back to the original ninth rank. Later, people learned about this and called his wife and father "Taishan". Because Mount Tai is the first of the five mountains, it is also called "father-in-law". At the same time, the wife and mother are also called "mother-in-law".
The origin of "East Bed": East Bed refers to son-in-law. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xi Jian asked his disciples to go to Wang Dao's house to look for a son-in-law. The disciple came back and said: "The young men of the Wang family are all good, but when they heard the news, they all pretended to be reserved. There was only one young man who went to bed with his belly exposed and only ate, as if he didn't hear us." Xi Jianyi Hearing this, he said: "This man is exactly the son-in-law I am looking for!" This young man was the later great calligrapher Wang Xizhi. From then on, people called the son-in-law "East Bed".
3. Etiquette and common titles
Jun: In the Zhou Dynasty, princes were called kings. The king is below the emperor and above the officials, which refers to the princes. After Qin unified the world, he called the emperor king. Jun is also the title of nobles and heroes during the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. For example, Tian Wen of Qi State was named Yuchang Jun, Wei Yizi Wuji was named Xinling Jun, Li Shi of Han Dynasty was named Guangye Jun, and Liu Jing was named Fengchun Jun. Jun was later extended to be an honorific title for men, so father and husband could also be called kings.
Chen: refers to male slaves in ancient times. Later, "jun" and "minister" were used in opposition, with ministers including anyone other than the monarch. Later, "chen" was extended to be a humble term for oneself.
Shi: The lowest level of rulers and their members during the Shang, Western Zhou, and Spring and Autumn Periods. The emperor of Zhou owns the world, the princes have their country, and the ministers and officials have their families. The family is the area under the rule of the minister, and those who hold the official positions of the family are usually scholars, called retainers. Scholar-officials were educated, knowledgeable, and talented. Therefore, they later gradually became a general term for intellectuals and formed a force that cannot be ignored in military, politics, and diplomacy. Scholars in the Warring States Period were generally divided into four categories. One category was bachelors, such as Zhuangzi, Xunzi, etc. One type is strategists, such as Su Qin and Zhang Yi, the so-called strategists. One type is the alchemist or warlock. The lowest category is eaters. These people have the reputation of being scholars but are not real scholars. They are mostly the hawks and dogs of nobles.
Min: In ancient times, slaves were called min. They are also called Limin, Qunli, Miaomin, Zhongren, Shuren, and common people. They are generally called common people. The ministers and the people are both slaves above, but there is a difference: the ministers are docile and docile slaves, while the people are violent and uncontrollable slaves.
Slave: A person who works for the slave owner and has no personal freedom. He is often bought, sold or even killed by the slave owner at will. "Gong", "nu", "xi", "chen", "concubine", etc. are all slaves. Xiaochen, servant, concubine, lanren (janitor), eunuch (eunuch), etc. are engaged in housework. Some of the slaves, metalworkers, lathes, etc. were slaves engaged in industrial production, while a large number were slaves engaged in agricultural production.
Junzi: A general term for noble men in ancient times. It also generally refers to a moral person. A gentleman is often compared with a villain or a savage. In addition, a wife calls her husband a gentleman.
Common people: the general term for nobles in ancient times. Slave owners in the Shang Dynasty were nobles, collectively called "common people" (because only nobles had surnames at that time). The king of Shang was the highest representative of the nobles and called himself "Yu Renren". This title was still used in the Zhou Dynasty. After the Warring States Period, " "Baixing" is a general term for civilians and is synonymous with "people".
Limin: Common people are also called Limin, which means "all the people". Because "Li" is connected with "Li", it is black, and "Li Min" is famous for its black hair.
Qianshou: Qianshou was the name given to civilians in the Qin State and Qin Dynasty during the Warring States Period. Guizhou, black. "Guizhou head" is like a black head. It is said that Qin merchants were black, and ordinary people would wrap their heads with black cloth, so they were called "Qianshou".
Buyi: that is, "common people". In ancient times, the rich wore silk and the common people wore linen, so they were called "common people".
Common people: Also called "common people", the title given to agricultural producers after the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, common people could be the recipients of gifts, and their status was higher than that of slaves. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the status of common people was below that of scholars and above that of industrial and commercial slaves. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, it generally refers to ordinary civilians without officials.