More than a thousand years ago, "De" was like a polyphonic word, with or without horizontal lines. This can be confirmed by the ink of famous calligraphers in Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. For example, the word "De" in the Imperial Book of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, which is now located in the Confucius Temple in imperial academy, Beijing, is not horizontal; The word "De" written by Zheng Banqiao, a painter in Qing Dynasty, has horizontal lines as well as horizontal lines.
In addition, we can also study the word "De" from the perspective of ancient coins in China. For example, the word "De" in Jingdezhen Baotong, which was cast in northern Song Zhenzong (A.D. 1004), has no horizontal character, while the word "De" in Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1426) has horizontal characters.
From the above analysis, it can be concluded that in the past, the word "de" was written horizontally and horizontally, and both of them were correct.
Rende Teahouse: 1945, Mr. Niu Junhai visited his old friend Feng Shu, a bachelor of Hanlin in the late Qing Dynasty, and wrote a plaque for Rende Teahouse.
Feng Shu (1867- 1948), whose surname is Gongdu, is from Cixi, Zhejiang, and Daxing, Hebei. He was a scholar in Guangxu period. He used to be a counselor of the Navy Department, a military commander and a director of the Navy Committee, and settled in Beijing in his later years. Feng Shu is a calligrapher, industrialist, connoisseur of cultural relics collection and a patriot with nationalist ideas. He is open-minded and has done many things beneficial to society in his life. Feng Shu's calligraphy skills are profound, especially his brushwork. In the past, the reputation of "no plaque without forgiveness" spread in Beijing, which shows that his book was famous at that time. Yesterday, the plaques of Zhang Yiyuan Teahouse in Dashilan and Tongheju Restaurant in Xisi were Feng Shu's favorite works.
Niu Junhai's descendant Niu Libu answered
2009.2. 16